AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed November 10, 2015.
S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-14-00260-CV
GRAPEVINE DIAMOND, L.P., JONATHAN AFLATOUNI,
and YOUVAL ZIVE, Appellants
V.
CITY BANK, Appellee
On Appeal from the 429th Judicial District Court
Collin County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 429-01876-2010
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Bridges, Myers, and Whitehill
Opinion by Justice Whitehill
In this post-foreclosure deficiency suit, a second lienholder and guarantor challenge a
foreclosure sale by the first lien holder. The main areas of controversy include whether (1) the
first lien holder conclusively established its right to enforce the underlying notes and guaranties
despite an alleged name discrepancy between the loan documents and pleadings, (2) alleged
irregularities in the foreclosure sale defeated the first lien holder’s summary judgment motion,
and (3) the sale is void because it violated the automatic stay in the second lienholder’s
bankruptcy case.
More specifically, appellee City Bank loaned appellant Grapevine Diamond L.P. money
to purchase real property in Grapevine, Texas from appellant Jonathan Aflatouni. Appellant
Youval Zive guaranteed the debt, and Aflatouni retained a second lien.
After Grapevine Diamond defaulted, City Bank foreclosed and sued Zive on his guaranty
for the deficiency. Subsequent third-party defendants Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni
asserted cross-claims against City Bank for wrongful foreclosure. The parties filed cross-
motions for summary judgment. The trial court ultimately denied appellants’ motions, granted
City Bank’s motions, and rendered judgment for City Bank.
Appellants present twenty-two issues that challenge:
(1) City Bank’s capacity to sue (Grapevine Diamond/Aflatouni 1 Issues 1, 8, 11, 12, 13;
Zive Issue 2);
(2) the adequacy of City Bank’s summary judgment motion and pleadings (Grapevine
Diamond/Aflatouni Issues 9 and 10);
(3) the foreclosure sale, alleging violation of a bankruptcy stay and other irregularities
(Grapevine Diamond/Aflatouni Issues 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Zive Issues 1.d, 1.e, 3.c);
(4) the guarantor’s liability, alleging release and novation (Zive Issues 3.a, 3.b);
(5) the exclusion of expert and fact witness testimony on the property’s value
(Grapevine Diamond/Aflatouni Issues 14, 15, 16, 17; Zive Issues 1.a, 1.b, 1.c); and
(6) failure to award their damages and attorney’s fees (Grapevine Diamond/Aflatouni
Issues 7, 18, 19).
For the reasons discussed below, we resolve appellants’ issues against them and affirm
the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
On September 10, 2007, appellant Grapevine Diamond borrowed $6,375,000 from
appellee City Bank, executing a promissory note and first lien deed of trust covering the property
mentioned below. Appellant Youval Zive guaranteed the indebtedness, executing a guaranty
agreement on the same date. Using the loan proceeds, Grapevine Diamond purchased
approximately ten acres of vacant land in Grapevine, Texas from Aflatouni and his wife.
1
Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni are represented by the same counsel on appeal and filed a joint brief.
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Under a promissory note dated July 29, 2009, Grapevine Diamond borrowed an
additional $150,000 from City Bank. The parties also signed loan modification agreements in
2008 and 2009. Zive signed the 2009 modification agreement as president of Grapevine
Diamond’s general partner and also as a guarantor.
Grapevine Diamond defaulted on both notes, and on April 5, 2010, it filed a bankruptcy
petition that Zive signed on Grapevine Diamond’s behalf under the penalty of perjury. On its
related Schedule A (Debtor’s Real Property), Grapevine Diamond listed the property at issue as
an asset valued at $2,000,000.00 with a $7,000,000.00 corresponding “Amount of Secured
Claim.”
Correspondingly, Grapevine Diamond’s Schedule D (Creditors Holding Secured Claims)
listed City Bank as a creditor with a deed of trust. The related collateral is described as “raw
land” worth $2,000,00.00. In the column titled “Amount of Claim Without Deducting Value of
Collateral,” Grapevine Diamond stated that it owed City Bank $7,000,000.00, with an
“unsecured portion” of $5,000,000.00.
And Grapevine Diamond’s Schedule F (Creditors Holding Unsecured Nonpriority
Claims) listed Aflatouni as an unsecured creditor with a $3,500,000.00 claim.
On November 22, 2010, the bankruptcy court entered an “Order on City Bank’s Motion
for Relief from the Automatic Stay” in Grapevine Diamond’s bankruptcy case. In that order, the
court found that (1) the balance due to City Bank was $6,732,506.86, secured by a first lien deed
of trust; (2) “the value of the collateral alone is insufficient to provide City Bank with adequate
protection”; and (3) Grapevine Diamond “has no equity” in the collateral.
At a subsequent foreclosure sale, Aflatouni bid $3,000,000 for the property “on behalf of
a client” but could not obtain cash for the purchase price. City Bank then purchased the property
for $3,000,000.00.
