Affirmed and Opinion filed August 25, 2015.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-14-00376-CR
REGINALD TURON HILL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 177th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1416500
OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Reginald Turon Hill of aggravated sexual assault
and sentenced him to confinement for 50 years in the Institutional Division of the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice. In his sole issue on appeal, appellant argues
the trial court abused its discretion when it sua sponte discharged a juror during
deliberations and replaced her with an alternate. Appellant asserts the error was
reversible under either a constitutional, or non-constitutional, harm analysis. We
affirm.
The record reflects appellant objected to removal of the juror but the State
did not. The trial court dismissed the juror on the grounds that she was not
qualified for service because she was not a citizen of Harris County. See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 33.011(b) (allowing the trial court to replace a juror who is found
to be disqualified with an alternate juror); and Tex. Gov’t Code § 62.102(2) (a
qualification for jury service is that the juror be a citizen of the county in which the
person is to serve as a juror). The requirement that a juror be a citizen of the county
of service can be waived. Mayo v. State, 4 S.W.3d 9, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
In this case, neither party objected to the juror’s continued service. Accordingly,
we agree with the State’s concession that the trial court erred in discharging the
juror here on its own motion. See Whitehead v. State, 437 S.W.3d 547, 555–56
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d) (concluding the trial court abused its
discretion in removing a juror from service and replacing him with an alternate
when the original juror was not unable or disqualified to perform his duty).
We must therefore determine whether the error was reversible. Citing Crist
v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28, 35–36, 98 S.Ct. 2156, 57 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978), appellant
asserts that he had a right to have his trial completed by the “particular tribunal”
that was empaneled and sworn; therefore the error violated his federal
constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy. Appellant cites the Texas
Constitution in support of his complaint that only 11 jurors comprised the jury
weighing the evidence during all of the deliberations thus his state constitutional
right to a 12-person jury was violated. See Tex. Const. art. V, § 13. Appellant
argues the error was reversible under either a constitutional or non-constitutional
harm analysis.
2
In support of his argument that the error was constitutional, appellant relies
upon Scales v. State, 380 S.W.3d 780, 786 n. 25, (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Scales
cites United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 94, 98 S. Ct. 2187, 2195, 57 L. Ed. 2d 65
(1978), for the proposition that there is a right in federal law to a verdict from the
“first trier of fact.” However Scott involved double jeopardy, not replacement of a
juror. The Court’s reference to the “first trier of fact” must be taken in that context
and as opposed to a second trier of fact, i.e. a second jury. Moreover, as appellant
concedes, the court in Scales did not find the error was constitutional. Rather, the
Court assumed, without deciding, that the trial court’s erroneous removal of a juror
constituted statutory error and must therefore be analyzed under Rule 44.2(b). Id.
at 786. Subsequently, the Court did the same in Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259,
280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). We are therefore not persuaded that under Scales the
error is constitutional.
To characterize it as a constitutional violation, the trial court’s error would
have to produce a biased jury. Sneed v. State, 209 S.W.3d 782, 788 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d). The manner in which juries are selected is determined
by the legislature and is not prescribed by either the United States or Texas
Constitutions. Id. The error involved the trial court’s failure to follow the statutory
scheme for replacing a juror with an alternate and is therefore not of constitutional
dimension. See Ponce v. State, 68 S.W.3d 718, 722 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). Any non-constitutional error, defect, irregularity, or
variance that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P.
44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and
injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. See King v. State,
953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. App. 1997).
3
The trial court’s replacement of the juror with an alternate did not deprive
appellant of a 12-person jury. Even though it was error to dismiss the original
juror, the jury was composed of 12 properly selected members. The alternate juror
was subjected to the same selection process, was properly sworn, and heard all of
the evidence. The court admonished the jury, upon the seating of the alternate, to
“start over with your deliberations . . . to the point where it is necessary to bring
[alternate] up to speed where she can make a clear and informed vote and decision
in this case.” In an analogous situation, if the trial court were to erroneously grant
the State’s challenge for cause during voir dire, reversal would only occur if the
defendant showed that he or she was deprived of a lawfully constituted jury. Sneed,
209 S.W.3d at 788 (citing Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738 (Tex. Crim. App.
2002) and Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d 386, 394 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). Appellant
was not deprived of a lawfully constituted jury and the record does not reflect any
taint from the alternate juror. Because no harm is evident from the record, we
conclude the trial court’s error did not affect appellant’s substantial rights. See Tex.
R. App. P. 44.2(b); Sneed, 209 S.W.3d at 788; and Ponce, 68 S.W.3d at 722.
Accordingly, appellant’s issue is overruled and the judgment of the trial
court is affirmed.
/s/ Martha Hill Jamison
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Jamison and Yates.1
Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
1
Senior Justice Leslie Brock Yates sitting by assignment.
4