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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
D.W., IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
B.K.V., JR.,
Appellee No. 620 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered March 29, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County
Domestic Relations at No(s): 2008-5-0774
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., SHOGAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED DECEMBER 06, 2016
This is an appeal by D.W. (“Mother”) from a support order relating to
B.V. (“Child”), her seventeen-year-old son with B.K.V., Jr. (“Father”).1 We
are compelled to reverse and remand.
The trial court described the parties as “frequent flyers in Lebanon
County Support Court.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 1. The trial court
summarized the facts and procedural history as follows:
MOTHER and FATHER are the parents of [B.V.], who was
born [i]n March [of] 1999. The parties were married on May 1,
1998 and separated on September 12, 2008. The parties had
originally reached a private agreement on the amount of child
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
The parties “also have an emancipated [son] who is not subject to” the
order appealed. Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 2 n.1.
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support, but MOTHER requested modification on August 5,
2014.[2] After a hearing on December 11, 2014, the Domestic
Relations Master (DRM) recommended that FATHER pay
$1,624.65 per month from the date of filing through the end of
2014 and $1,458.49 per month for 2015. MOTHER filed
exceptions and, after hearing oral arguments, we remanded the
case to the DRM via an Opinion dated March 30, 2015. Among
other things, we directed the DRM to clarify how she evaluated
FATHER’s income from 933 Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) that
were awarded to him in 2010 and vested in 2014.
Subsequent to a remand hearing conducted on April 23,
2015, the DRM explained that she evaluated the stocks based on
the difference between their value on the date of the property
settlement, $35.63, and the exercise price, $61.48. She then
multiplied this difference by 933 to arrive at $24,118.05, which
figure she added to FATHER’s 2014 income. In the end,
FATHER’s obligation, effective August 5, 2014 through the end of
the year, was $1,639.65 per month, about $15 per month more
than the previously-calculated figure. For 2015, FATHER’s
obligation was $1,505.92 per month, less than a $50 per month
increase from the previously calculated figure. MOTHER again
filed exceptions, arguing, inter alia, that the DRM valued 836 of
FATHER’s stock options (award no. 19655) incorrectly, and that
she failed to include the income from 359 RSUs (award no.
41075) that vested on August 1, 2015.
While we denied most of MOTHER’s Exceptions via an
Opinion issued on August 6, [2015,] we agreed that the DRM’s
methodology for valuing the 836 stock options was incorrect.
Instead, to account for the quid pro quo value of the stock
options at equitable distribution, we measured the difference in
the present value, $78.10 (as of the date of the remand hearing,
April 23, 2015), and the value on the date of the property
settlement, $35.63. Multiplying this figure times the number of
shares yielded $29,786.68. Subtracting this figure from
____________________________________________
2
Mother “works for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in Caucus
Operations,” and Father “sells medical devices, which require[s] him to
travel extensively. In addition to his salary and commissions, he receives
stock options and corporate perquisites as part of his compensation
package.” Trial Court Remand Opinion, 3/30/15, at 2.
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$65,291.60 ($78.10 x 836 shares) yielded $35,504.92, which
number we added to FATHER’s 2015 gross income. This resulted
in a monthly obligation for 2015 of $1,639.92.
We specifically declined to address the RSUs that vested
on August 1, 2015, noting that they were not yet vested at the
time of the hearing, but that we would not prevent MOTHER
from addressing them once they did vest. Predictably, on
September 1st, MOTHER filed [a] Petition for Modification. A
hearing was conducted on October 29, 2015 and the DRM issued
her Recommendations on November 20th[, 2015]. Again,
MOTHER timely filed exceptions, disputing the DRM’s
methodology in evaluating the RSUs.
We heard oral arguments on February 23, 2016. At oral
argument, both counsel agreed that it made little sense to
continue fighting over relatively small amounts of money.
Counsel therefore asked if we would agree to receive and base a
prospective decision upon a stipulation of facts. We afforded the
parties 10 days to submit a stipulation regarding their income.
