MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Dec 16 2016, 8:22 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Justin R. Wall Gregory F. Zoeller
Wall Legal Services Attorney General of Indiana
Huntington, Indiana
Robert J. Henke
David E. Corey
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination December 16, 2016
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of Ti.C., Tr.C., and Th.C. 85A02-1602-JT-252
(Children) and D.C. (Mother) Appeal from the Wabash Circuit
and R.C. (Father); Court
The Honorable Robert R.
D.C. (Mother), and McCallen, III, Judge
R.C. (Father), Trial Court Cause No.
Appellants-Respondents, 85C01-1403-JT-5
85C01-1403-JT-6
v. 85C01-1403-JT-7
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
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Appellee-Petitioner.
May, Judge.
[1] D.C. (“Mother”) and R.C. (“Father”) (collectively, “Parents”) appeal the
termination of their rights to Ti.C., Tr.C., and Th.C. (collectively, “Children”).
Parents assert the trial court denied them due process, their trial counsel was
ineffective, and DCS failed to prove their rights should be terminated. In light
of the substantiated physical and mental abuse Children experienced in Parents’
home and the fear Children expressed about being returned to Parents, we
affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Ti.C. and Tr.C. were born on May 13, 1998, to Father’s sister. Father’s sister
also gave birth to Th.C. on May 2, 2002. Mother and Father adopted Ti.C. and
Tr.C., but they did not complete an adoption of Th.C. Father’s sister died
before these proceedings arose.
[3] On February 20, 2012, police were called to the home where Parents and
Children lived because of a physical altercation between Parents in front of
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Children. Police arrested Mother, and the State charged her with domestic
battery, disorderly conduct, and resisting law enforcement. 1
[4] When the police arrived at the family’s home on the domestic violence call,
they found the house and Children to be in such poor condition that they
alerted DCS. DCS visited the family’s home and found:
[It was] cluttered with trash, animal waste, multiple animals, and
numerous miscellaneous items. Both [Family Case Managers]
also observed there to be a noticeably strong and pungent odor of
animal waste coming from inside the home as soon as the back
door of the home was opened[.]
*****
In the kitchen FCM Reynolds observed and documented a pile of
laundry with animal feces on top of it laying between kitchen
table and the oven, several flies and gnats flying around the
kitchen, a pile of dirty dishes lying in the sink, rotting potatoes
sitting on a shelving unit, and the kitchen floors appeared to be
visibly dirty and soaked with animal urine.
*****
When asked about homeschooling, 9 year-old [Th.C.] reported
that he and his siblings have always been homeschooled by their
mother and that they do school work for about three to four
hours per day. He also reported that the biggest words he can
spell are “poop and cup” and that he does not know how to do
1
Mother later pled guilty to Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement. The State dismissed the other
two charges. The criminal court imposed a sentence and suspended it to probation.
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multiplication. All three [Children] informed FCM Reynolds
that their mother has told them that they “may be a year or so
behind their age-appropriate school grade.” [Th.C.] stated that
his ankle has been hurting for about a week or so, but that he has
to “wait for his card to come before he can go to the doctor.”
FCM Reynolds observed all three children to be visibly dirty with
a strong odor of animal urine at the time that they were removed
from their home.
(Appellants’ App. Vol. II (hereinafter, “App.”) at 81-2.) DCS detained
Children that day due to the “deplorable condition of the home.” (Id. at 82.)
[5] On February 28, 2012, DCS filed petitions alleging Children were children in
need of services (“CHINS”) based on Mother’s domestic battery of Father, the
unsanitary conditions of the house, and educational neglect. The court
adjudicated Children CHINS on April 27, 2012, and entered dispositional
orders that required all members of the family to attend therapy individually
and as a group, and provided for supervised visitation. The predispositional
report noted:
There have been several issues that have come up with [Mother].
[Mother] has not been compliant with visitation rules and some
visits have ended early due to [Mother] discussing inappropriate
things with the children. On one occasion [Mother] told the
children then would have to take a test, and if they failed it, their
Dad would go to jail for a long time. [Mother] also has talked to
the children about the court proceedings, and when she is
redirected by the visit supervisor she gets very upset. At the
Child and Family Team Meeting held on April 11, 2012, the
team decided it would be beneficial for [Mother] to have very
detailed visitation rules so that she could know what is expected.
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The rules were then presented to [Mother] at the next visit and
she refused to sign them.
(Id. at 105.) That report also noted Children had begun individual counseling,
and each reported to his or her counselor that Parents abused them physically
and mentally.