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Aflatouni filed bankruptcy petitions on December 6, 2010 (under Chapter 13 of the
United States Bankruptcy Code) and January 31, 2011 (under Chapter 11). The Chapter 13 case
was dismissed on January 14, 2011 because Aflatouni failed to file required documentation,
including schedules. The Chapter 11 case was dismissed with prejudice on May 16, 2011. The
bankruptcy automatic stay in Aflatouni’s Chapter 13 case was in effect when the foreclosure sale
occurred.
City Bank sued Zive and another guarantor, Nasser Shafipour, on their guaranties of
Grapevine Diamond’s indebtedness. Shafipour asserted third-party claims against Grapevine
Diamond and Aflatouni, who in turn asserted cross-claims against City Bank for wrongful
foreclosure, breach of contract, and several other causes of action regarding title to the property. 2
All parties sought summary judgment on their affirmative claims and defenses. The trial court
denied appellants’ motions and granted City Bank’s. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standards of review.
We review a summary judgment de novo. Mid-Century Ins. Co. of Texas v. Ademaj, 243
S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. 2003). When both parties move for summary judgment and the trial
court grants one motion and denies the other, we determine all questions presented and render
the judgment the trial court should have rendered. Id.
We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Estate of Finney,
424 S.W.3d 608, 612 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). We will not reverse a judgment on
an evidentiary ruling unless the appellant establishes that (1) the trial court’s ruling was in error
and (2) the error was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of an
improper judgment. Id. (citing McCraw v. Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 757 (Tex. 1992)). When
2
Shafipour was later dismissed from this suit and is not a party to this appeal.
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reviewing whether evidence was properly admitted or excluded, we must review the entire
record. Id. (citing State v. Central Expressway Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009)).
B. Was City Bank the payee on the notes and a party to the deeds of trust and
guaranties?
Appellants contend that City Bank did not own or hold the promissory notes and is not a
party to the deeds of trust or the guaranties, and therefore was not authorized to foreclose on the
property or enforce the guaranties. They instead argue that the counter-party to those documents
is “City Bank, Texas,” rather than “City Bank,” the plaintiff and cross-defendant in this suit.
Appellants also contend that City Bank never filed documents with the Texas Secretary of State
to create an assumed name and may not now assert that it is the same entity as “City Bank,
Texas.” See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 71.101 (West 2015) (entity must file certificate if it
regularly conducts business in Texas under an assumed name).
Failure to file an assumed name certificate concerns the plaintiff’s capacity to sue. Sixth
RMA Partners, L.P. v. Sibley, 111 S.W.3d 46, 55–56 (Tex. 2003). As such, the defendant must
file a verified plea challenging the plaintiff’s capacity. TEX. R. CIV. P. 93.1 (pleading that
plaintiff lacks legal capacity to sue must be verified). The plaintiff must then prove that it is
entitled to recover in the capacity in which it sued. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Prof’l
Pharmacy II, No. 02-11-00373-CV, 2014 WL 7473779, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 31,
2014, no pet.). 3 City Bank met this burden.
Here, the record reflects that in 2009 appellants signed a loan modification agreement
affirming their obligations to “City Bank, a Texas banking association (Lender)” under the notes,
deeds of trust, and guaranties. This loan modification agreement identifies Grapevine Diamond
as “Borrower” and Zive as one of the “Guarantors.” The loan modification agreement also
3
The appeal was later dismissed pursuant to settlement, but the court denied the motion to withdraw its opinion. JPMorgan Chase Bank,
N.A. v. Prof’l Pharmacy II, No. 02-11-00373, 2015 WL 1119894, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 12, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.).
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describes the promissory notes, deeds of trust, and guaranties by date, amount, deed record
reference, and property description. Appellants likewise confirmed the outstanding note
balances. The agreement further provides, “Borrower and Guarantors hereby confirm and agree
such sums are due and owing to Lender without defense, counterclaim, or offset according to the
modified payment schedule, interest rate and other terms set forth herein.” This loan
modification agreement was in City Bank’s summary judgment evidence as Exhibit A-4 to the
Affidavit of Morris Wilcox. 4 Appellants did not contest this agreement, which recites that “City
Bank” is the lender and mortgagee.
In addition, the summary judgment evidence included the bankruptcy court’s November
22, 2010 order granting the motion of “City Bank” to lift the automatic stay as to the collateral
under the notes and deed of trust, and authorizing “City Bank” to “exercise any and all remedies
afforded it pursuant to the terms of its loan documentation.” And City Bank’s summary
judgment filings also included affidavit testimony that City Bank was the owner and holder of
the notes and a party to the guaranties. The trial court could rely on all of this evidence in
rejecting appellants’ argument that City Bank was not the proper party to enforce appellants’
obligations under the loan documents.