We also agreed that if the parties could reach a consensus on
the facts, we would fashion a Court Order dictating FATHER’s
prospective obligation based on this stipulation rather than
remanding the case to the DRM yet again. On March 7, we
received a Stipulation of Facts showing that:
(1) FATHER’s wages, tips and compensation, as
reflected by his W-2, were $248,754.40, his
Medicare wages and tips were $266,754.40 and his
gross pay was $271,131.37.
(2) MOTHER’s wages, tips and compensation for
2015, as reflected by her W-2, were $55,980.63,
and her Medicare wages and tips were $59,732.84.
Although the stipulation itself did not list MOTHER’s
gross pay, her unofficial W-2, which was attached,
lists her gross pay at $60,036.13.
(3) FATHER had $30,728.88 in gross income from
stock options in 2015. The net, post-tax value of the
RSUs FATHER exercised on August 1, 2015 was
$19,519.11. His net receipts from RSUs in 2015
[were] $21,243.69.
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(4) He has 194 RSUs that were granted after the
divorce that will mature on July 30, 2016.3
3
He also has stock options that will
mature in 2017, but this will be after the
parties’ son has become emancipated.
(5) FATHER contributed $18,000 to his 401(k) in
2015.
(6) FATHER paid $4,981.41 in 2015 for medical,
dental, vision and life insurance benefits for himself
and his family.
(7) MOTHER paid $600.29 in 2015 for medical,
dental and vision benefits that will benefit herself
and her children.
(8) MOTHER made $3,752.21 in mandatory
contributions to the State Employees Retirement
System.
(9) FATHER pays $1,700 per month in alimony to
MOTHER. This payment will terminate on March 31,
2016.
(10) FATHER’s fixed vehicle allowance of $398.44 is
part of his income.
(11) Neither party has experienced an increase in
income to date in 2016.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 2–6 (some footnotes omitted).
The trial court entered an order on March 29, 2016, directing Father to
pay $1,571.96 per month in child support plus $157.20 per month in
arrears, effective August 1, 2015. Effective April 1, 2016, the amount of
child support increased to $1,710.45 per month, and the amount in arrears
increased to $171.04 per month. The court directed Father to provide
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medical coverage through his employment. Mother filed a timely appeal on
April 19, 2016. Both Mother and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P.
1925.3
Mother raises the following issues in her appellate brief:
A. Did the Trial Court err as a matter of law and/or abuse its
discretion in its March 29, 2016 Order when it failed to calculate
as part of [Father’s] income Vested Stock Options from 2014
that it previously included as income in its August 4, 2015 Order
for calendar year 2015?
B. Did the Trial Court err as a matter of law and/or abuse its
discretion in its March 29, 2016 Order when it failed to provide
an adjustment for the health insurance premium [Mother]
contributes to cover the parties’ minor child?
C. Did the Trial Court err[] as a matter of law and/or abuse[] its
discretion in its March 29, 2016 Order when it deducted
[Father’s] voluntary retirement contributions of $18,000.00
annually from his gross income in determining his support
obligation?
Mother’s Brief at 10.4
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3
We note the deplorable state of the record certified to us on appeal. While
a list of ninety-four docket entries was provided, none of the items in the
record bear corresponding numbers, rendering the numbered list useless as
an aid to locating documents. There are eight subparts to the record, two of
which are single pages, with no explanation or organization to the subparts.
While we could have remanded for the provision of organization to the
record, with considerable waste of time and talent we have been able to
locate the items crucial to our disposition of this case. Such dereliction will
not be tolerated in the future.
4
For the sake of clarity and ease of disposition, we have re-ordered issues
B and C.
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Our standard of review of a trial court’s decision in a support case is
well settled:
When evaluating a support order, this Court may only reverse
the trial court’s determination where the order cannot be
sustained on any valid ground. We will not interfere with the
broad discretion afforded the trial court absent an abuse of the
discretion or insufficient evidence to sustain the support order.