[6] The trial court held a hearing regarding permanency on February 28, 2014.
DCS requested the court approve a permanency plan that called for termination
of parental rights. When the court entered an order approving termination as
the permanency plan, it found:
8. [Mother] is not in compliance with the plan as follows:
[Mother] is attending her services but hasn’t accepted
responsibility or acknowledged any problems. Service providers
are reporting little progress in achieving the goals set for
[Mother].
(Id. at 116-7.) DCS filed petitions to terminate the parent-child relationships,
and on April 10, 2014, parents filed a pro se motion to dismiss the termination
proceedings against them. The trial court denied Parents’ motion.
[7] On June 4, 2014, DCS moved for modification of the dispositional decree,
requesting visitation be permanently suspended and “that the children &
parents have no contact.” (Id. at 123.) DCS alleged:
a. Service providers are reporting a rapid and continual decline
in the children’s emotional wellbeing, to-wit:
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i. Diane K. Burkhardt, Family Therapy, Huntington
Bowen Center
1. Has observed [Ti.C.] at visits become extremely
anxious, very nervous, and angry towards [Parents].
2. The children appear “very uncomfortable” and
“anxious” at the visitations. The daughter, [Tr.C.],
curled up into a fetal position during one visit and
refused to make eye contact with [Parents].
3. The children have emotionally and mentally
separated themselves from [Parents]. The children
are “emotionally shutdown[”] from these adults and
will not allow themselves to be vulnerable to them
again (physically, mentally, or emotionally).
4. The children have begun having behavioral
issues since beginning visitation with [Parents]
again.
*****
ii. Ben Cramer, Individual Counseling, Bowen Center
1. Recommends that visits be suspended (again) as
they’ve not been productive for a long period of
time and are unlikely to improve.
(Id. at 123-24.)
[8] On June 6, 2014, the court heard evidence and then suspended visitation and
family therapy because:
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[The older two children] do not want to have any contact with
their parents even in a controlled environment. Such contact
appears to negatively affect them physically and/or mentally
because of their past relationship with their parents. Their desire
is supported by their therapists/counselors and the CASA. The
Court recognizes it has not yet heard the parents’ side of the
story, however, the children’s testimony and demeanor while
testifying are concerning and the Court is concerned for the
children’s well-being.
(Id. at 126.)
[9] Following continuances requested both by DCS and by Parents, the
termination hearings occurred over twelve days in 2015. During those
hearings, Tr.C. and Ti.C. 2 testified regarding multiple incidents of abuse. Tr.C.
testified Mother required her to “tie [Ti.C.] to his bed . . . for six hours maybe”
as a form of discipline. (Tr. at 293.) Tr.C. also testified Parents hit her with
“[b]elts, like wooden spoons,” (id. at 290), and withheld food from Children for
“[m]aybe like a day,” (id. at 291), to discipline them. Ti.C. also testified he was
“tied to [his] bed. [He] was beat[en] with, uh, belts, and spoons, and [he] was
tied to [his] bed a few times.” (Id. at 250.) Ti.C. testified when Children were
denied food as punishment, he “would tie sheets together, go outside [his]
bedroom window, and find things in the kitchen. . . .[and then] sneak back into
the house.” (Id. at 253.)
2
Th.C. did not testify during the hearings because the trial court did “not believe his attendance at these
proceedings would have been in his best interest. All of the children have suffered enough.” (App. at 42.)
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[10] Tr.C. testified visiting with Parents made her “stressed” and “worried” during
visitation and for “[l]ike a day” before visitation occurred. (Id. at 294.)
Attending family therapy similarly caused her “anxiety” and “stressed [her]
out.” (Id. at 296.) She did not believe the family made any progress in therapy
because Parents “denied everything” Children would say, (id.), and called
Children “liars.” (Id. at 295.)
[11] At the time of the hearings in 2015, Parents had not seen Children since June of
2014. Children testified they did not want to return to Parents. Ti.C. testified:
Q Do you want to return to live with [Mother] and [Father]?
A No.
Q What do you think would happen if you did return to live
with [Mother] and [Father]?
A I don’t know. It’s a scary thought to think about and I
don’t want to think about it.
Q Is it fair to say that –that idea frightens you?
A Yes.
Q How do you feel about the CHINS case, um, continuing,
kind of hanging over your head?
A I feel like it’s – it’s always something so far that I’ve had to
deal with. Like knowing that I’m still dealing with this for
three years now.
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Q Does the idea that you might at some point have to go
back to live with [Mother] and [Father] give you any kind
of anxiety?