Moreover, appellants provided no evidence raising a fact issue regarding whether City
Bank was doing business under an assumed name. See Sibley, 111 S.W.3d at 52 (whether
partnership did business under assumed name was fact question for trial court). The only support
4
Relying on Mercer v. Daoran Corp., 676 S.W.2d 580, 583 (Tex. 1984), appellants challenge Wilcox’s affidavit as hearsay and violating
the best evidence rule. Their argument rests on the premise that the affidavit testimony (stating that “City Bank” is the lender) conflicts with the
note itself (stating that “City Bank, Texas” is the lender). Unlike in Mercer, Wilcox’s affidavit is not “limited to a legal conclusion . . . and an
alleged copy of a note.” Id. The court in Mercer distinguished cases where, as here, the sworn copies of the notes “were, indeed, copies of
originals complete with signatures.” See id. Especially in light of the additional summary judgment evidence that appellants confirmed their
indebtedness to “City Bank” in the loan modification documents, we reject appellants’ hearsay and best evidence arguments.
Appellants also challenge Wilcox’s testimony of the property’s post-foreclosure sales price, again citing Mercer. Even if considering this
testimony was error, it did not cause the rendition of an improper judgment because the post-foreclosure price of the property was not relevant to
any issue presented in City Bank’s summary judgment motion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a) (no judgment may be reversed on appeal for error of
law unless court of appeals concludes error probably caused rendition of improper judgment).
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appellants cite for their argument is that some of the operative documents in this case recite the
lender’s name as “City Bank, Texas.” There was, however, no evidence that City Bank
“regularly conducts business or renders professional services in this state under an assumed
name,” and was therefore required to file an assumed name certificate. See TEX. BUS. & COM.
CODE ANN. § 71.101(1).
Further, Zive’s own summary judgment response negates appellants’ argument that City
Bank sued under an assumed name and was therefore required by business and commerce code
§ 71.101 to file an assumed name certificate. For example, Zive’s response includes a request
for judicial notice of a reference from the Texas Secretary of State’s website “showing that City
Bank, a Texas state bank, has not filed the documentation with the Texas Secretary of State’s
office to create an assumed name.” The record thus establishes that City Bank did not sue under
an assumed name.
For the above reasons, the summary judgment evidence conclusively established that City
Bank was entitled to enforce the notes and guaranties. We thus overrule Grapevine Diamond
and Aflatouni’s first, eighth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth issues, and Zive’s second issue.
C. Was the Bank’s no-evidence summary judgment motion sufficient to challenge
appellants’ trespass to try title, breach of contract, and suit to quiet title claims?
Appellants complain that City Bank’s summary judgment motion was insufficient to
challenge their trespass to try title, breach of contract, and suit to quiet or remove cloud on title
claims because City Bank attacked only one element of these causes of action and not all of their
elements. We disagree.
City Bank was not required to allege that there was no evidence on every element of
appellants’ causes of action to prevail on its no-evidence summary judgment motion. Defeating
one element of each claim suffices. Rule 166a(i) itself provides that a movant may seek
summary judgment “on the ground that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of
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a claim or defense on which an adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial.” TEX. R.
CIV. P. 166a(i) (emphasis added). “The motion must state the elements as to which there is no
evidence.” Id.
And, as we explained in Nelson v. Regions Mortgage, Inc., the rule allows the movant to
identify “whatever elements he believes are unsupported by evidence; it imposes no restrictions
on the number of challenges that may be made.” 170 S.W.3d 858, 861 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2005, no pet.); see also Timpte Indus. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 311 (Tex. 2009) (motion
specifying two elements of products liability claim was sufficient).
Here, City Bank’s motion listed all of the elements for each cause of action, and then
identified one or more specific elements on which it argued that there was no evidence.
Specifically,
(1) for appellants’ trespass to try title claim, City Bank challenged the element of
superior title from a common source, see Wilhoite v. Sims, 401 S.W.3d 752, 760
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (listing “superior title out of a common source”
as one of four elements of trespass to try title claim);
(2) for appellants’ breach of contract claim, City Bank challenged the elements of an
existing enforceable contract (as to Aflatouni) and breach (as to Grapevine
Diamond), see Petras v. Criswell, 248 S.W.3d 471, 477 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008,
no pet.) (successful breach of contract claim requires proof of four elements
including valid contract and breach); and
(3) for appellants’ claim to quiet or remove cloud on title, City Bank challenged the
element that its claim on the property is invalid or unenforceable, see Montenegro
v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, 419 S.W.3d 561, 572 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
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2013, pet. denied) (to state claim to quiet title, plaintiff must establish that
challenged claim to property is invalid or unenforceable).
City Bank’s summary judgment motion was thus sufficient to support the trial court’s
judgment on appellants’ claims for trespass to try title, breach of contract, and to quiet or remove
a cloud on title. Accordingly, we overrule Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni’s ninth issue.
D. Did the trial court err by overruling appellants’ objection to City Bank’s pleadings
because City Bank did not plead the affirmative defenses of proportionate
responsibility, failure to mitigate, and offset?