An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; if, in
reaching a conclusion, the court overrides or misapplies the law,
or the judgment exercised is shown by the record to be either
manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice,
bias or ill will, discretion has been abused. In addition, we note
that the duty to support one’s child is absolute, and the purpose
of child support is to promote the child’s best interests.
Kimock v. Jones, 47 A.3d 850, 853–854 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations
omitted).
The trial court explained the atypical process in this case due to the
parties’ agreement to a stipulation of facts, as follows:
The situation we face in the case at bar is different from
the norm. Here, the parties have agreed to a stipulation of
facts, and they have asked us to determine support based upon
that stipulation and our contextual knowledge about the parties
gleaned via the extensive support litigation we handled in 2015.
Our Superior Court has long recognized that courts have wide
discretion when handling support matters. See Kotzbauer v.
Kotzbauer, 937 A.2d 487, 489 (Pa. Super. 2007). Given the
tortured history of this case, and given the fact that both counsel
have asked us to eschew the so-called “normal” support process
in Lebanon County, we will undertake the unusual step of
eschewing a remand to the DRM in favor of simply rendering our
own de novo decision based upon the stipulation of the parties.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 6–7.
In a three-paragraph argument, and citing testimony from a Master’s
hearing on October 29, 2015, Mother first asserts that Father has recurring
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stock options in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Mother’s Brief at 19 (citing
N.T., 10/29/15, at 15). She contends that the trial court concluded in an
August 4, 2015 order that the 2014 stock options shall be included as
income for the calendar year 2015. Id. She maintains that this conclusion
provided additional monthly income attributable to Father of $2,958.74. Id.
(citing Trial Court Opinion (Exceptions), 8/4/15, at 14–15.) Mother suggests
the trial court relied on MacKinley v. Messerschmidt, 814 A.2d 680 (Pa.
Super. 2002), for the proposition that stock options must be considered as
income for purposes of support. She further avers that while the trial court
indicated it would consider the vested stock options as part of Father’s 2015
income, Trial Court Opinion (Exceptions), 8/4/15, at 14 n.12, the trial court,
in its March 29, 2016 order, modified the child support payments “effective
August 1, 2015.” Mother’s Brief at 20. The effect of this action, Mother
suggests, is that the trial court never included in its calculations the 2014
stock options for the period from August of 2015 through December of 2015.
Mother posits that this failure by the trial court granted to Father a five-
month “increase in income for which he was not paying support” to Child.
Id. Therefore, Mother claims the amount of Father’s income for the months
August 2015 through December 2015 should be increased by $2,958.74 per
month. Id.
Based upon the following explanation by the trial court, we conclude
that this issue is waived:
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As outlined in our March 29, 2016 Opinion, the parties
requested us to render a decision based upon a Stipulation of
Fact. We acceded to the parties’ request. When the parties
forwarded the Stipulation, we had a question about what we
perceived to be an ambiguity regarding FATHER’s RSU. As a
result, we authored a letter to the parties. That letter is
attached to this Opinion as Exhibit A. Following our letter, we
received a response from FATHER’s counsel. That response is
attached as Exhibit B.1 MOTHER’s counsel did not respond
at all.
1
We believe that at least one date is incorrect. We
recall receiving the letter before we issued our March
2016 Opinion.
Fairly read, the communication outlined above between
counsel and [this c]ourt confirmed our belief that FATHER’s total
RSU for 2015 was $30,728.88. To the extent that MOTHER now
claims that we erred in determining the amount of the RSU as
set forth on the Stipulation, MOTHER has no one to blame but
herself. We afforded her with the opportunity to present
information via the stipulation regarding the RSU’s and the
opportunity to supplement the record and /or object to FATHER’S
claim that he received “only” $30,728.88 in RSU payments
during 2015. She did neither. Based upon the communication
between counsel and [this c]ourt outlined above, it would be
disingenuous to argue that this [c]ourt erred by valuing
FATHER’s RSU receipts at anything other than $30,728.88.
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 4/28/16, at 2–3 (emphases added).
