STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
LUKE NATHANEAL BOWMAN, UNPUBLISHED
October 10, 2016
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 331870
Van Buren Circuit Court
CHELSEY ANN BOWMAN, LC No. 16-065846-DM
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: SERVITTO, P.J., and MARKEY and GLEICHER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals by leave granted the trial court’s order denying his motion to return the
minor children to Michigan and declining to exercise jurisdiction over an initial child-custody
determination pursuant to the Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act
(UCCJEA), MCL 722.1101 et seq. We remand for the trial court to comply with the
requirements set forth in MCL 722.1206(2).
Plaintiff and defendant married in 2009. They had two children, born in 2011 and 2013.
Their first child was born in Georgia before the parties moved to Michigan in 2012. The parties
resided in Michigan until around August 2014 when they moved to Wisconsin. Plaintiff and
defendant provided conflicting testimony on how long the parties remained in Wisconsin.
Plaintiff testified that he was laid off from his job at the end of June 2015, and the parties moved
back to Michigan shortly thereafter, even though their Wisconsin lease continued through
October. Plaintiff then obtained a job in Indiana. While he worked in Indiana, defendant and the
children remained in Michigan. On the other hand, defendant testified that she and the children
resided in Wisconsin until the lease expired in October 2015. After the lease expired, defendant
and the children lived with plaintiff’s family members in Michigan for approximately one month
before the entire family left to visit defendant’s family in Georgia for Thanksgiving. After the
holiday, plaintiff returned to Indiana, but defendant and the children remained in Georgia, though
defendant had not previously intended to stay in Georgia.
On December 11, 2015, defendant filed a complaint regarding custody and a complaint
for separate maintenance in a Georgia trial court. Defendant alleged that the Georgia court had
jurisdiction over the matter because no other state could claim to be the children’s “home state”
under the UCCJEA. Defendant requested joint legal and primary physical custody of the
children. She alleged that it was in the best interests of the children to reside with her because of
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the “unstable nature” of plaintiff’s employment. Finally, defendant alleged that plaintiff had a
history of being verbally and emotionally abusive towards her and had engaged in adultery. The
Superior Court of Bryan County, Georgia, issued an ex parte order granting defendant temporary
custody of the children until further order of the court.
Thereafter, on January 8, 2016, plaintiff filed a complaint for divorce in Michigan.
Plaintiff requested that the children be returned to Michigan and that he be granted sole legal and
physical custody. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing to consider whether the children
should be returned to Michigan and whether Michigan was the proper forum to resolve the
custody dispute. After receiving testimony from both parties, the trial court concluded that
Georgia was the more appropriate forum to exercise jurisdiction in the initial child-custody
determination. Plaintiff then filed an application for leave to appeal, and we granted leave to
determine whether the trial court erred in its application of the UCCJEA.
We review de novo whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction over a particular
matter. Fisher v Belcher, 269 Mich App 247, 252-253; 713 NW2d 6 (2005). “[E]ven if a court
may exercise jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, the decision to do so is within the discretion of the
trial court, and [will] not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.” Cheesman v Williams,
311 Mich App 147, 150; 874 NW2d 385 (2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted; second
alteration in original). Finally, we apply a “ ‘clear legal error standard . . . where the trial court
errs in its choice, interpretation, or application of the existing law.’ ” Cheesman, 311 Mich App
at 151, quoting Foskett v Foskett, 247 Mich App 1, 4-5; 634 NW2d 363 (2001).
The UCCJEA “prescribes the powers and duties of [a trial] court in a child-custody
proceeding involving this state and a proceeding or party outside of this state.” Fisher, 269 Mich
App at 260. Both Michigan and Georgia had adopted the UCCJEA at the time the dispute arose.
Atchison v Atchison, 256 Mich App 531, 536; 664 NW2d 249 (2003); Croft v Croft, 298 Ga App
303, 305; 680 SE2d 150 (2009).
The trial court, in concluding that Georgia was the more appropriate forum to exercise
jurisdiction in this matter, first looked to MCL 722.1201, which governs jurisdiction over initial
child-custody determinations. Doing so was erroneous. Before a Michigan court makes an
initial custody determination, it must first be determined “whether an out-of-state child custody
proceeding has already commenced.” Fisher, 269 Mich App at 253-254. Because defendant
undisputedly filed her complaint in the Georgia court first, a child-custody proceeding had
already commenced at the time plaintiff filed the instant action. As a result, the trial court should
have first looked to MCL 722.1206, which governs simultaneous child-custody proceedings and
states, in relevant part, as follows:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in [MCL 722.12041], a court of this state may
not exercise its jurisdiction under this article if, at the time of the commencement
of the proceeding, a child-custody proceeding has been commenced in a court of
1
MCL 722.1204 governs situations where a trial court has temporary emergency jurisdiction,
and it is not relevant to this appeal.