Appellants contend that City Bank may not assert any new affirmative defenses “in the
event there is a remand.” They argue that the trial court erroneously overruled their objections to
City Bank’s failure to plead the proportionate responsibility, failure to mitigate, and offset
defenses. But City Bank did not seek summary judgment on these defenses; the trial court’s
judgment does not include any ruling on them; and no remand is required. Appellants’ issue
does not present any error for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a) (for reversal on appeal,
court of appeals must conclude error probably caused rendition of improper judgment). We thus
overrule Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni’s tenth issue.
E. Did a violation of the automatic stay in Aflatouni’s bankruptcy case require a
different result?
Aflatouni relies on the settlement statement executed by Grapevine Diamond reflecting
the amount of $2,741,760.51 identified as “Seller’s Purchase into Grapevine Diamond” to
support his claim that he retained a vendor’s lien when he sold the property to Grapevine
Diamond. He also argues that City Bank does not dispute that he loaned $2.7 million to
Grapevine Diamond when he sold the property in 2007. He admits, however, that his vendor’s
lien was subordinate to City Bank’s first lien.
Aflatouni further urges that City Bank’s foreclosure sale violated the automatic stay in
his Chapter 13 bankruptcy case. He relies on In re Three Strokes Limited Partnership, Debtor,
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397 B.R. 804, 807 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2008) to support his argument. In that case, the court held
that the debtor’s second lien interest in property was “a property interest that triggers the
protection of the automatic stay,” even though the underlying property was not property of the
debtor’s estate, because foreclosure proceedings “could have the effect of extinguishing the
Debtor’s second lien interest.” Id. The court thus concluded that the debtor held “a cognizable
property interest . . . that the automatic stay protects.” Id. at 808. Aflatouni thus posits that his
second lien was a property interest protected by the automatic stay in his bankruptcy case.
Grapevine Diamond, in turn, contends that it has standing to challenge City Bank’s
violation of the stay in Aflatouni’s bankruptcy because it was an Aflatouni creditor based on
promises Aflatouni made in the 2009 loan modification.
Assuming Aflatouni’s second lien was a property interest protected by the automatic stay
in his bankruptcy and that Grapevine Diamond had standing to challenge a stay violation, the
trial court did not err by granting City Bank’s summary judgment motion because City Bank
established that neither Aflatouni nor Grapevine Diamond suffered any damages due to the
alleged stay violation. Specifically, when Aflatouni filed his December 6, 2010 Chapter 13
petition, the bankruptcy court had already ruled, in Grapevine Diamond’s bankruptcy
proceeding, that there was insufficient value in the collateral “to provide City Bank with
adequate protection” on its first lien. The bankruptcy court also found that Grapevine Diamond
had no equity in the collateral. These findings were consistent with the amounts stated on
Grapevine Diamond’s own bankruptcy schedules for the value of its interest in the property and
the amount of City Bank’s secured claim. And the bankruptcy court’s order specifically
permitted City Bank to “exercise any and all remedies” permitted under its loan documents,
including foreclosure sale.
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As a Grapevine Diamond creditor, Aflatouni could have challenged both City Bank’s
motion to lift the stay and the bankruptcy court’s order lifting the stay. Grapevine Diamond
itself could have appealed the order. See Mitchell v. Fort Davis State Bank, 243 S.W.3d 117,
124 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.) (bankruptcy court’s order granting relief from automatic
stay is final and appealable order) (citing In re Chunn, 106 F.3d 1239, 1242 (5th Cir. 1997)).
But neither did so.
Moreover, as discussed below, appellants had no summary judgment evidence that the
property’s value exceeded the amount stated on Grapevine Diamond’s bankruptcy schedules, and
the property was sold for less than the amount of City Bank’s secured claim. Thus, even if
Aflatouni were restored to his second lien position behind City Bank, he could recover only the
amount of equity in the property remaining after the sale. See, e.g., Jones v. Bank United of
Texas, 51 S.W.3d 341, 344 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (absent a net
surplus following foreclosure under first lien, junior lien is extinguished as matter of law). Since
there was no such equity, we conclude that appellants did not suffer any damages from the sale,
and summary judgment for City Bank was proper even assuming a violation of the stay in
Aflatouni’s bankruptcy.
Accordingly, we overrule the portions of Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni’s second,
fourth, fifth, and sixth issues alleging that summary judgment for City Bank was improper
because the foreclosure sale violated the stay in Aflatouni’s bankruptcy.
F. Was the foreclosure sale invalid because of irregularities?
Appellants argue that there were two irregularities in the foreclosure sale itself that
injured them by reducing the price: (1) the bidding was interrupted three times when Jim
Goldston, who represented City Bank at the sale, received telephone calls, and (2) the sale was
not readvertised after Aflatouni was unable to obtain cash for his winning bid and the sale was
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resumed later that afternoon. We reject appellants’ arguments because there is no evidence that
either alleged irregularity injured any appellant.
According to Goldston and Aflatouni, who both testified about the sale in their summary
judgment affidavits, Aflatouni was the apparent highest bidder for the property at $3,000,000 or
$3,001,000, 5 and the substitute trustee accepted Aflatouni’s bid. The sale was then temporarily
suspended to allow Aflatouni to obtain cash or a cashier’s check in his bid amount, as the
foreclosure sale notice required.