The parties specifically stipulated that Father’s income in 2015
included the amounts listed on his W-2 and included only the total stock
options exercised of $30,728.88 before taxes. When the trial court later
requested clarification, Mother did not respond; therefore, the trial court had
no further information from Mother and no way to ascertain Mother’s
disagreement with the trial court’s determination of Father’s income. “On
appeal, we will not consider assignments of error that were not brought to
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the tribunal’s attention at a time at which the error could have been
corrected or the alleged prejudice could have been mitigated.” State Farm
Mutual v. Dill, 108 A.3d 882, 885 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc), appeal
denied, 116 A.3d 605 (Pa. 2015) (citing Tindall v. Friedman, 970 A.2d
1159, 1174 (Pa. Super. 2009)). This issue is waived.
We next address whether the trial court failed to provide an
adjustment for the health insurance premium [Mother] contributes to cover
the parties’ minor child. Mother references Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-6(b), which
provides that health insurance premiums that provide coverage on behalf of
the parties’ children “shall be allocated between the parties in proportion to
their net incomes....” Mother’s Brief at 22. Mother refers to a methodology
for calculating the allocable premium amount where specific evidence is not
proffered by the moving party:
In the event that evidence . . . is not submitted by either party,
it shall be calculated as follows. First, determine the cost per
person by dividing the total cost of the premium by the number
of persons covered under the policy. Second, multiply the cost
per person by the number of persons who are not owed a
statutory duty of support, or are not parties to, or the subject of
the support action. The resulting amount is excluded from
allocation.
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-6(b)(2).
In accordance with Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16, Mother maintains that the trial
court should have utilized the same methodology it used to calculate the
portion of Father’s premium to be allocated between the parties to calculate
the portion of Mother’s premium to be allocated between the parties.
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Instead, according to Mother, it granted Husband an adjustment for the
portion of his insurance premium covering Child but did not do the same for
Mother, where her insurance policy grants Child health benefits beyond that
of Father’s insurance. Mother’s Brief at 23.
Father responds that in determining the total adjustment to be made
for payment of the insurance premium, the trial court excluded three-fourths
“of the amount which Father pays for health insurance, and allowed only
one-quarter (1/4) of the payments which Father actually makes, indicating
that since four individuals were covered, and only one” is the minor child,
“only one-quarter (1/4) of the premium should be allocated” for Child.
Father’s Brief at 13–14. Mother’s annual cost for her premium apparently is
$600.29, which covers three individuals on her plan. Trial Court Opinion,
3/29/16, at 5. Thus, she is contending that one-third of these premiums, or
$200.00 annually, is the amount the court should have allocated toward
insurance. Father also notes that Father, not Mother, has been ordered to
provide health insurance. Father’s Brief at 14.
The trial court addressed the issue as follows:
According to the parties’ stipulation, both MOTHER and
FATHER pay money for medical, dental and vision insurance. The
stipulation indicates that FATHER contributes $4,981.41 “for the
benefit of himself and his family.” The stipulation further
stipulates that MOTHER contributes $600.29 “for the benefit of
herself and her children.” Nothing was specifically presented to
indicate which children were or were not covered by the amounts
contributed by each parent.
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Health insurance premiums are addressed in
Pennsylvania’s Support Guidelines. Generally, health insurance
premiums are to be
allocated between the parties in proportion to their
net . . . incomes, including the portion of the
premium attributable to the party who is paying it,
as long as a statutory duty of support is owed to the
party who is paying the premium. If there is no
statutory duty of support owed to the party who is
paying the premium, the portion attributable to that
person must be deducted from the premium as set
forth in subdivision (2) below.
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16 -6(b)[(1)]. Subdivision (2) states:
When the health insurance covers a party to whom
no statutory duty of support is [owed . . . ] the
portion of the premium attributable to them must be
excluded from allocation.
