MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 28 2016, 8:40 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Thomas C. Allen Nicholas J. Hursh
Fort Wayne, Indiana Shambaugh, Kast, Beck &
Williams, LLP
Fort Wayne, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re: The Adoption of: November 28, 2016
K.A.M. Court of Appeals Case No.
02A04-1603-AD-631
Appeal from the Allen Superior
J.A.M, Court
Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Charles F. Pratt,
Judge
v.
Trial Court Cause No.
02D08-1405-AD-73
P.E.U.,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Robb, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 1 of 12
Case Summary and Issue
[1] J.M. (“Father”) and L.U. (“Mother”) share one child together, K.M. In 2012,
Mother married P.U. (“Stepfather”). Two years later, Stepfather filed a verified
petition to adopt K.M. Father objected and filed a motion to contest the
adoption, which the trial court denied. Father appeals the trial court’s order
denying his petition to contest the adoption and raises one issue for our review,
which we restate as whether there was sufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s finding that Father’s consent to the adoption was not required.
Concluding there is sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding
consent to the adoption was not required, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] K.M. was born in 2005 to Mother and Father. Following K.M.’s birth, Mother
and Father lived together in Greencastle, Indiana, until July of 2006. Their
relationship eventually ended, and for a short period, Mother moved to Fort
Wayne to live with K.M.’s maternal grandfather. In December of 2006,
Mother and Father rekindled their relationship for a brief period, but they
separated again in March of 2007.
[3] Following their second separation, Mother moved out of Indiana. For about
nine months following their separation, Mother lived in Grand Rapids,
Michigan, with K.M.’s maternal grandmother; Father saw K.M. once during
this period. Mother then moved to Camillus, New York, for nine months to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 2 of 12
live with her sister. While she lived in New York, Mother established paternity
for K.M. and was granted sole custody. Father drove to New York to visit
K.M. on at least two occasions and would call sporadically to talk to Mother
and K.M. on the phone.
[4] In 2008, Mother moved back to Fort Wayne. With Mother now living closer,
Father had more opportunities to visit K.M. In 2008 and 2009, Mother and
Father worked together and made arrangements for Father to visit K.M. on
numerous occasions, with Mother driving K.M. to Indianapolis at least seven
times. In addition, Father called Mother and K.M. a few times each month. In
2010, Mother began dating Stepfather and eventually moved in with him.
Father visited K.M. a “handful of times, . . . maybe six . . . times” in 2010.
Transcript at 17-18.
[5] In July of 2011,1 Father visited K.M. for a few hours and they played laser tag
together. A few months later, Father spoke with K.M. on the phone. Father
has had no contact, in person or otherwise, with K.M. since 2011. Father
asserts he has not communicated with K.M because Mother would not allow it.
Father claims that since Mother moved in with Stepfather, her willingness to
allow communication with K.M. has slowly diminished. For example, in 2011
Mother blocked Father’s cell phone number from her phone, and blocked him
1
Father’s deposition states his last visit with K.M. was in January of 2011. However, at trial, both Father
and Mother testified his last visit with K.M. was in July of 2011.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 3 of 12
and his mother from contacting her via Facebook.2 Further, Father testified
since Mother blocked him from her Facebook account, and his e-mail account
is linked to his Facebook account, Mother’s e-mail contact was subsequently
blocked as well. He also testified Mother refused to provide him with her
address since she moved in with Stepfather, and she instructed him that if he
ever wished to send a gift to K.M. he must send it to K.M.’s grandparent’s
house first.
[6] In response, Mother testified she did not stop Father from contacting K.M., he
just stopped making the effort and his already sporadic communication began
occurring less frequently. While she admitted she blocked Father from
contacting her via her cell phone and Facebook account, she testified the cell
phone block was temporary, only lasting for forty days in 2011. Further,
Mother testified Father called her cell phone in 2012 to congratulate her on her
marriage to Stepfather. The conversation lasted about an hour, and they talked
about K.M. for about ten minutes. Father admits they spoke in 2012, but
testified the conversation took place over Mother’s home telephone.