Both witnesses also said there were other potential bidders at the sale that morning.
According to Goldston, however, no other potential bidders made an offer. Although Aflatouni
said that five or six people appeared to be “very interested in the sale,” he did not say that any of
them made an offer.
Aflatouni further said that, because of the interruptions in the sale by Goldston’s
telephone calls, “I felt the substitute trustee and Mr. Goldston were not trying to maximize the
sales price because the interruptions discouraged bidding.” He further said that no other bidders
were present when the substitute trustee (consistent with the sale notice) told him that he must
pay by cashier’s check by 2:00, and no other bidders were present at the reconvened sale. When
Aflatouni could not perform at the reconvened sale later that afternoon, City Bank credit-bid
$3,000,000 and purchased the property without readvertising the sale.
Appellants cite American Savings & Loan Association of Houston v. Musick for the
applicable rule: “[t]here must be evidence of irregularity, though slight, which irregularity must
have caused or contributed to cause the property to be sold for a grossly inadequate price.” 531
S.W.2d 581, 587 (Tex. 1975) (citing Sparkman v. McWhirter, 263 S.W.2d 832, 837 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Dallas 1953, writ ref’d)). “Mere inadequacy of consideration is not grounds for setting
5
Goldston testified the bid was $3,001,000; Aflatouni testified it was $3,000,000.
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aside a trustee’s sale if the sale was legally and fairly made.” Id. And as we have explained,
“[e]vidence showing that a better price would have resulted if the sale was conducted in a
different manner is required.” Hunt v. Jefferson Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 756 S.W.2d 762, 764 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 1988, writ denied).
We reject appellants’ arguments for several reasons:
One, as a matter of law Zive cannot prevail on a claim for wrongful foreclosure. As we
discuss below, Zive waived any right to offset in the agreements he signed guaranteeing the
indebtedness and may not recover damages even had he established irregularities in the sale. See
Moayedi v. Interstate 35/Chisam Road, L.P., 438 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. 2014) (right of offset is
defense that can be waived).
Two, Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni cannot prove any damage caused by any
irregularities in the sale because there was no evidence that the sale’s outcome would have been
different but for either type of alleged irregularity. Nor was there summary judgment evidence
establishing that the property’s fair market value on the date of the foreclosure sale was higher
than City Bank’s $3,000,000 bid. Although appellants cite to the appraisals City Bank accepted
at the time of the loan and modification and appraisals anticipating future development on the
property, there was no evidence that these appraisals reflected the fair market value on the
foreclosure sale date. And, as we discuss below, the trial court properly excluded appellants’
other proffered opinions on value. Nor was there evidence that any other person would have
paid any more for that property that day.
Three, we reject Grapevine Diamond’s and Aflatouni’s argument that, without any
evidence of an adverse effect on the sale’s outcome, a sale is per se invalid if it is reconvened
later in the day without readvertising the sale or notifying the potential bidders who were present
earlier in the day. They rely on Mitchell v. Texas Commerce Bank—Irving, 680 S.W.2d 681, 683
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(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.), and Clearman v. Graham, 4 S.W.2d 581, 582–
83 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1928, writ dism’d), to support this argument. To the extent either
case purports to hold that such conduct alone warrants invalidating the sale, that rule would be
inconsistent with supreme court precedents in Musick and Sparkman. See Musick, 531 S.W.2d at
587; Sparkman, 263 S.W.2d at 837 (both holding that irregularity must have caused or
contributed to cause property to be sold for grossly inadequate price). Moreover, the part of
Mitchell on which Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni rely is dicta because the court had already
completely disposed of the case based on that bank’s failure to give proper notice. See Mitchell,
680 S.W.2d at 683. Similarly, Clearman was narrowly decided based on a jury finding that the
creditor engaged in fraudulent conduct that kept the debtor from personally attending the sale
with cash in hand, and evidence that the sale was reconvened without the presence of the person
who had been declared the successful bidder earlier in the day. See Clearman, 4 S.W.2d at 582.
Neither scenario exists here, and there is no evidence that the alleged irregularities “caused or
contributed to cause” a lower sales price, let alone a grossly inadequate one. See Musick, 531
S.W.2d at 587.
For the above reasons, we conclude that appellants did not offer summary judgment proof
that any irregularities in the foreclosure sale injured them. See Hunt, 756 S.W.2d at 764. We
thus overrule Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni’s third, fourth, fifth, and sixth issues and Zive’s
issues 1.d and 3.c.
G. Did the 2009 loan modification release Zive from his guaranty liability?
Zive argues that the 2009 loan modification agreement and a new guaranty he signed in
2009 6 release him from liability under his 2007 guaranty. We disagree because Zive (1) agreed
6
In his own summary judgment motion and in his response to City Bank’s motion, Zive relies on a guaranty agreement dated March 10,
2009, that was not included in City Bank’s summary judgment evidence. In his summary judgment response, Zive contended the 2009 guaranty
replaced the 2007 guaranty, rendering the 2007 guaranty “ineffective.”