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-6(b)(2). Moreover, the Support Guidelines
also create a methodology that can be applied when a parent
pays for health insurance that covers more than simply the
children who are the subject of the Support Order. The rules
state:
In the event that evidence as to this portion is not
submitted by either party, it shall be calculated as
follows. First; determine the cost per person by
dividing the total cost of the premium by the number
of persons covered under the policy. Second,
multiply the cost per person by the number of
persons who are not owed a statutory duty of
support, or are not parties to, or the subject of the
support action. The resulting amount is excluded
from allocation.
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-6(b)(2). Furthermore, the rules provide an
example that is almost exactly on point:
Example 3. The parties are divorced and Mother is the obligee of
a child support order. Father, the obligor, pays $200 per month
toward the cost of a health insurance policy provided by his
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employer that covers himself and the parties’ child. Mother pays
$400 per month for her employer-sponsored health insurance
that covers only herself. The amount of the premium Father
pays to cover the parties’ child, $100 ($200 premium divided
between two covered persons, Father and the child), will be
allocated between the parties in proportion to their respective
incomes. The portion of the premium that covers Father will not
be allocated because the parties are no longer married and he is
not owed a duty of support by Mother. The premium Mother
pays to provide her own coverage will not be allocated because
the parties are no longer married and she is not owed a duty of
support by Father.
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-6(b)[Example 3].
In this case, there is no need for both MOTHER and
FATHER to provide insurance coverage for the children. In our
Court Orders entered in 2015, we ordered that FATHER provide
health insurance for the children. In her most recent
Recommendation, the DRM similarly imposed a responsibility
upon FATHER to provide health insurance for the children.
Without proof that MOTHER’s payment of $600.29 per year
was needed to purchase insurance that was not available
through FATHER’s plan, we are not inclined to apply the Support
Guidelines to MOTHER’s payment of $600.29. With respect to
FATHER’s payment of health insurance benefits, we note that
FATHER’s payment of $4,981.41 covers four individuals, only
one of whom is the child in question. Therefore, the calculation
that applies in this case will be as follows:
(1) $4,981.41 ÷ 4 individuals covered = $1,245.35
per person.
(2) $1,245.35 per person x 3 individuals not owed a
duty of support = $3,736.06 that must be excluded
from consideration.
(3) $1,245.35 = the amount of FATHER’s insurance
contribution that can be allocated solely for the child
at issue.
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Based upon the above, we will allocate the sum of $1,245.35 to
the parties in accordance with their percentage of net income as
outlined in the preceding sections of the Support Guidelines.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 11–14.
We have considered the arguments of the parties and the explanation
of the trial court and considered the record as a whole. Based upon the
record, we conclude that this issue is meritless.
Finally, Mother asserts, relying on Portugal v. Portugal, 798 A.2d
246, 253 (Pa. Super. 2002), that in its August 4, 2015, and March 29, 2016
orders, the trial court declined to include Father’s voluntary retirement
contributions as income for purposes of child support. Mother’s Brief at
20. Mother maintains that she sought Father’s voluntary contributions, not
Father’s employer’s contributions. She avers that the parties’ Stipulation of
Facts provided that Father voluntarily contributed $18,000 to his 401(k) in
2015. Mother identified the issue in her Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.
In Portugal, the wife argued that the trial court erred in failing to
include the husband’s contribution to his 401(k) plan and his employer’s
matching contribution to the plan, in the court’s determination of the
husband’s income. The Portugal Court examined Pa.R.C.P. 1920.16-5 and
concluded, “Upon our consideration of this provision, we find that only non-
voluntary retirement payments are properly excludable from a parent’s net
monthly income. Conversely stated, the trial court must include any
voluntary contributions that a parent makes to his/her retirement
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plan as income for support purposes.” Portugal, 798 A.2d at 252
(emphasis added). An employer’s contributions to a pension plan were held
to constitute income for purposes of support “if the employee could access
his employer’s contributions (regardless of penalties) at the time of the
support calculation.” Id. at 253. In MacKinley v. Messerschmidt, 814
A.2d 680 (Pa. Super. 2002), we articulated that our holding in Portugal was
“based on the dominant interest of the children’s immediate need, as well as
the recognition that children should not be made to wait for support[,] and
parents should not be permitted to defer income to which they are entitled
until they choose to avail themselves of it.” MacKinley, 814 A.2d at 683.