A Yeah. A lot.
Q If it were up to you to terminate the relationship, to
completely end the relationship between you and [Mother]
and [Father], what would you do?
A I would end it.
Q Why?
A Because they never were good parents to me. They treated
me terribly. And I feel as if I was taken away from them it
would be – it would be in my best interest.
(Id. at 259-60.)
Tr.C. testified similarly:
Q How do you feel about [Mother] and [Father]?
A I feel like they’re (inaudible) of what they did and they’re
not sorry.
Q Okay. Why do you feel that way?
A Because they keep denying everything . . . .
*****
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Q . . . how does it make you feel that there’s the possibility
that you might be sent home or sent back to [Mother] and
[Father]?
A It makes me feel really nervous and scared.
Q Are you frightened of that possibility?
A Yes.
Q And what are you afraid might happen if you went back?
A That the same things would reoccur.
Q If it were up to you to end your relationship with [Mother]
and [Father], would you do it?
A Yes.
Q Why?
A Because they don’t deserve us.
Q Why don’t they deserve you?
A Because of all the stuff they put us through. Like they
don’t love us.
(Id. at 298, 300.)
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[12] Thereafter, the court terminated Parents’ rights in an order that provided the
following pertinent findings and conclusions:
[Children] . . . have never been returned to [Father] and [Mother]
and they remain in foster care. Frankly, while a goal from the
outset, actually placing [Children] back into their home has never
been in [Children’s] best interests – for good reasons.
*****
After [Children] began individual counseling, they each reported
to their counselors varying degrees of abuse by [Father] and
[Mother] of a physical and mental nature. These reports of abuse
were substantiated by the DCS and [Children] maintain the
allegations are true. The Court finds that physical and mental
abuse did occur although perhaps not to the extent portrayed by
[Children]. However, physical and/or mental abuse, of any
nature and extent, is intolerable.
*****
A series of review, periodic, and permanency hearings have been
held since [Children] were adjudicated CHINS. The
chronological case summary bares this out. Arguably, with a few
exceptions, [Father] and [Mother] have been compliant.
However, no appreciable progress has occurred . . . . To address
the serious issues in the [ ] family, [Parents] must first accept
ownership. They refuse to do that. While they certainly can
deny the allegations of abuse, the evidence is overwhelming that
it occurred, in varying forms, which caused significant harm to
[Children]. The harm is so significant that [Children] want
nothing to do with [Father] and [Mother]. The harm is so
significant that [Children’s] counselors support them in that
regard.
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Family therapy was occurring for a brief period of time. But
similar to [Father] and [Mother’s] joint counseling, [Mother’s]
antics were deemed harmful to [Children]. Diane Burkhardt . . .
handled the family therapy. Her clear goal in the family therapy,
as directed by the DCS, was reunification. Between [Children]
and [Parents], she conducted 15 separate sessions. She met with
the children individually then all together. She met with
[Father], [Mother], and each child individually, and then all
together. The last meeting in June, 2014, was attended only by
[Father] and [Mother], as [Children] refused to get out of the car.
Some of the meetings were also attended by [Children’s]
therapists/counselors and one was attended by a [sic] Dr. Boen,
who was providing marital counseling to [Father] and [Mother].
However, by the last meeting, it was clear to Ms. Burkhardt that
the sessions were counter-productive and harmful to [Children].
She conducted play therapy with [Children] individually and
then with [Children] and [Parents] together. Her interpretation
of the play therapy with [Children] and her observations of
[Children] during family therapy sessions were insightful and on
point. [Children] fear [Parents]. [Mother] is the ringleader.
[Mother] intimidates them. Their foster home is a place of
serenity. [Parents’] home is a place of dysfunction, fear and
abuse. [Mother’s] actions directly correlate with reports of
service providers and Dr. Kupersmith’s findings regarding
[Father] and [Mother].
Jim Smith, the CASA volunteer, met with [Children] on several
occasions and [Father] and [Mother] on a few. . . . His
testimony, again consistent with other witnesses called by the
DCS, was on point – [Children] have been consistent in their
allegations. They fear [Father] and [Mother] and [Parents] are
unwilling or unable (the Court believes both) to address their
serious parenting deficiencies.
The twins, [Ti.C.] and [Tr.C.], provided emotional testimony
about the abuse suffered at the hands of [Father] and [Mother].