[7] In October of 2012, Father drove to Fort Wayne and lived in a hotel for a
month while seeking employment. Father stated he intended to relocate to Fort
Wayne to be closer to K.M. However, because Father was unable to locate
2
Father testified Mother’s cell phone block lasted until Stepfather filed his petition for adoption in May of
2014, and that he is still blocked from contacting Mother via Facebook.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 4 of 12
K.M. or find employment, he returned to Indianapolis. Father admits that he
had no contact with K.M. in 2012, 2013, or 2014.
[8] On May 29, 2014 Stepfather filed a verified petition to adopt K.M. Father
subsequently filed a motion to contest the adoption, arguing he did not consent
to the adoption. Stepfather countered that Father’s consent was not required
because Father lacked prior communication with K.M. for a period of more
than one year. Following an evidentiary hearing on the matter, the trial court
denied Father’s motion to contest the adoption. The trial court issued findings
of fact and conclusions, which read, in relevant part:
[T]he Court finds that:
***
15. Between 2010 and 2011, [Mother] maintained Facebook
communication with [Father]. During their exchanges [Mother]
encouraged [Father] to visit [K.M.]. Often plans could not be
completed because [Father’s] cell phone was turned off. From a
review of [Stepfather’s] Exhibit 2 the Court finds that [Mother]
would become irritated with [Father]. They would argue, she
would deny a visit, and, then, she would relent. This pattern
followed until she blocked him on Facebook on or about June
2011.
16. [Father] was present for [K.M.’s] first day in kindergarten
and knew that he was enrolled in Haverhill Elementary School.
He claims that he was not able to enter the school and that the
school officials did not have him listed as a contact.
17. [Father’s] last personal visit with [K.M.] was on January 7,
2011. He had a few telephone contacts thereafter until
September or October 2011 when [Mother] blocked him from
calling her cell phone.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 5 of 12
18. From [Mother’s] deposition testimony the Court finds that
[Mother] blocked [Father] from her cell phone because he called
“over and over in the middle of the night[.]”
19. The parties dispute the length of time that [Father] was
blocked from [Mother’s] cell phone . . . . Another number was
not blocked. [Mother] asserts that the block was for a period of
forty (40) days. [Father] testified that the block continued until
the date of the filing of the petition for adoption. [Father]
acknowledges that he talked to [Mother] by cell phone in 2012.
Thus, the evidence supports [Mother’s] testimony.
20. Texting to [Mother’s] cell phone and Facebook were the two
primary means of communication between [Father] and
[Mother].
21. Notwithstanding the block to [Mother’s] cell phone and
Facebook, [Father] was able to call [Mother] and [K.M.] through
[Stepfather’s] home phone, a land line that was also connected to
a facsimile machine. [Father] telephoned [Mother] several times
in 2012.
22. Shortly after her marriage to [Stepfather] (September 8,
2012), [Father] called [Mother] on her cell phone to congratulate
her. They talked for about an hour. In his deposition testimony
he estimated that only about ten-minute[s] of the conversation
involved the child[.]
23. At or about the same time that she blocked the cell phone
and Facebook communication [Mother] acknowledges that she
discontinued her efforts to involve [Father] in [K.M.’s] life.
24. In October 2012 [Father] stayed in a hotel in Fort Wayne for
a month. He sought temporary employment. He asserts that
because he was not able to locate his son he returned to live in
the Indianapolis area. However, [Father] knew the maternal
grandfather’s address and telephone number. He also knew, at
that time, the location and name of the school the child attended
for Kindergarten. Given the fact that he had recently spoken
with [Mother] to congratulate her on her marriage (September 8,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 6 of 12
2012), the Court cannot find that he made a diligent search for
[K.M.].