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in 2007 to guarantee “all renewals and extensions” of the debt; (2) agreed to the loan
modification and ratified his guaranty obligations in 2009; and (3) failed to establish that his
2009 guaranty in any way altered his obligations under his 2007 guaranty or the 2009 loan
modification agreement.
Zive’s 2007 guaranty specifically included “all obligations, indebtedness and liabilities of
Borrower owed to Lender, now existing or hereafter created . . . together with any and all
renewals and extensions of such indebtedness . . . .” And in the 2009 loan modification
agreement, Zive “join[ed] in the execution of the foregoing Loan Modification Agreement to
ratify and reaffirm [his] obligations under the Guaranty Agreement[ ] previously executed by
Guarantor[ ] in favor of Lender, and to ratify and reaffirm the liens of the Deed of Trust and
other Loan Documents to secure the Notes as modified hereby.”
Zive contends that “the 2007 documents no longer support any claims of the Bank”
because “there were material changes to the overall lending arrangement” under the 2009 loan
modification. He cites Futerfas Family Partners v. Griffin for the premise that a guarantor is
discharged by a material alteration of the underlying contract that lacks the guarantor’s consent
and harms the guarantor. 374 S.W.3d 473, 478 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). As we
explained in Futerfas, however, to receive a discharge, the guarantor must prove, among other
elements, that a material alteration to the underlying contract was made without his consent. Id.
The summary judgment evidence here, however, established that Zive fully consented to the
2009 modification.
Sepcifically, the 2009 loan modification agreement Zive signed contains his consent to
the 2009 loan modification agreement:
Notwithstanding anything else herein or elsewhere, the Guaranty
Agreement[ ] of Youval Zive . . . [is] hereby ratified and confirmed by
Youval Zive . . . and such Guaranty Agreement[ ] continue[s] in full force
and effect. . . .
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JOINDER OF GUARANTORS
The Guarantors join in the execution of the foregoing Loan Modification
Agreement to ratify and reaffirm their obligations under the Guaranty
Agreements previously executed by Guarantors in favor of Lender, and to
ratify and reaffirm the liens of the Deed of Trust and other Loan Documents
to secure the Notes as modified hereby. Guarantors each hereby affirm,
confirm, ratify, renew and extend the debts, duties, obligations, liabilities,
rights, titles, security interests, liens, powers and privileges created or
arising by virtue of each of their respective Guaranty Agreements, until all
of the indebtedness has been paid and performed in full.
Guarantor hereby covenants with Bank as follows:
(a) The Loan Documents, including but not limited to those certain
Guaranty Agreements dated as of September 10, 2007 and September 10,
2008, as modified hereby, are in full force and effect and there are no
defenses, counterclaims, or offsets to the payment and performance of an[y]
of its/their obligations in regard to the Loan, or any of the Loan Documents,
as modified hereby . . . .
Additonally, the terms of Zive’s guaranties control his obligations. See Chambers v.
NCNB Tex. Nat’l Bank, 841 S.W.2d 132, 134 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ).
Zive expressly ratified and reaffirmed his obligations as guarantor by joining in the loan
modification agreement, agreeing that his guaranty was in full force and effect without defenses,
counterclaims, or offsets, and confirming and renewing his guaranty until the debt was paid in
full. We thus conclude that Zive did not present any summary judgment evidence that raised a
fact issue regarding whether any material alteration was made in his guaranty obligation without
his consent. See Futerfas, 374 S.W.3d at 478; see also Chambers, 841 S.W.2d at 134 (where
guaranty applied to all renewals and extensions of initial loan, and expressly provided that
change in debtor’s status did not alter guarantor’s liability, guarantor remained liable on renewal
note made after debtor, originally a partnership, was incorporated).
Furthermore, even the 2009 guaranty on which Zive relies bears the same effective date
as the loan modification agreement and references the same promissory note and deed of trust.
Instruments concerning the same transaction may be read together even if they are executed at
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different times and do not reference each other. In re Laibe Corp., 307 S.W.3d 314, 317 (Tex.
2010) (mandamus granted). Accordingly, under the express terms of his guaranties and the loan
modification agreement, Zive remained liable for Grapevine Diamond’s debts to City Bank.
In addition to his general argument that his obligations were discharged by the 2009 loan
modification, Zive also contends that he has not waived the right of offset under § 51.003 of the
Texas Property Code, see TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 51.003(c) (West 2014), despite the express
waiver of this right in his 2007 guaranty agreement:
Furthermore, in the event any property securing the Guaranteed
Indebtedness is foreclosed upon in any manner, and a deficiency is created
as a result of the purchase price at such foreclosure sale, Guarantor does
hereby irrevocably waive all rights to claim any offset against the
deficiency as provided in Section 51.003, 51.004 and 51.005 of the Texas
Property Code, as amended.