The trial court provided, based upon the DRM’s disposition, a detailed
and convincing explanation addressing why Husband’s employer’s
contributions properly were not included in the calculation of Husband’s
income. However, that is not the issue identified and presented by Wife.
In its explanation regarding Husband’s employer’s contribution, and
relying upon the description of the DRM, the trial court identified the types of
retirement plans both parties enjoy, as follows:
The court directed both [Mother] and [Father] to produce
records regarding the present ability or inability to access funds
in their respective employer retirement accounts.
Mother provided a letter from her employer indicating that
she is enrolled in a defined benefit plan. Mother is not allowed
to access the employer contributions to the plan other than as a
monthly annuity at the time of retirement.
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Father provided the Vanguard statements for his 401(k)
retirement plan, Exh. 4. Father did not provide a plan summary
for the 401(k) plan. Based on the information provided by Exh.
4, the plan is a qualified plan.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 8–9 (quoting Supplemental Findings and
Recommendations of Domestic Relations Master, 5/15/15, at 2). The
specific focus of both the DRM and the trial court was analysis of whether
Husband’s employer contributions were accessible to Husband.
Our review of the record reveals that Mother’s exceptions to the DRM’s
recommendations identified, inter alia, the Master’s failure to include
Husband’s voluntary contributions to his 401(k) plan as income available for
support. Upon remand by the trial court, the DRM addressed only the
employers’ contributions. Mother raised the issue again in her Pa.R.A.P.
1925 (b) statement, and once more, the trial court focused exclusively on
Husband’s employer’s contributions.
The trial court stated the following in addressing the issue:
As we see it, both MOTHER and FATHER have contributed
monies from present income to create resources for future
retirement. According to the parties’ stipulation, FATHER has
contributed $18,000.00 to his 401(k) account, which translates
to approximately 7% of his pre-tax income. MOTHER has
contributed $3,752.00 to her retirement account, which
translates to approximately 6.7% of her pre-tax income. There
is simply no evidence that either MOTHER or FATHER is “hiding”
current income by placing it into a retirement account, and there
is no evidence that either MOTHER or FATHER is attempting to
circumvent the child support process by manipulating retirement
contributions to artificially deflate current income. Given their
respective earnings, we do not find either MOTHER’s retirement
contribution or FATHER’s retirement contribution to be
inappropriate or manipulative.
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Given that we have concluded that both MOTHER and
FATHER have set aside an appropriate amount for their own
future retirement, we will not treat their respective retirement
contributions differently. As we stated in August of 2015: “What
is good for the goose is good for the gander.” If we will not be
considering MOTHER’s decision to set aside 6.7% of her income
for retirement, then neither will we consider FATHER’s decision
to set aside 7% of his income for future retirement. In our view,
this approach effectuates justice for all concerned.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 10–11.
Our review of the record compels our agreement with Wife that the
trial court erred. Mother had no discretion but to contribute a designated
percentage of her earnings into the state retirement system, and the trial
court was compelled to deduct those amounts from Mother’s monthly gross
income in calculating her net income. See Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2(c)(1)(C)
(“Unless otherwise provided in these rules, the court shall deduct only the
following items from monthly gross income to arrive at net income: . . . non-
voluntary retirement payments.”) Conversely, Portugal requires that “the
trial court must include any voluntary contributions that a parent makes to
his/her retirement plan as income for support purposes.” Portugal, 798
A.2d at 252. Thus, we are compelled to remand this matter to the common
pleas court.
Case remanded for a determination of whether Father’s contributions
to his 401(k) plan are voluntary, and if so, they shall be included as income
to Father pursuant to Portugal and its progeny. In all other respects, the
appeal is affirmed.
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Order reversed and case remanded for proceedings consistent with
this Memorandum. Jurisdiction is relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/6/2016
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