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another state having jurisdiction substantially in conformity with this act, unless
the proceeding has been terminated or is stayed by the court of the other state
because a court of this state is a more convenient forum under [MCL 722.1207].
(2) Except as otherwise provided in [MCL 722.1204], before hearing a child-
custody proceeding, a court of this state shall examine the court documents and
other information supplied by the parties as required by [MCL 722.1209]. If the
court determines that, at the time of the commencement of the proceeding, a
child-custody proceeding has been commenced in a court in another state having
jurisdiction substantially in accordance with this act, the court of this state shall
stay its proceeding and communicate with the court of the other state. If the court
of the state having jurisdiction substantially in accordance with this act does not
determine that the court of this state is a more appropriate forum, the court of this
state shall dismiss the child-custody proceeding.
Pursuant to MCL 722.1206(1), because a child-custody proceeding had already
commenced in Georgia, the next inquiry is whether Georgia had “jurisdiction substantially in
conformity with” the UCCJEA. Whether a state has jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody
determination is governed by MCL 722.1201. See MCL 722.1201(2) (indicating that section
201 of the UCCJEA is the “exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a child-custody
determination by a court of this state”); Ga Code Ann § 19-9-61(b) (identical provision to MCL
722.1201(2)). MCL 722.1201 states, in relevant part, the following:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in [MCL 722.1204], a court of this state has
jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody determination only in the following
situations:
(a) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of
the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within 6 months before the
commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a
parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state.
(b) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under subdivision (a), or a
court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the
ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under [MCL 722.1207] or
[MCL 722.1208], and the court finds both of the following:
(i) The child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least 1 parent or a person
acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than mere
physical presence.
(ii) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child’s care,
protection, training, and personal relationships.
“Home state” means the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a
parent for at least 6 consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child-
custody proceeding. MCL 722.1102(g). Georgia was not the children’s “home state,” and the
children had not resided in Georgia within six months before commencement of this proceeding.
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See MCL 722.1201(1)(a). Accordingly, MCL 722.1201(1)(b) governs whether Georgia could
exercise jurisdiction in this matter.
To establish jurisdiction under MCL 722.1201(1)(b), a court of another state may not
have jurisdiction under MCL 722.1201(1)(a), that is, the children must not have a “home state”
elsewhere. The trial court properly determined based on the evidence presented that the children
did not have a home state. Furthermore, although Wisconsin had arguably been the children’s
home state within six months of the commencement of this action, neither of the parties
continued to live in Wisconsin in order for it to have jurisdiction pursuant to MCL
722.1201(1)(a).2
Given that no other state had jurisdiction pursuant to that subsection, MCL
722.1201(1)(b) directs a court to find whether “[t]he child and the child’s parents, or the child
and at least 1 parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with [the] state
other than mere physical presence” and whether “[s]ubstantial evidence is available in [the] state
concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships.” MCL
722.1201(1)(b)(i) and (ii). The parties dispute whether Georgia had jurisdiction over the matter
on this basis. We agree with the trial court that it did.
The term “significant connection” was discussed in White v Harrison-White, 280 Mich
App 383, 394; 760 NW2d 691 (2008). Notably, as plaintiff recognizes, White concerned MCL
722.1202, which governs the exercise of exclusive, continuing jurisdiction, as opposed to MCL
722.1201, which governs initial child-custody determinations. Although both provisions require
a child and at least one parent to have a “significant connection” to the state, MCL
722.1201(1)(b)(i) adds that mere physical presence in the state is not enough. We disagree with
plaintiff that White is not controlling here because of this additional statutory language. White
provides guidance, as it examined the plain language of the UCCJEA and concluded that a state
has jurisdiction over a child-custody determination where “the child and at least one parent have
an important or meaningful relationship to the state.”3 White, 280 Mich App at 390. Thus, in the
context of MCL 722.1201(1)(b)(i), a child and at least one parent must have an “important and
meaningful relationship to the state” that is based on more than mere physical presence. See id.
The evidence established that defendant and the children had a significant connection to
Georgia. The parties’ eldest child was born in Georgia, and the parties lived there for
approximately 10 months in the year of his birth. The children and defendant then returned to
2
Interestingly, the trial court maintained jurisdiction over the parties’ divorce proceeding,
despite testimony that plaintiff had not resided in Van Buren County for the required statutory
period or, arguably, the State of Michigan for the necessary period. The trial court thus
bifurcated the divorce and child custody issues.