***
Accordingly, the Court further finds and concludes that:
***
2. Pursuant to I.C. 31-19-9-8(a)(2), consent to an adoption, is not
required from:
(2) A parent of a child in the custody of another person if
for a period of at least one (1) year the parent:
(A) fails without justifiable cause to communicate
significantly with the child when able to do so . . . .
***
7. In the present case [Father’s] last contact with [K.M.] of any
significant duration was on or about January 7, 2011. This Court
finds and concludes that [Father] has not had any significant
contact with [K.M.] after January 7, 2011.
8. In addition to the foregoing, the evidence must demonstrate
that [Stepfather] and/or [Mother] have not acted to “hamper or
thwart” [Father’s] efforts to see his son. In making that
determination the court may consider [Mother’s] willingness to
allow visitation as well as [Father’s] financial and other resources
needed for his exercise of visitation.
9. [Father] acknowledged that he had the means to visit [K.M.].
10. [Mother] did not preclude [Father] from contacting [K.M.]
when she lived in New York nor upon her return to Indiana. It
was only in 2011 that, by her own acknowledgement, she
discontinued her efforts to involve [Father] in [K.M.’s] life. The
Court finds and concludes that the suspension of her active
efforts to involve [Father] [in K.M.’s life] is not equivalent to
hampering or thwarting [Father’s] contact.
***
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 7 of 12
12. [Mother] has acknowledged that she blocked [Father] from
her Facebook account and a cell phone in September or October
2011. She did provide him with other means of communication.
The other means she offered included a land line that was
operative into 2012. Although the answering machine was later
disconnected, [Father] was able to communicate with [Mother]
by cell phone. He acknowledged that he had an over one hour
cell phone call with her in September 2012. . . .
***
14. In his deposition testimony [Father] stated that he never
heard of [Mother’s] address . . . [in] Fort Wayne, Indiana. He
testified that he did not know in October 2012 where to find
[Stepfather’s address]. However, [Stepfather’s] address is the
address [Mother] occupied with [K.M.] from October 2010 until
November 2014; a period of time during which he had
communication with [Mother] and visited [K.M.].
15. From the totality of the circumstances this Court does not
find that [Mother] or [Stepfather] hampered or thwarted
[Father’s] contact with his son.
Appendix of Appellant at 10-15 (citations omitted). Based on the foregoing, the
trial court determined Father’s consent to adoption was not required, and
denied his motion to contest the adoption. Father filed a motion to correct
error, which the trial court also denied. Father now appeals the denial of his
motion to contest the adoption.
Discussion and Decision
I. Standard of Review
[9] When we review a trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding, the ruling will
not be disturbed unless the evidence leads to only one conclusion and the trial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 8 of 12
court reached the opposite conclusion. In re Adoption of M.L., 973 N.E.2d 1216,
1222 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). We do not reweigh evidence, and we consider the
evidence most favorable to the decision together with reasonable inferences
drawn from that evidence. Id. Further, we “recognize that the trial judge is in
the best position to judge the facts, determine witness credibility, get a feel for
the family dynamics, and get a sense of the parents and their relationship with
their children.” Id.
[10] Where, as here, the trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions thereon
pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52(A), we apply a two-tiered standard of review:
(1) we determine whether the evidence supports the findings of fact and (2)
whether the findings support the judgment. In re Adoption of A.S., 912 N.E.2d
840, 851 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. The trial court’s findings or
judgment will be set aside only if they are clearly erroneous. Id. A finding of
fact is clearly erroneous if the record lacks evidence or reasonable inferences
from the evidence to support it. Id.