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[Tr.C.] was shaking and tearful. As most of [Children’s]
counselors testified, the Court likewise found their testimony to
be consistent with their prior statements to the counselors. The
Court believes all three children were subjected to varying
degrees of physical and mental abuse. However, assuming
arguendo that [Children] are making the abuse allegations up,
that likewise speaks volumes about the significant erosion and
divide in [Parents’] relationship with [Children]. Either way,
something is terribly wrong in the [Parents’] household. Clearly,
[Children] have reached the point of no return in their
relationship with [Father] and [Mother]. Further, while an effort
was made to suggest that the revelation that they were adopted
was counter-productive and in-fact thwarted attempts at
reunification, the damage had been done long before. [Ti.C.]
already had suspicions, which he may have shared with [Tr.C.],
long before they were detained by the DCS. Further, [Children]
had been damaged by the actions of [Father] and [Mother] long
before their adoption(s) came to light.
At times during [Father] and [Mother’s] emotional testimony,
they exhibited glimpses that they recognize something was amiss
in their behavior and their relationship with [Children].
However, they still refuse to accept responsibility for the reasons
resulting in the removal and/or continued removal of [Children]
from their care. The evidence was overwhelming that the home
was in a deplorable condition and unfit for human habitation.
Their attempts to minimize that by suggesting the issue was
simply a result of animal feces in the house was incredulous. To
the extent they have learned some valuable lessons, sadly, any
lessons learned were not used, at least in their interactions with
[Children]. Nothing can be done to salvage the parent-child
relationships. [Children] need and deserve permanency.
*****
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This case is like many others the Court has presided over. Often
what gets the DCS in the parents’ door is merely the tip of the
iceberg. The conditions in the home and [Children’s]
educational neglect were the tip of the [Parents’] iceberg. The
abuse that had been on-going was titanic.
*****
The evidence is clear and convincing that continuation of the
parent-child relationships is not in [Children’s] best interests and
that doing so would be detrimental to their physical and mental
well-being.
DCS made significant efforts to facilitate reunification. Services
were offered, time and again. Despite these efforts, neither
parent benefitted to any appreciable degree. At no time during
the pendency of this action has reunification been considered
because of [Parents’] failure to own up to their actions and to
make any recognizable or substantive progress. Reunification
was the goal, and it was pursued, to no avail.
All of [Children] were diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder. However, each have [sic] made progress in either
eliminating or reducing the effects of their disorders.
[Children] are thriving in foster care, they are doing well in
school and are engaging in social activities, unlike ever before.
They want forever homes, other than with [Father] and
[Mother].
DCS’s plan for [Children] is adoption.
The Court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the
allegations of the Petitions are true, in that:
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a. [Children] have been removed from their parent’s
custody for a period of at least six (6) months under
dispositional decrees entered in Cause Nos. 85C01-
1202-JC-10, 11, & 12;
b. There is a reasonable probability the conditions that
resulted in their removal or their continued removal
will never be remedied;
c. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in
their best interests and continuation thereof would
be detrimental to their physical and mental well-
being; and,
d. The DCS has a satisfactory plan for their care and
treatment. That plan includes adoption and pre-
adoptive services.
(App. at 42-9.)
Discussion and Decision
[13] The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects parents’
traditional right to “establish a home and raise their children.” In re N.G., 51
N.E.3d 1167, 1169 (Ind. 2016). Not only do parents have a fundamental
interest in the upbringing of their children, but “the parent-child relationship is
‘one of the most valued relationships in our culture.’” Neal v. DeKalb Cty. Div. of
Family & Children, 796 N.E.2d 280, 285 (Ind. 2003) (quoting Tillotson v. Clay Cty.
Dep’t of Family & Children, 777 N.E.2d 741, 745 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans.
denied). Therefore, when the State seeks to terminate parental rights, a parent’s
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interest in the accuracy of the court’s decision is “a commanding one.” In re
V.A., 51 N.E.3d 1140, 1144 (Ind. 2016) (quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S.
745, 759 (1982)).
1. Trial Court Bias
[14] Parents claim the trial court was biased against them based on comments the
trial court made during the proceedings. “In the absence of any evidence to the
contrary, we must presume that the trial court judge retained his impartiality
and objectivity.” Carter v. Knox Cty. Office of Family and Children, 761 N.E.2d
431, 436 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).
To overcome this presumption, the moving party must establish
that the judge has personal prejudice for or against a party. Such
bias or prejudice exists only where there is an undisputed claim
or the judge has expressed an opinion on the merits of the
controversy before him. Adverse rulings and findings by the trial
judge do not constitute bias per se. Instead, prejudice must be
shown by the judge’s trial conduct; it cannot be inferred from his
subjective views.