The 2009 loan modification agreement Zive signed did not expressly reference § 51.003,
but it did contain the above-quoted joinder provisions in which he agreed that “there are no
defenses, counterclaims, or offsets to the payment and performance of an[y] of its/their
obligations in regard to the Loan, or any of the Loan Documents, as modified hereby . . . .”
These provisions were sufficient to waive Zive’s right of offset under § 51.003 as well as any
other defenses to his liability on the guaranty. See Moayedi, 438 S.W.3d at 6.
Specifically, in Moayedi the supreme court held that the § 51.003 right of offset is a
defense that can be waived. Id. at 8; see also Holmes v. Graham Mortg. Corp., 449 S.W.3d 257,
265 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (discussing Moayedi). The Moayedi court concluded
that a “general waiver of defenses,” including words such as “any,” “each,” and “every,” was
sufficient to waive “all possible defenses.” Moayedi, 438 S.W.3d at 8; Holmes, 449 S.W.3d at
265. Here, Zive agreed to “continue in full force and effect” his express waiver in the 2007
guaranty, and also agreed that “there are no defenses, counterclaims, or offsets to the payment
and performance” of his obligations under his guaranty.
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For the above reasons, we conclude that Zive did not establish that he was entitled to
discharge of his obligations under his guaranty and that summary judgment for City Bank was
proper. We thus overrule Zive’s issues 3.a and 3.b.
H. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by excluding appellants’ property value
evidence?
1. Blaine and Jordan
Through their own affidavits and the appraisals of two experts, appellants sought to offer
summary judgment evidence that the property’s value exceeded $8,000,000. Specifically, they
designated Robert Blaine and George Jordan as expert witnesses on May 10, 2013, the deadline
for doing so given in the trial court’s scheduling order. Each witness was designated to “provide
expert opinions regarding the appraised values of the real property at issue in this case.” Blaine
was designated to opine on the property’s value “at the time of the foreclosure sale and also as a
completed project for each of the development phases.” Jordan was designated to opine on the
property’s value “prior to the time of the foreclosure sale.” The designation states that a resume
and licensing information is attached for each witness. The actual substance of Blaine’s and
Jordan’s opinions, however, was not provided. Appellants argue that because the scheduling
order did not require anything other than “a designation” of their experts, their designation
exceeded the scheduling order’s requirements.
But the record also reflects that appellants did not disclose Blaine and Jordan in response
to two prior requests for disclosure made long before the scheduling order deadline. On
September 22, 2011, City Bank requested disclosures from Aflatouni “of the information or
material described in” Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 194.2(a)–(l). City Bank made the same
request of Aflatouni and Grapevine Diamond on September 13, 2012. Aflatouni and Grapevine
Diamond were thus required to disclose “the general substance of the expert’s mental
impressions and opinions and a brief summary of the basis for them” within thirty days after
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service of the request. TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.2(f)(3); 194.3. They were also required to
supplement an incomplete response “reasonably promptly.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5; 195.6;
VingCard A.S. v. Merrimac Hosp. Sys., Inc., 59 S.W.3d 847, 856 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001,
pet. denied) (rules place affirmative obligation on responding party to disclose expert’s mental
impressions and opinions and provide brief summary of basis). Appellants responded to City
Bank’s requests for disclosure on October 15, 2012, but did not disclose either Blaine or Jordan.
After appellants’ May 2013 disclosure, City Bank again requested the information
specified in rule 194 by letter on May 31, 2013. Blaine’s mental impressions and opinions were
finally supplied in an affidavit dated July 18, 2013. City Bank, however, had already prepared
and filed its summary judgment motion two weeks earlier.
Because appellants did not timely disclose their experts in response to the disclosure
requests, the trial court was required to exclude the evidence unless appellants established good
cause for the failure to respond or the lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice to City Bank.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6; VingCard, 59 S.W.3d at 856. Appellants do not point to any showing of
good cause or lack of unfair prejudice made in response to City Bank’s motion to exclude
Blaine’s testimony for failure to timely disclose his mental impressions and opinions, or in
response to City Bank’s objections to Blaine’s and Jordan’s appraisals. Therefore, we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding their opinions. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6.
Because we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Blaine’s
and Jordan’s opinions for the above reasons, we need not and do not reach City Bank’s argument
that the trial court also properly excluded their opinions because neither witness opined
regarding the property’s value on the foreclosure sale date. See generally TEX. PROP. CODE ANN.
§ 51.003; Plains Capital Bank v. Martin, 459 S.W.3d 550, 555–58 (Tex. 2015) (discussing
determination of fair market value for purposes of statutory provision on deficiency judgments).
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2. Aflatouni and Zive
Although Blaine and Jordan were not designated until May 2013, Aflatouni and Zive
were designated as experts in October, 2012. Zive was designated to testify “as to the activities
of a real estate developer and the land development process.” Similarly, Aflatouni was
designated to testify “as to the activities of a real estate developer, the activities of a real estate
broker, the land development process and the importance and reasonableness of the subordinated
lien held by Aflatouni on this project.” Neither, however, was designated to testify regarding the
property’s value on the foreclosure date. Absent disclosure or timely supplementation of
Aflatouni’s and Zive’s mental impressions and opinions, the trial court did not err by excluding
their opinions regarding the property’s value. TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.6 (amendment and
supplementation of discovery regarding experts); TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5 (duty to amend or
supplement); TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6 (exclusion of evidence not timely disclosed in response to
discovery request).
