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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
WILLIAM F. COLON, :
:
Appellant : No. 1701 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence January 16, 2015,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
Criminal Division, at No: CP-51-CR-0015317-2013
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., STABILE and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
CONCURRING AND DISSENTING MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.:
FILED JANUARY 10, 2017
I join the Majority’s analysis of Appellant’s first, second, third, and
fourth issues. However, I dissent as to the fifth and sixth issues.
The trial court abused its discretion in failing to give at least a curative
instruction regarding the improper comments made by the prosecutor in the
course of Juan Inglesias’ cross-examination. Accordingly, I would reverse.
As our Supreme Court has explained,
It is well established that a prosecutor, just as a defense
attorney, must have reasonable latitude in presenting a case to
the jury and must be free to present his or her arguments with
“logical force and vigor.” Counsels’ remarks to the jury may
contain fair deductions and legitimate inferences from the
evidence presented during the testimony. The prosecutor may
always argue to the jury that the evidence establishes the
defendant’s guilt, although a prosecutor may not offer his
personal opinion as to the guilt of the accused either in
argument or in testimony from the witness stand. Nor may he or
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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she express a personal belief and opinion as to the truth or
falsity of evidence of defendant’s guilt, including the credibility of
a witness.
However, not every intemperate or uncalled for remark by
the prosecutor requires a new trial. As we have stated many
times:
[C]omments by a prosecutor do not constitute
reversible error unless the “unavoidable effect of
such comments would be to prejudice the jury,
forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward
the defendant so that they could not weigh the
evidence objectively and render a true verdict.”
Furthermore, the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s
remarks must be evaluated in the context in which they
occurred. As the United States Supreme Court has stated:
The “consistent and repeated
misrepresentation” of a dramatic exhibit in evidence
may profoundly impress a jury and may have a
significant impact on the jury’s deliberations.
Isolated passages of a prosecutor’s argument, billed
in advance to the jury as a matter of opinion not of
evidence, do not reach the same proportions. Such
arguments, like all closing arguments of counsel, are
seldom constructed in toto before the event;
improvisation frequently results in syntax left
imperfect and meaning less than crystal clear. While
these general observations in no way justify
prosecutorial misconduct, they do suggest that a
court should not lightly infer that a prosecutor
intends an ambiguous remark to have its most
damaging meaning or that a jury, sitting through
lengthy exhortation, will draw that meaning from the
plethora of less damaging interpretations.
In applying these standards on appellate review, we have
stated:
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Whether this standard has been violated by the
language of the district attorney is not in the first
instance our decision to make. It is the duty of the
trial judge to rule upon the comments; this Court is
limited in its review to whether the trial court abused
its discretion.
Commonwealth v. D’Amato, 526 A.2d 300, 309–10 (Pa. 1987) (citations
omitted).
Here, the prosecutor asked Inglesias, “After the shooting, after the
second shooter went up this way, what did [Appellant] -- what did he tell
you about the second shooter, the guy who put a bullet in the back of
someone’s head in front of your house, what did [Appellant] say about
that?” N.T., 1/14/2015, at 35-36. Defense counsel then stated “There is no
testimony that he said anything. If he didn’t say anything, how could
[Inglesias] testify to what was said?” Id. The trial court took counsel’s
statement as an objection, which it sustained. Immediately thereafter, the
prosecutor stated “He didn’t say anything, sir, because he was the one
committing that murder. He didn’t know who he was because he did it.” Id.
Counsel’s request for a mistrial was denied and there was no curative
instruction given. While I am cognizant that the statements and questions
of counsel are not testimony, I cannot agree with the Majority that the
prosecutor’s inappropriate comment was “invited by defense counsel and
was made in response to the question, even if rhetorical, posed by defense
counsel.” Majority Memorandum at 12. Rather, the statement constitutes an
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improper commentary on the guilt of Appellant, the unavoidable effect of
which was to form in the jury’s mind a prejudice against Appellant, such that
the partiality of the jury’s decision is put into question. Thus, it was
reversible error for the trial court to deny counsel’s contemporaneous motion
for a mistrial.
Additionally, I agree with Appellant that the trial court erred in
instructing the jury to consider his untimely notice of alibi defense in
evaluating his alibi testimony. N.T., 1/15/2015, at 17-18.
Rule of Criminal Procedure 567 provides that,
[i]f the defendant fails to file and serve the notice of alibi as
required by this rule, the court may exclude entirely any
evidence offered by the defendant for the purpose of proving the
defense, except testimony by the defendant, may grant a
continuance to enable the Commonwealth to investigate such
evidence, or may make such other order as the interests of
justice require.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(B)(1) (emphasis added). The purpose of this subsection is
to cure any prejudice suffered by the Commonwealth due to a defendant’s
late filing. Thus, any “other order” entered by a trial court must be crafted
with this purpose in mind.1
1
Orders in this vein may include permitting the Commonwealth to explain to
the jury, through cross-examination of the defendant, why it was
unprepared to address an untimely alibi defense. See Commonwealth v.
Servich, 602 A.2d 1338, 1343 (Pa. Super. 1992).
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Here, the trial court chose to allow Appellant’s alibi testimony, but
instructed the jury as follows.2
In this case, the defendant has presented evidence of an
alibi, that is, that [he] [she] was not present at the scene or was
rather at another location at the precise time that the crime took
place.
The rules of criminal procedure require that a defendant
file a notice of alibi defense within 30 days of the
defendant’s arraignment. No such notice was filed with
the clerk in this case.
You should consider this evidence, both the alibi and the
failure to give timely notice to [(sic)] the alibi, along with all
the other evidence in the case in determining whether the
Commonwealth has met its burden of proving beyond reasonable
doubt [(sic)] that a crime was committed and that the defendant
himself committed it.
The defendant’s evidence that he was not present, either by
itself or together with other evidence, may be sufficient to raise
a reasonable doubt of his guilt. If you have a reasonable doubt
of the defendant’s guilt, you must find him not guilty.
N.T., 1/15/2015, at 17-18 (emphasis added).
This instruction makes no effort to cure any prejudice the
Commonwealth may have suffered due to Appellant’s untimely disclosure, in
clear contradiction of the purpose of Rule 567(B)(1). Rather, the court’s
charge required the jury to consider the untimely notice in determining
Appellant’s guilt or innocence. This is not a proper function for a jury.
2
The Commonwealth did not request a continuance.
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Accordingly, I would reverse on this basis as well and grant Appellant a new
trial.
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