Id. at 435 (internal citations omitted). Additionally, the
trial court is given latitude to manage the courtroom and
maintain order and decorum. “Even where the trial court’s
remarks display a degree of impatience, if in the context of a
particular trial they do not impart an appearance of partiality,
they may be permissible to promote an orderly progression of
events at trial.” However, reversal is required if [a party] shows
that the trial judge’s actions and demeanor crossed the barrier of
impartiality and prejudiced his or her case.
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Marcum v. State, 725 N.E.2d 852, 856-7 (Ind. 2000) (internal citations omitted),
reh’g denied.
[15] Parents did not appear for the termination hearing on May 12, 2015, and their
counsel moved to continue the hearing. The trial court denied that motion and
stated, “they’ve been bucking the system the entire time.” (Tr. at 392.) Parents
appeared for the hearing the next day and moved for mistrial and for
substitution of counsel. In response to their motions, the trial court stated:
I noted on the, uh, docket yesterday that, uh, I did recess [the
May 12 hearing] because [Parents] were not here. I had found
and satisfied myself, yesterday, [Parents], that you did, in fact
have notice of this proceeding. However, because you were not
here, I only heard limited testimony of two witnesses yesterday.
What I have done and what we’re doing now is my court
reporter transcribed that testimony and she’s going to give you
and your wife or you and your husband, however you wish to be
referred to, copies of that. [Parents’ counsel] also received copies
of that and so will the DCS. We’re going to conduct hearings
today because I will be denying your motion for substitution of
counsel because I find that you are continually trying to
undermine this proceeding. You are attempting to commit --
Ma’am look, you’re rolling your eyes at me and I am sick and
tired of your behavior. You have shown disdain for this court
throughout these proceedings. You’ve shown disrespect for
everybody that’s walked in that that [sic] door other than
yourself. Including your husband. I am tired of your behavior.
You are doing nothing but trying to interfere with the lawful [sic]
of proceedings. I would note, importantly, you previously
retained, as you’ve said, Mr. Freedman at great expense. On
January 8th, Mr. Freedman, of 2015, sent me this Motion to
Withdraw alleging in that motion and I quote “there has been an
irretrievable breakdown in the attorney client relationship.”
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Those are the words of your former attorney, which tells me that
you were very difficult clients for him as well. It’s quite obvious
from your mannerisms, your behaviors, your antics, your
actions, and your conduct that you are doing everything you
possibly can to undermine your own attorney believing somehow
that will benefit you in these proceedings. Somehow it will delay
these proceedings indefinitely. Somehow it will not allow justice
to be carried out. I’ve not ruled on anything as far as whether or
not your parental rights will be terminated. I’m ruling on the
motions before me right now though. I’m denying your motion
for substitution of counsel. I’m denying your motion for a, uh,
[sic] declare a mistrial. We’re going to go ahead and proceed
today. If, after we have concluded these proceedings and you’ve
presented your defenses, you believe you have additional cross
examination for the two witnesses that briefly testified yesterday,
you weren’t here for, I will afford you the opportunity to conduct
that. So there has been nothing done that you won’t have full
opportunity to review, hear, and respond to. Your attorney was
here on your behalf because she knew about the hearing and she
told you about the hearing. You can shake your head, ma’am,
but I’m not buying it. I’m not going to let you do that. That is
my responsibility, is to conduct these proceedings, to provide you
with due process. You’ve been afforded due process at every
turn. You may not like it. You haven’t liked it from the very
beginning. I am somewhat sympathetic that these situations
typically are these kind of contentious issues. Your children are
at stake. The stakes are high. Those children deserve
permanency too. You are attempting to undermine that. I am
not going to let you do that. I will not be a party to that. I
cannot ethically allow that. So denying the motion for substitute
counsel. Denying the motion for a mistrial. We will proceed
today.
(Id. at 420-1.)
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[16] On appeal, Parents argue “the trial court’s behaviors and statements clearly
demonstrate that the trial court had lost its independence and had already
determined a course of direction in this matter.” (Amended Appellants Br. at
34.) They contend the court’s attitude, coupled with the trial court’s denial of
their motion for substitute counsel and motion for mistrial, denied Parents due
process. We cannot agree.
[17] In the statement quoted above, the judge’s comments demonstrate frustration
with Mother’s in-court behavior and with Parents’ attempts to delay the
proceedings. However, those statements do not demonstrate partiality, as they
were coupled with explanations about the safeguards the trial court was
providing to insure Parents’ due process rights were protected. The judge
explicitly informed Parents that no decision had been made about termination
of their rights. The court’s focus was on maintaining decorum and moving
forward with the proceedings so that Children would not remain in limbo.
