Access to Classified Information

Access to Classiied Imfforinmatnoini
This m em orandum provides an opinion on various legal questions posed by a panel appointed by
the Director o f Central Intelligence to m ake a recommendation on whether an official at the Depart­
m ent o f State, Richard Nuccio, should be granted access to Sensitive Compartmented Information.

November 26, 1996

M e m o r a n d u m O p in io n f o r t h e G e n e r a l C o u n s e l
C e n t r a l In t e l l ig e n c e A g e n c y

This memorandum responds to your request for our opinion on various legal
questions posed by a panel appointed by the Director of Central Intelligence to
make a recommendation on whether an official at the Department of State, Richard
Nuccio, should be granted access to Sensitive Compartmented Information
(“ SCI” ) . 1 The panel has stated that “ [it is] not asking that OLC take any position
on the facts presented by Mr. Nuccio in his statement.” Panel Memorandum at
1. Accordingly, we limit our role to providing our opinion on only the specific
legal questions presented, and make no attempt to apply our legal conclusions
to the facts in this matter. Nor, of course, do we express any opinion on the
ultimate question of whether Mr. Nuccio should retain his SCI security clearance.
We have organized the legal questions posed by the panel into three categories:
(1) the application of executive branch rules and practices on disclosure of classi­
fied information to Members of Congress, in light of relevant congressional enact­
ments; (2) the applicability of the Whistleblower Protection Act, 5 U.S.C. § 2302;
and (3) the applicability of Executive Order 12674, 3 C.F.R. 215 (1990).

1. D isclosure o f Classified Inform ation to M em bers o f Congress

Two questions posed by the panel address the relationship between, on the one
hand, Executive Order 12356, N ational Security Information, 3 C.F.R. 166 (1983),
which governs the handling of classified information in the executive branch,
along with the applicable nondisclosure agreement signed by individuals having
access to SCI information, and, on the other hand, two congressional enactments
concerning the rights of federal employees to provide information to Congress.2
1 See Letter for Richard L. Shiffrin, Deputy Assistant A ttorney General, O ffice of Legal Counsel, from Michael
J. O 'N e il, G eneral Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency (Nov. 13, 1996), enclosing Memorandum for Michael J.
O 'N e il from Kenneth W . Dam, John Podesta, and Terrence O ’Donnell (N ov. 12, 1996) ( “ Panel M emorandum” ).
T he Panel M emorandum attached a submission from Mr. N uccio’s attorney setting forth various legal positions.
See Letter for Terrence O ’Donnell, from R onald W. K leinman (Oct. 25, 1996), enclosing Statement o f Richard
A . N uccio Subm itted to the Review Panel in Response to Proposed W ithdrawal o f SCI Clearance (“ Nuccio State­
m ent” ). The Panel M emorandum set foith questions (a) through (g) for us to address, but the panel subsequently
w ithdrew questions (d) and (g).
’ Q uestion (c) asks that we address “ 5 U .S.C . §7211 (‘Lloyd La Follette A ct’) including the legitimacy o f non­
disclosure agreem ents for those having access to SCI information and the issues raised in National Federation o f
Federal Employees v. U.S., 695 F. Supp. 1196 (D.D.C. 1988).” Panel Memorandum at 1. Question ( 0 asks

402
 Access to Classified Information

The congressional enactments identified by the panel are 5 U.S.C. §7211 and
the provision of the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropria­
tions Act, 1997, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-314 (1996), relating to
classified information nondisclosure agreements, a version of which has been en­
acted annually since 1987. Section 7211, entitled Em ployees’ right to petition Con­
gress, provides (in its entirety) that “ [t]he right of employees, individually or
collectively, to petition Congress or a Member of Congress, or to furnish informa­
tion to either House of Congress, or to a committee or Member thereof, may
not be interfered with or denied.”
The current version of the nondisclosure agreements appropriations provision
provides (in pertinent part) that:

No funds appropriated in this or any other Act for fiscal year 1997
may be used to implement or enforce the agreements in Standard
Forms 312 and 4355 of the Government or any other nondisclosure
policy, form, or agreement if such policy, form, or agreement does
not contain the following provisions: “ These restrictions are con­
sistent with and do not supersede, conflict with, or otherwise alter
the employee obligations, rights, or liabilities created by . . . sec­
tion 7211 of title 5, United States Code (governing disclosures to
Congress). . . .”

Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act, 1997,
§ 625, 110 Stat. at 3009-359.3

a. E ffect o f Congressional Enactm ents

The longstanding position of the executive branch concerning the relationship
between, on the one hand, these congressional enactments and, on the other hand,
Executive Order 12356 and the classified information nondisclosure agreements
is set forth in the brief that the Acting Solicitor General submitted to the Supreme
Court in 1989 in the litigation cited in question (c).4 See Brief for the Appellees,
“ [w]hether the annual provision o f the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations A ct (for
FY97, see Section 625) authorizes disclosure [of] another agency’s classified information to a m ember of C ongress
notwithstanding Sections 4.1(d) o f Executive order 12356 and 4.2(b) o f Executive O rder 12958." Id. at 2.
3 We have not included in the quotation the provision's listing o f the W histleblower Protection Act because o f
our conclusion in section 2 o f this opinion that the W histleblower Protection Act is inapplicable in this situation.
4 The litigation concerned the then-applicable appropriations provision addressed to the classified information non­
disclosure agreements. As with the current version, the appropriations provision at issue in the litigation contained
language implicitly referring to the right o f government employees to petition Congress that is the subject o f 5
U.S.C. §7211:
No funds appropriated . . . may be used to implement or enforce the agreements in Standard Forms 189
or 4193 o f the Government or any other nondisclosure policy, form or agreement if such policy, form
or agreement . . . (3) directly or indirectly obstructs, by requirement o f prior written authorization, limita-
Continued

403
 Opinions o f the Office o f Legal Counsel in Volume 20

American Foreign Serv. Ass’n v. Garfinkel, 488 U.S. 923 (1988) (No. 87-2127)
(“ AFSE Brief” ) .5 We view that brief as the controlling statement of the views
of the Department of Justice (“ Department” ) on the issues presented by the pan­
el’s questions (c) and (f). Accordingly, we will cite to that brief in this opinion
in the same manner as we would cite an opinion of this Office.
The Department’s AFSE Brief stated our view that a congressional enactment
would be unconstitutional if it were interpreted “ to divest the President of his
control over national security information in the Executive Branch by vesting
lower-ranking personnel in that Branch with a ‘right’ to furnish such information
to a Member of Congress without receiving official authorization to do so.” AFSE
Brief at 48; see also id. at 16-17. This position is based on the following separa­
tion of powers rationale:

[T]he President’s roles as Commander in Chief, head of the Execu­
tive Branch, and sole organ of the Nation in its external relations
require that he have ultimate and unimpeded authority over the col­
lection, retention and dissemination of intelligence and other na­
tional security information in the Executive Branch. There is no
exception to this principle for those disseminations that would be
made to Congress or its Members. In that context, as in all others,
the decision whether to grant access to the information must be
made by someone who is acting in an official capacity on behalf
of the President and who is ultimately responsible, perhaps through
intermediaries, to the President. The Constitution does not permit
Congress to circumvent these orderly procedures and chain of com­
m and— and to erect an obstacle to the President’s exercise of all
executive powers relating to the Nation’s security— by vesting
lower-level employees in the Executive Branch with a supposed
“ right” to disclose national security information to Members of