II. Lack of Significant Communication
[11] Generally, a petition to adopt a minor child may be granted only if written
consent to adopt has been provided by the biological parents. See Ind. Code §
31-19-9-1. However, written consent is not required by both parents if the
petitioner can show by clear and convincing evidence the biological parent
objecting to the adoption lacks significant communication with the child for a
period of more than one year. See Ind. Code § 31-19-9-8(a)(2)(A); In re Adoption
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 9 of 12
of S.W., 979 N.E.2d 633, 640 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). To do so, the petitioner for
adoption must prove both a lack of communication for the statutory period and
the parent had an ability to communicate during that time. See Rust v. Lawson,
714 N.E.2d 769, 772 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.
[12] On appeal, we must consider the facts and circumstances of the particular case,
including, for example, “the custodial parent’s willingness to permit visitation
as well as the natural parent’s financial and physical means to accomplish his
obligations.” Id. Furthermore, any efforts by the custodial parent “to hamper
or thwart communication between parent and child are relevant in determining
the ability to communicate.” Id. The “significance of the communication is not
measured in terms of units of visits[,]” E.W. v. J.W., 20 N.E.3d 889, 896 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied, so the natural parent must have made “more than
token efforts” to communicate with his child, Rust, 714 N.E.2d at 772 (internal
quotation omitted). The purpose of this provision “is to encourage non-
custodial parents to maintain communication with their children and to
discourage non-custodial parents from visiting their children just often enough
to thwart the adoptive parents’ efforts to provide a settled environment for the
children.” In re Adoption of C.E.N., 847 N.E.2d 267, 272 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
[13] In this case, there is no question Father did not communicate with K.M. for the
prescribed statutory period. Father and Mother both testified Father has had no
contact with K.M. since 2011, a period of more than one year. However,
Father argues there is insufficient evidence his consent to the adoption was not
required because his ability to communicate with K.M. was thwarted by
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 10 of 12
Mother. Thus, he asserts his lack of communication with K.M. was justified
and his consent to adoption is required.
[14] The evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision supports its finding
that Father had the ability to communicate with K.M., but failed without
justifiable cause to do so. While Mother’s actions raise serious concerns and
are relevant factors in determining Father’s ability to communicate, we agree
with the trial court there were significant periods of time when she was not
thwarting his communication with K.M. Ultimately, Father’s argument invites
us to reweigh evidence and reassess witness credibility, which we will not do.
In re Adoption of M.L., 973 N.E.2d at 1222. We acknowledge Father testified his
cell phone number was blocked from Mother’s cell phone from 2011 until the
filing of the petition for adoption, and that his 2012 phone conversation with
Mother took place over the home phone, rather than by cell phone. However,
Mother testified she only blocked Father’s number from her cell phone for forty
days in 2011 and that she spoke with Father by cell phone in September of
2012. Clearly, the trial court found Mother’s testimony of a temporary cell
phone block to be credible, and concluded Father had the ability to contact
Mother and K.M. by cell phone. In addition to a cell phone, Mother possessed
a land line phone in her home which Father could have used to contact Mother.
Mother testified other than temporarily blocking Father’s number on her cell
phone and from her Facebook account, she did not preclude Father from
communicating with K.M. Rather, Father’s attempts to communicate with
K.M. began occurring less frequently, and eventually stopped altogether.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 11 of 12
[15] Further, Father testified he had the financial means and ability to drive to Fort
Wayne and visit his son, and did visit Fort Wayne in October of 2012 but left
without seeing K.M. Other than this visit, Father made no other effort to visit
K.M. Moreover, this court has found the consent statute does not contemplate
“regular” communication, but rather that one significant communication
(provided that this single communication does not amount to a token effort to
contact the child) in a year would have been sufficient, In re Adoption of Subzda,
562 N.E.2d 745, 749 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990), and we find it difficult to believe that
Father was incapable of communicating even once with K.M. in a period of
almost thirty-one months. Therefore, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to
support the trial court’s finding that Father failed without a justifiable cause to
significantly communicate with K.M. for at least one year when he had the
opportunity to do so, and that Father’s consent to the adoption of K.M. was not
required.
Conclusion
[16] We conclude there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding
Father’s consent to K.M.’s adoption was not required. Therefore, we affirm the
trial court’s denial of Father’s motion to contest K.M.’s adoption and of his
subsequent motion to correct error.
[17] Affirmed.
Mathias, J., and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1603-AD-631 | November 28, 2016 Page 12 of 12