2. Service Provider and DCS Bias
[18] Parents claim DCS and the service providers were biased against them and
frustrated the goal of reunification. We cannot agree.
[19] First, as to DCS, Parents claim DCS denied them due process by failing to
provide family therapy and supervised visitation. However, those services were
provided until the court terminated them because
[the older two children] do not want to have any contact with
their parents even in a controlled environment. Such contact
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appears to negatively affect them physically and/or mentally
because of their past relationship with their parents. Their desire
is supported by their therapists/counselors and the CASA. The
Court recognizes it has not yet heard the parents’ side of the
story, however, the children’s testimony and demeanor while
testifying are concerning and the Court is concerned for the
children’s well-being.
(App. at 126.) And, as the predispositional report indicates, DCS tried to help
Parents modify their behavior to make visitation a more positive experience for
Children:
There have been several issues that have come up with [Mother].
[Mother] has not been compliant with visitation rules and some
visits have ended early due to [Mother] discussing inappropriate
things with the children. On one occasion [Mother] told the
children then would have to take a test, and if they failed it, their
Dad would go to jail for a long time. [Mother] also has talked to
the children about the court proceedings, and when she is
redirected by the visit supervisor she gets very upset. At the
Child and Family Team Meeting held on April 11, 2012, the
team decided it would be beneficial for [Mother] to have very
detailed visitation rules so that she could know what is expected.
The rules were then presented to [Mother] at the next visit and
she refused to sign them.
(Id. at 105.) Parents, and not DCS, are responsible for the termination of family
therapy and visitation.
[20] Second, as to service providers, Parents claim Mr. Graham, who was Ti.C.’s
individual therapist, “was biased as that was what he previously testified to.”
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(Amended Appellants’ Br. at 36.) Parents point to a statement made in the
proceedings:
[Parents’ Counsel]: You previously testified that you were,
perhaps, not the best person to formulate the overall family
treatment plan because of your bias towards at least [Ti.C.], is
that correct?
[Graham]: I recognized that that was a potential. That is.
[Parents’ Counsel]: That is what?
[Graham]: That is why I recommended that Jim Smith be the
moderator for the treatment, uh, that was to occur at that time.
So that the family would be well-rec [sic]- or so that I would not
in any way bias the methodology in which family counseling
occurred.
(Tr. at 180-1.) On redirect, Graham testified:
[DCS’ Counsel]: You have answered, uh, in response to one of
[Parents’ Counsel]’s questions that you had recognized a
potential bias in your - that you had towards [Ti.C.] one way or
the other. Were you ever involved in a position that would
jeopardize treatment of the family due to that potential bias?
[Graham]: No.
[DCS’ Counsel]: And, in fact, it would be fair to say that the
reason you brought that up was in order to prevent you being
placed in a position where you could jeopardize treatment?
[Graham]: Yes.
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(Id. at 182.) As that testimony indicates, Graham removed himself as the
developer of the family’s treatment plan because he feared his sessions with
[Ti.C.] would bias the treatment the family would receive. Thus, although
Graham was concerned about his bias, Parents cannot demonstrate prejudice
from Graham’s bias.
[21] Parents also assert Dr. Schonbachler was biased against them because “Mother
believed that Dr. Schonbachler was the person responsible for telling Th.C. that
he was adopted and threatened Mother that he would drag out the process until
Parents lost custody of Children. Mother also believed it was Dr. Schonbachler
that told Ti.C. and Tr.C. that they were adopted.” (Amended Appellants Br. at
36) (internal citations to the record omitted). To support this assertion, Parents
cite only testimony from Mother, whom the trial court was not required to
believe. 3 However, Tr.C. testified Parents’ adult son, Robbie, confirmed her
3
As for Th.C., the Predispositional Report filed on May 17, 2012, indicates:
[Th.C] is in Individual Counseling at the Wabash Bowen Center. [Th.C.] is struggling
emotionally. [Th.C.] has been told by his siblings that there is a “secret” that he doesn’t
know and he feels everyone is lying to him. While [Tr.C.] and [Ti.C.] were told by an
older sibling that they were adopted, [Th.C.] does not know that. [Th.C.] began to act
out due to the emotional stress and was scratching his arms in an attempt to harm
himself. A meeting was arranged for [Father] and [Mother] to be able to talk with
[Th.C.] and tell him the truth with his counselor and the psychologist present. [Father]
and [Mother] would not answer [Th.C.] when he asked if he was adopted, so [Th.C.] is
still incredibly troubled by this.