tion o f authorized disclosure, or otherwise, the right o f any individual to petition or communicate with
M embers o f Congress in a secure manner as provided by the rules and procedures o f the Congress . . . .
Treasury, Postal Service and General Appropriations Act, 1988, Pub. L. No. 100-202, §630, 101 Stat. 1329-391,
1329-432 (1987). The difference between the current and form er provisions is that the reference to section 7211
in the current version is explicit while the reference in the form er version is implicit. W e do not believe that this
difference is m eaningful for current purposes.
5 The district court had held section 630 to be unconstitutional, concluding that it “ impennissibl[y] restricted]
the President’s pow er to fulfill obligations imposed upon him by his express constitutional powers and the role
o f the Executive in foreign relations.” National Fed’n o f Fed. Employees v. United Stales, 688 F. Supp. 671, 685
(D.D.C. 1988). O n appeal, the Supreme C ourt concluded that the case had become partially moot and therefore
vacated the district court judgm ent and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings on the non­
moot aspects o f the case, including the dispute over subsection (3) o f section 630. See American Foreign Serv.
Ass’n v. Garfinkel, 490 U.S. 153, 160-61 (1989). In doing so, the Court “ emphasize[d] that the District Court
should not pronounce upon the relative constitutional authority o f Congress and the Executive Branch unless it finds
it imperative to do so .” Id. at 161. On rem and, the district court dismissed the amended complaint on statutory
construction grounds, avoiding the constitutional issues. See American Foreign Serv. Ass’n v. Garfinkel, 732 F. Supp.
13 (D.D.C. 1990).

404
 Access to Classified Information

Congress (or anyone else) without the authorization of Executive
Branch personnel who derive their authority from the President.

Id. at 42.
In light of this constitutional position, the Department did not interpret the con­
gressional enactments.at issue in the AFSE litigation as vesting in executive branch
employees a right to provide classified information to Members of Congress with­
out official authorization. See id. (appropriations provision does not confer such
a right); id. at 50 n.43 (5 U.S.C. §7211 “ does not confer a right to furnish national
security information to Congress.” ). Based on the same separation of powers anal­
ysis, we do not give such an interpretation to the currently applicable provisions.
Accordingly, we conclude that the classified information nondisclosure agreements
may validly be applied to a disclosure to a Member of Congress and that section
625 of the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act
does not authorize any disclosure to a Member of Congress that is not permitted
under Executive Order 12356.6

b. Interpretation o f Executive O rder 12356

We turn now to question (e), which concerns the interpretation of Executive
Order 12356. We stress that this question also implicates issues of policy, practice
and precedent with respect to which the panel may wish to consult others in the
executive branch.
Question (e) asks “ [wjhether Executive Order 12356 can be read to permit a
cleared employee of the Executive Branch to disclose classified information to
a cleared member of Congress based on the employee’s determination of the mem­
ber’s need to know.” Panel Memorandum at 2. The Department’s brief in the
AFSE litigation summarizes the executive branch framework— consisting of Ex­
ecutive Order 12356 and related directives and nondisclosure agreements — for
the protection of classified information. See generally, AFSE Brief at 2-7. The
first pertinent part of that framework is Executive Order 12356’s two-part require­
ment of trustworthiness and “ need to know” :

Executive Order No. 12,356 provides that access must be limited
as a general matter to those individuals who have been determined
to be trustworthy, and that access to any particular item of informa­
tion may be granted only where it “ is essential to the accomplish-

6 The panel's question ( 0 also refers to the currently applicable classified information executive order. Executive
Order 12958, 3 C.F.R. 333 (1996), but our discussion will refer only to Executive Order 12356, because that was
the order applicable at the tim e o f Mr. N uccio’s disclosure to a Member of Congress. In any event, we do not
find the differences in wording between the two executive orders to be relevant for purposes o f the questions posed
by the panel.

405
 Opinions o f the Office o f Legal Counsel in Volume 20

ment of lawful and authorized Government purposes” (§4.1(a)) —
i.e., where the individual has a “ need to know” that information.