Aflatouni and Zive, however, also argue that as owners of the property they were
qualified as lay witnesses to testify to the property’s value. When a business entity owns
property, a natural person may testify as to the property’s value under the property owner rule
only if the person is an officer in a management position with duties in part relating to the
property or an employee in a substantially equivalent position. Reid Road Mun. Util. Dist. No. 2
v. Speedy Stop Food Stores, Ltd., 337 S.W.3d 846, 849 (Tex. 2011).
Aflatouni’s summary judgment affidavit states that he became a limited partner of
Grapevine Diamond on August 4, 2009. He further said that as a limited partner and as the seller
of the property to Grapevine Diamond, he is familiar with the property and its value. But as a
limited partner, Aflatouni was neither an officer nor an employee of Grapevine Diamond, and
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therefore could not testify as to the property’s value as a property owner. See id. Nor did he
own the property on the foreclosure sale date.
Zive in turn argues that as president of one of the partners of Grapevine Diamond, he is
presumed to have knowledge of the property’s fair market value, citing Dallas County v.
Crestview Corners Car Wash, 370 S.W.3d 25, 41 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. denied). We
conclude, however, that the trial court did not err by excluding Zive’s property value testimony
because Zive did not properly support his opinion. Specifically, although Zive testified that
(1) the property was purchased by Grapevine Diamond for approximately $6.5 million in 2007;
(2) he has reviewed Jordan’s 2009 appraisal report; (3) in his opinion, the fair market value of
the property “would have increased in the time-period from the date of purchase to the date of
the foreclosure sale”; and (4) his “conservative estimate” is that at the time of the foreclosure
sale the fair market value of the property was $8,300,000, he did not sufficiently support his
opinion with an underlying basis.
“[W]hile the Property Owner Rule establishes that an owner is qualified to testify to
property value, we insist that the testimony meet the ‘same requirements as any other opinion
evidence.’” Nat. Gas Pipeline Co. of Am. v. Justiss, 397 S.W.3d 150, 156 (Tex. 2012) (quoting
Porras v. Craig, 675 S.W.2d 503, 504 (Tex. 1984)) (emphasis original). The Justiss court
continued,
Because property owner testimony is the functional equivalent of expert
testimony, it must be judged by the same standards. Thus, as with expert
testimony, property valuations may not be based solely on a property
owner’s ipse dixit. An owner may not simply echo the phrase “market
value” and state a number to substantiate his diminished value claim; he
must provide the factual basis on which his opinion rests. This burden is not
onerous, particularly in light of the resources available today. Evidence of
price paid, nearby sales, tax valuations, appraisals, online resources, and
any other relevant factors may be offered to support the claim. But the
valuation must be substantiated; a naked assertion of “market value” is not
enough.
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Id. at 159. Zive’s testimony did not meet this standard. Although he relied on Jordan’s 2009
appraisal report, Zive provided no substantiation for his opinion that the fair market value of the
property would have increased by approximately $2 million by the 2011 foreclosure sale date.
After reviewing the entire record, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by excluding the testimony of Blaine, Jordan, Aflatouni, and Zive as to the property’s fair market
value on the foreclosure sale date. See Estate of Finney, 424 S.W.3d at 612. We thus overrule
Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni’s fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth issues, and
Zive’s issues 1.a, 1.b., and 1.c.
I. May Grapevine Diamond or Aflatouni recover damages or attorney’s fees?
Because summary judgment was proper dismissing all of Grapevine Diamond and
Aflatouni’s claims against City Bank, they may not recover damages, punitive damages, or
attorney’s fees. See, e.g., Univ. Sav. Ass’n v. Springwoods Shopping Ctr., 644 S.W.2d 705, 706
(Tex. 1982) (to recover damages for wrongful foreclosure, alleged irregularities in sale must be
cause of injury to mortgagor). We thus overrule Grapevine Diamond and Aflatouni’s seventh,
eighteenth, and nineteenth issues.
III. CONCLUSION
Having overruled appellants’ issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Bill Whitehill/
BILL WHITEHILL
JUSTICE
140260F.P05
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
GRAPEVINE DIAMOND, L.P. , On Appeal from the 429th Judicial District
JONATHAN AFLATOUNI, and YOUVAL Court, Collin County, Texas
ZIVE, Appellants Trial Court Cause No. 429-01876-2010.
Opinion delivered by Justice Whitehill;
No. 05-14-00260-CV V. Justices Bridges and Myers participating.
CITY BANK, Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellee City Bank recover its costs of this appeal from appellants
Grapevine Diamond, L.P., Jonathan Aflatouni, and Youval Zive.
Judgment entered this 10th day of November, 2015.
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