(App. at 99-100.) Thus, if Th.C. learned from Dr. Schonbachler he was adopted, the disclosure occurred in
that manner only after Parents chose not to discuss the matter with Th.C. when they were given the
opportunity to do so in a therapeutic environment.
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suspicions she was adopted “like a month before [she] came into foster care.”
(Tr. at 287.) Parents’ arguments are invitations for us to judge the credibility of
the witnesses and reweigh evidence, which we cannot do. See In re N.G., 51
N.E.3d at 1170 (appellate court does not reweigh evidence or judge the
credibility of witnesses).
[22] Finally, to the extent Parents are asserting bias based on their allegation that
Children were alienated from Parents because DCS and service providers
revealed the adoption, Parent are simply refusing to acknowledge the evidence
in the record that does not support their theory. At the final hearing, when
counsel asked Tr.C. whether she wanted to terminate her relationship with
Parents because she was adopted, this interaction occurred:
A No.
Q Why is that?
A Because like all the stuff they did to us.
Q Okay.
A It has nothing to do with if we were adopted or not.
Q Does it have anything to do with anything that anyone
from the Department of Child Services has said to you?
A No.
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Q Does it have anything to do with anything that any of your
therapists or any other service providers have said to you?
A No.
(Tr. at 314.) Ti.C. similarly testified he believed Parents’ rights should be
terminated because “they never were good parents to me. They treated me
terribly.” (Id. at 260.) The record contains substantial evidence that Children
were alienated from Parents by years of abuse and neglect, such that Parents’
assertions otherwise lack credibility.
3. Conclusions Required by Statute
[23] Because of the importance of the interest at issue, the State may not terminate a
parent’s right to his or her children without proving termination is appropriate
by “clear and convincing evidence [which] is a higher burden than establishing
a mere preponderance” of the evidence. In re V.A., 51 N.E.3d at 1144. In
addition, the State must meet that heightened burden of proof as to a number of
allegations:
(A) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least
six (6) months under a dispositional decree.
(ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6
that reasonable efforts for family preservation or
reunification are not required, including a description of
the court’s finding, the date of the finding, and the manner
in which the finding was made.
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(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has
been under the supervision of a local office or probation
department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most
recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning with the date
the child is removed from the home as a result of the child
being alleged to be a child in need of services or a
delinquent child;
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services.
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). The trial court must enter findings of fact to
support each of its conclusions as to those allegations. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(c).
If the court finds each of the allegations by clear and convincing evidence, then
it must terminate the parent-child relationship. In re N.G., 51 N.E.3d at 1170.
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[24] When reviewing a termination of parental rights, we neither reweigh evidence
nor reassess credibility of the witnesses. In re V.A., 51 N.E.3d at 1143. Rather,
we “consider only the evidence that supports the judgment and the reasonable
inferences to be drawn from the evidence.” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind.
2014). Because the trial court was to enter findings and conclusions in support
of its judgment, we apply a two-tiered standard of review: examining first
“whether the evidence clearly and convincingly supports” the trial court’s
findings and second whether the trial court’s “findings clearly and convincingly
support” the trial court’s conclusions. Id. Where, however, the court has
entered findings that are not challenged, those findings “must be accepted as
correct.” Madlem v. Arko, 592 N.E.2d 686, 687 (Ind. 1992).
[25] Parents challenge the trial court’s conclusion there is “a reasonable probability
the conditions that resulted in their removal or their continued removal will
never be remedied.” 4 (App. at 49.) Parents assert they “substantially remedied
the issues that caused the removal,” (Amended Appellants’ Br. at 22), because
“the ‘dirty home’ conditions have been remedied, the Children’s educational
needs were met, and all counseling and educational programs have been
resolved.” (Id.)
4
This is the only one of the statutorily-required conclusions that Parents challenge. Parents concede
Children had been removed from their care as required under Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(A).
(Amended Appellants’ Br. at 20.) Parents concede DCS presented witnesses whose testimony established
those witnesses believed termination was in the best interests of the Children as required under Indiana Code
Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C). (Id. at 29.) Parents also concede case law holds a plan of adoption is all DCS
needs to satisfy Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(D). (Id. at 29-30.)
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[26] We acknowledge the record contains testimony suggesting Parents had done
substantial work on their residence and Children’s educational needs were
being met by their placement in public schools and tutoring services. We also
acknowledge, as did the trial court in its findings: “Arguably, with a few
exceptions, [Father] and [Mother] have been compliant [with services].” (App.
at 45.)
