MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Dec 30 2016, 8:51 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES
William J. O’Connor Joseph Banasiak
Hammond, Indiana Highland, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Hugo Torres, December 30, 2016
Appellant-Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No.
45A05-1608-PL-1892
v. Appeal from the Lake Superior
Court
Dean White and Town and The Honorable John M. Sedia,
Country Remodeling, Inc., Judge
Appellees-Defendants Trial Court Cause No.
45D01-1510-PL-99
Crone, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] Hugo Torres sued Dean White and Town and Country Remodeling, Inc.
(“Town and Country”) (collectively “Appellees”), for breach of contract and
fraud and filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. The trial court granted
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 1 of 8
the motion on the issue of liability and set a hearing on damages. After the
hearing, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Torres and against Town
and Country for $11,600. Torres now appeals, claiming that the damages
award is inadequate. We disagree and therefore affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Torres owns a home in Hammond. In August 2013, Torres signed a contract
with Town and Country to perform certain repairs on the home’s exterior.
White signed the contract for Town and Country; the preprinted line beneath
his signature reads, “SALESMAN TOWN & COUNTRY REMODELING[.]”
Ex. 5. Pursuant to the contract, Torres made a down payment of $10,000 to
Town and Country. Town and Country did not perform any work on Torres’s
home.
[3] In October 2015, Torres filed a complaint against Appellees for breach of
contract and fraud. The complaint reads in relevant part as follows:
7. Part of [Appellees’] performance of the parties’ contract was
to remedy the alleged breaches by [Torres] of the City of
Hammond Building Code Ordinances.[ 1]
8. Due to [Appellees’] total failure to perform, [Torres] was
subjected to ordinance violation proceedings and on October 1,
2015, due to [Appellees’] non-performance a bid award for the
1
The code violations were the subject of two prior appeals: Torres v. City of Hammond, 12 N.E.3d 908 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014), and Torres v. City of Hammond, No. 45A03-1210-OV-430, 2013 WL 2146483 (Ind. Ct. App.
May 15, 2013), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 2 of 8
demolition of [Torres’s] residence [was] made by the City of
Hammond Board of Public Works and Safety. That award was
completed and [Torres’s] home and residence will be demolished
in approximately 45 to 60 days due to [Appellees’] breach of
contract.
9. [Appellees] have therefore breached the contract with
[Torres], who has been damaged in the sum of $100,000.
….
Wherefore, [Torres] requests judgment against [Appellees] in the
sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00), plus
punitive damages, attorney fees, costs and all other proper relief.
….
12. That [Appellees] fraudulently concealed from [Torres] that
[Appellees] did not possess a City of Hammond Building license,
contracting license, or any other authority to lawfully do business
in the City of Hammond.
13. That [Appellees] had no intention of obtaining said licenses
during the course of their performance, which became non-
performance.
14. [Torres] relied on the representation of [Appellees], and
would not have entered into the contract or paid [Appellees] the
ten thousand dollars had he known of [Appellees’] false and
fraudulent representation.
15. [Appellees’] conduct was malicious, fraudulent, and
oppressive, justifying an award of punitive damages.
Appellant’s App. at 18-19. Torres’s home was demolished in November 2015.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 3 of 8
[4] In their reply to Torres’s complaint, Appellees admitted to receiving $10,000
from Torres and not repairing his home. Torres filed a motion for judgment on
the pleadings on the issue of liability and requested a hearing on damages. The
trial court granted the motion, and a damages hearing was held in July 2016.
At the hearing, Torres withdrew his request for punitive damages.
[5] After the hearing, the trial court issued an order that reads in pertinent part as
follows:
1. Torres entered into a contract to have work done upon the
house he owned located in Hammond, Indiana … with [Town
and Country]. The contract imposed no personal liability upon
White, so no damages for its breach are attributable to him.
2. Town and Country breached the contract with Torres, took
$10,000.00 from Torres, and performed no work upon the house.
Town and Country is liable to Torres for $10,000.00 plus
prejudgment interest from and after August 28, 2013 through
July 20, 2016.
3. The code violation proceedings pursued by the City of
Hammond, Indiana regarding the house, culminating in an
agreement executed between Torres and Hammond after
Torres’s contract with Town and Country regarding repairs to the
house to bring it into compliance and the ultimate demolition of
the house by Hammond had nothing to do with Torres’s contract
with Town and Country. Town and Country was contractually
obligated to do the repairs upon the house specifically set forth in
the contract. Nothing in the contract obligated Town and
Country to bring the house into compliance with the Hammond
building code. Torres is not entitled to any damages from Town
and Country for the activities by Hammond in executing its own
contract with Torres as to what was necessary to bring the house
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 4 of 8
into compliance nor Hammond’s demolition of the house.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
DECREED by the Court as follows:
1. Judgment is entered in favor of [Torres] and against [Town
and Country] for the amount of $10,000.00, together with
prejudgment interest in the amount of $1,600.00 for a total of
$11,600.00 plus the costs of filing this case.
2. [Torres] shall take nothing from [White].