3
In White, this Court determined that a “significant connection” for purposes of establishing
exclusive, continuing jurisdiction “exists where one parent resides in the state, maintains a
meaningful relationship with the child, and, in maintaining the relationship, exercises parenting
time in the state.” White, 280 Mich App at 394.
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Georgia in November of 2015, where they remained. The evidence established that defendant
was born and raised in Georgia, that defendant’s immediate family lived in Georgia, and that the
children had visited the state with defendant to see defendant’s family at least once a year before
they moved back to Georgia. According to defendant, the visits often lasted a month or more.
The children and defendant were also attending church in Georgia, and the older child was
enrolled in preschool. Defendant further testified that she is and has been the children’s primary
care-giver. This testimony was sufficient to allow the trial court to find that there was a
significant connection to Georgia.4
Additionally, MCL 722.1201(1)(b)(ii) requires that “[s]ubstantial evidence” be “available
in [the] state concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships.”
Although the trial court failed to address this subsection in its opinion, any error in failing to do
so was harmless. See MCR 2.613(A). Defendant’s family members lived in Georgia and were
presumably available to testify. Evidence of the older child’s schooling would also be available
there. Finally, plaintiff makes no legitimate claim as to why testimony from his family could not
be received in Georgia via depositions or video, just as defendant’s testimony for purposes of the
hearing was taken by telephone. Therefore, because the children and defendant had a significant
connection with Georgia other than mere physical presence and substantial evidence regarding
the children’s well-being was available in Georgia, the trial court did not err by finding that
Georgia could exercise jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. Moreover, Georgia’s jurisdiction need
only have been substantially in conformity with the UCCJEA, not completely such that even if
the compliance were not perfect, compliance was substantial enough to find that the trial court
did not err.
Turning back to MCL 722.1206(1), because Georgia had “jurisdiction substantially in
conformity with” the UCCJEA, the Michigan trial court was not permitted to exercise
jurisdiction over the matter “unless the proceeding has been terminated or is stayed by the court
of the other state because a court of this state is a more convenient forum under [MCL
722.1207].” MCL 722.1206(1). There is no record evidence that the Georgia court made a
finding pursuant to MCL 722.1207 that Michigan was a more convenient forum for the child-
custody proceeding or that the Georgia court terminated the proceeding filed by defendant.
Accordingly, it was proper for the trial court to decline to exercise jurisdiction in this case.
However, the trial court erred by failing to comply with MCL 722.1206(2). MCL
722.1206(2) requires the trial court to “stay its proceeding and communicate with the court of the
other state” if it “determines that, at the time of the commencement of the proceeding, a child-
4
We do not dispute that plaintiff’s testimony established that there was also a significant
connection to Michigan. However, not only are matters of credibility left to the finder of fact
(See, e.g., People v Passage, 277 Mich App 175, 177; 743 NW2d 746 (2007)), because a child
custody proceeding had already been initiated in Georgia, the relevant initial inquiry for our
purposes is whether Georgia had “jurisdiction substantially in conformity with” the UCCJEA
pursuant to MCL 722.1206(1).
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custody proceeding has been commenced in a court in another state having jurisdiction
substantially in accordance with this act.” The trial court refused to communicate with the
Georgia court regarding jurisdiction, contrary to the UCCJEA. We, therefore, remand for the
trial court to comply with the requirement of MCL 722.1206(2) that it communicate with the
Georgia court. MCL 722.1206(2) further provides that, after communicating with the other
court, the Michigan court shall dismiss the child-custody proceeding “[i]f the court of the state
having jurisdiction substantially in accordance with this act does not determine that the court of
this state is a more appropriate forum.” Accordingly, if, after communication between the two
courts, the Georgia court does not determine that Michigan is a more appropriate forum to
resolve the child-custody dispute, the trial court shall dismiss this case.5
This matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
/s/ Jane E. Markey
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
5
The parties also present arguments regarding MCL 722.1207 (inconvenient forum) and MCL
722.1208 (unjustifiable conduct by a party establishing jurisdiction). We need not address these
arguments because remand is necessary for the trial court to comply with MCL 722.1206 before
these issues may be addressed. We note, however, that the trial court raised the issue of
inconvenient forum sua sponte in its written opinion. The trial court erred by not allowing the
parties to submit information regarding the relevant factors as required by MCL 722.1207(2).
Additionally, with respect to MCL 722.1208, that provision only allows a trial court “of this
state” to decline to exercise jurisdiction if the person invoking jurisdiction engaged in
unjustifiable conduct. MCL 722.1208(1). The statute does not allow a Michigan court to
determine that another state may not exercise jurisdiction because of a party’s conduct. The
proper forum in which to make such a claim is in Georgia.
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