[27] However, immediately thereafter, the court found:
[N]o appreciable progress has occurred. [Parents] have accused
various service providers of undermining them (again, blaming
others) and have sought out services from others not Court
ordered. To address the serious issues in the [Parents’] family,
they must first accept ownership. They refuse to do that. While
they certainly can deny the allegations of abuse, the evidence is
overwhelming that it occurred, in varying forms, which caused
significant harm to [Children]. The harm is so significant that
[Children] want nothing to do with [Father] and [Mother]. The
harm is so significant that [Children’s] counselors support them
in this regard.
(Id. at 45-6.) The trial court also specifically found “placing [Children] back
into their home has never been in the children’s best interests – for good
reasons.” (Id. at 43.) The court explained:
This case is like many others the Court has presided over. Often
what gets the DCS in the parents’ door is merely the tip of the
iceberg. The conditions in the home and the children’s
educational neglect were the tip of the [Family’s] iceberg. The
abuse that had been on-going was titanic.
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(Id. at 48.)
[28] In their reply brief, Parents argue they are innocent of any abuse allegation and
DCS is responsible for “fostering conditions that ultimately contributed to the
complete and utter breakdown of the parent-child relationship.” (Appellant’s
Reply Br. at 9.) This argument ignores the facts found by the trial court based
on the testimony of Children and others. We cannot reweigh the evidence or
reassess the credibility of witnesses. See In re N.G., 51 N.E.3d at 1170 (appellate
court does not reweigh evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses).
[29] Parents have not challenged any of the specific findings, and those findings are
sufficient to support the court’s conclusion there was no reasonable probability
the abuse issues that prevented Children from being returned home would ever
be remedied.
4. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
[30] Parents also argue the termination of their rights should be reversed because
their counsel was ineffective.
Where parents whose rights were terminated upon trial claim on
appeal that their lawyer underperformed, we deem the focus of
the inquiry to be whether it appears that the parents received a
fundamentally fair trial whose facts demonstrate an accurate
determination. The question is not whether the lawyer might
have objected to this or that, but whether the lawyer’s overall
performance was so defective that the appellate court cannot say
with confidence that the conditions leading to the removal of the
children from parental care are unlikely to be remedied and that
termination is in the child’s best interest.
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Baker v. Marion Cty. Office of Family & Children, 810 N.E.2d 1035, 1041 (Ind.
2004).
[31] Parents claim counsel was ineffective because she “appeared to be sleeping”
during trial, (Amended Appellant’s Br. at 38), she “failed generally to
communicate about their case and upcoming hearings,” (id. at 39), failed to get
visitation reinstated, failed to obtain necessary documents, failed to subpoena
witnesses, “failed to ask many of the questions they wanted asked during trial,
failed to enter things into evidence, and failed to properly prepare them and
herself for trial.” (Id. at 40.) Parents also allege counsel was ineffective because
she failed to file a motion to dismiss the termination petition when the hearing
was not held within the time-frame provided by Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-
6. They assert that, had counsel gotten the initial petition dismissed, they
would have had “additional time to complete further services, re-implement
supervised visitation, family therapy and obtain a forensic psychologist. A new
trial would mean that Parents would have more opportunities to demonstrate”
they could remedy the reasons the children were removed from their care. (Id.
at 42-3.)
[32] As DCS notes in its brief, the record does not support all of Parents’ allegations
about counsel’s performance; however, we need not address each of their
allegations individually, because our focus is on “whether it appears that the
parents received a fundamentally fair trial whose facts demonstrate an accurate
determination.” Baker, 810 N.E.2d at 1041. As the record leaves us with no
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doubt the trial was fundamentally fair and Parents’ rights should have been
terminated, Parents have not met that standard.
[33] Two of the three children testified at trial about the abuse they endured in
Parents’ home. Children did not want to visit with, attend family therapy with,
or be returned to the custody of Parents. Regardless what additional tactics trial
counsel supposedly could have used to further Parents’ interests, the simple fact
of the matter is that Children want nothing to do with Parents, and trial counsel
was not responsible for that reality. Parents cannot demonstrate her assistance
was ineffective.
Conclusion
[34] Parents cannot demonstrate they were prejudiced by the trial court, by service
providers, or by counsel because Parents abused Children for years and then
called Children liars when they reported the abuse. The findings support the
trial court’s conclusion that Parents would not correct the circumstances that
led to Children’s continued removal from Parents’ home, and we accordingly
affirm.
[35] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Crone, J., concur.
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