Id. at 14-15. Torres now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[6] The gist of Torres’s argument is that the trial court’s damages award is
inadequate. “[T]he appropriate measure of damages in a breach of contract
case is the loss actually suffered as a result of the breach.” Roche Diagnostics
Operations, Inc. v. Marsh Supermarkets, LLC, 987 N.E.2d 72, 89 (Ind. Ct. App.
2013), trans. denied. The injured party may recover the benefit of its bargain but
is limited in its recovery to the loss actually suffered. L.H. Controls, Inc. v.
Custom Conveyor, Inc., 974 N.E.2d 1031, 1043 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). “The
burden of pleading and proving damages rests with the plaintiff. Even if the
plaintiff can show a breach of contract, he will not be entitled to a recovery of
damages if he can prove no injury resulting from the breach.” Rauch v. Circle
Theatre, 176 Ind. App. 130, 139-40, 374 N.E.2d 546, 553 (1978) (citation
omitted), trans. denied. In a breach of contract action, damages must be proven
with reasonable certainty. R & R Real Estate Co. v. C & N Armstrong Farms, Ltd.,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 5 of 8
854 N.E.2d 365, 370 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “The damages claimed must be the
natural, foreseeable, and proximate consequence of the breach.” L.H. Controls,
Inc., 974 N.E.2d at 1043. This principle also applies to fraud claims. See
Linderman Mach. Co. v. Hillenbrand Co., 75 Ind. App. 111, 116, 127 N.E. 813,
815 (1920) (“In an action for fraud, the damages to be recovered must always
be the natural and proximate consequence of the act complained of.”), trans.
denied. The party seeking consequential damages bears the burden of proving
by a preponderance of the evidence that the breach was the cause in fact of its
loss. L.H. Controls, Inc., 974 N.E.2d at 1043.
[7] The computation of damages is a matter within the trial court’s sound
discretion. Fischer v. Heymann, 12 N.E.3d 867, 870 (Ind. 2014). “When the
specific issue on review relates to questions of inadequate or excessive damages,
we should not reverse a damage award if the award is within the scope of the
evidence before the trial court, and we may not reweigh the evidence or judge
the credibility of the witnesses.” Randles v. Ind. Patient’s Comp. Fund, 860
N.E.2d 1212, 1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. As the party that had the
burden of proving damages, Torres is appealing from a negative judgment and
must establish that the damages award is clearly erroneous or contrary to law to
have it set aside. R & R Real Estate Co., 854 N.E.2d at 371.
[8] Torres’s argument is best summarized in the conclusion section of his brief:
Torres did not receive just and legal relief, he received no
compensation for his home, demolished due to the wrongful
conduct of defendants, and valued by him and his lender at
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 6 of 8
$100,000. This court should reverse the trial court and direct that
recovery[,] as well as recovery for personal property, and for
attorney fees for defendants’ fraudulent and oppressive conduct,
against both defendants.
Appellant’s Br. at 16 (citation omitted). 2
[9] At the damages hearing, Appellees presented evidence that Torres’s home
required much more work than they had been contracted to perform in order to
avoid being demolished for building code violations. See Tr. at 56 (cross-
examination of Torres: “Q. Now, the contract you made with Town and
Country did not include any of the electrical, plumbing, heating, ventilation, or
rafter work, correct? A. Correct.”). Consequently, the trial court would have
been well within its discretion to conclude that Appellees’ failure to perform
under the contract was not the cause in fact of the home’s demolition. 3 The
same goes for any fraud on Appellees’ part regarding licensure. Furthermore,
Torres presented no evidence regarding the value of any personal property that
was damaged as a result of the demolition. Town and Country admitted that it
owed Torres $10,000 plus interest, and Torres failed to prove by a
2
The parties presented conflicting evidence regarding the home’s value. Based on photos, Appellees’
appraiser valued the home at the time of demolition at $30,000. Torres valued the home at $100,000 based
on a refinancing that occurred in 2006, almost ten years before the house was demolished for numerous
building code violations. Had the home’s value become relevant as to damages, the trial court would have
been free to believe whichever witness it found more credible or make its own determination based on the
evidence before it.
3
A nonbreaching party has a duty to mitigate its damages. Scott-LaRosa v. Lewis, 44 N.E.3d 89, 94 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015). There is no evidence that Torres attempted to hire another contractor to perform the work that
Appellees failed to perform. In fact, Torres admitted that he had not hired a contractor to perform all the
additional work required to avoid demolition. Tr. at 57.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 7 of 8
preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to any more than this. 4
Therefore, we affirm the trial court.
[10] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Altice, J., concur.
4
Torres cites no legal basis for his request for attorney’s fees or for holding White personally liable under the
contract. To the extent he argues that he is entitled to attorney’s fees and damages from White based solely
on the allegations in his complaint and the granting of his motion for judgment on the pleadings, we note that
“we need not credit nonfactual assertions and legal conclusions.” Young v. Ind. Dep’t of Corr., 22 N.E.3d 716,
718 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied (2015).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1608-PL-1892 | December 30, 2016 Page 8 of 8