AFSE Brief at 3. The brief notes that in addition to the provisions of Executive
Order 12356, reference should be made to the requirement imposed by the Direc­
tor of Central Intelligence, on the basis of his statutory authority to protect intel­
ligence sources and methods, that all individuals with access to SCI and other
Central Intelligence Agency information sign nondisclosure agreements (see id.
at 4-6) and to the govemmentwide requirement, based on National Security Deci­
sion Directive 84, Safeguarding N ational Security Information (issued by President
Reagan on Mar. 11, 1983), that all individuals with access to classified information
(at any level) sign nondisclosure agreements (see id. at 6-7). We would add to
this listing the relevant directives issued by the Director of Central Intelligence.
See, e.g., Director of Central Intelligence Directives 1/7, Security Controls on the
D issem ination o f Intelligence Information (1987), and 1/19, Security P olicy fo r
Sensitive C om partm ented Information (1995).
Members of Congress, as constitutionally elected officers, do not receive secu­
rity clearances as such, but are instead presumed to be trustworthy. See Informa­
tion Security Oversight Office, Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement
(Standard Form 3 12) Briefing B ooklet (“ ISOO Briefing Booklet” ) at 66. “ Mem­
bers of Congress are not exempt, however, from fulfilling the ‘need-to-know’ re­
quirement.” Id. Thus, the issue presented by question (e) is whether, under the
existing executive branch rules and practices, individual employees are free to
make a disclosure to Members o f Congress based on their own determination on
the need-to-know question.
The answer to that question is most assuredly “ no.” The Department’s brief
in the AFSE litigation stated that it would be unconstitutional for Congress to
“ removfe] decisionmaking about congressional access [to classified information]
from the usual channels in the Executive Branch and allow[ ] lower-ranking em­
ployees to decide for themselves whether to divulge such information to Congress
or its Members.” AFSE Brief at 41-42. In making this statement, the Department
was obviously indicating that the existing regime under Executive Order 12356
did not afford individual employees such discretion. With respect to “ dissemina­
tions that would be made to Congress or its Members . . ., the decision whether
to grant access to the information must be made by someone who is acting in
an official capacity on behalf of the President and who is ultimately responsible,
perhaps through intermediaries, to the President.” Id. at 42. “ Both the Executive
Branch and Congress have recognized that [disclosure of classified information]
must be conducted through the secure channels established by the Branches work­
ing in cooperation.” Id. at 45.
Thus, the longstanding practice under Executive Order 12356 (and its successor)
has been that the “ need to know” determination for disclosures of classified infor­

406
 Access to Classified Information

mation to Congress is made through established decisionmaking channels at each
agency. We believe that it would be antithetical to the existing system for an
agency to permit individual employees to decide unilaterally to disclose classified
information to a Member of Congress— and we are unaware of any agency that
does so.7 In this regard, we suggest that the panel may wish to review what
procedures were in place at the Department of State for such decisions at the
time of Mr. Nuccio’s disclosure of classified information to a Member of Con­
gress.

2. W histleblower Protection A ct

The panel’s question (b) asks whether denial or revocation of a SCI security
clearance is a “ personnel action” within the meaning of the Whistleblower Pro­
tection Act (“ WPA” ), 5 U.S.C. §2302. See Panel Memorandum at 1. A recent
decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has settled
this question. See M cCabe v. D epartment o f the A ir Force, No. 94-3463, 1995
WL 469464 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Affirming a decision of the Merit Systems Protection
Board, the Federal Circuit held in M cCabe that the revocation of a security clear­
ance is not a personnel action within the meaning of the WPA. The court’s rea­
soning was as follows:

Under Egan v. Departm ent o f Navy, 484 U.S. 518, 98 L. Ed. 2d
918, 108 S. Ct. 818 (1988), an agency’s decision to grant or deny
a security clearance is not judicially reviewable, except to the extent
that an agency must follow any applicable procedures. “ It should
be obvious that no one has a ‘right’ to a security clearance. The
grant of a clearance requires an affirmative act of discretion on the
part of the granting official.” Egan, 484 U.S. at 528. Given the
high degree of discretion involved in matters of national security,
we are convinced that Congress did not intend that agency decisions
regarding security clearance status be encompassed within the defi­
nition of “ personnel action” under the WPA.

Id. at **2. We believe that the Federal Circuit’s decision was clearly a correct
application of the Supreme Court’s decision in Egan . 8
7 We do not doubt that som e agencies may have in place procedures whereby very senior officials are vested
with this authority. However, we understand question (e) to be inquiring about procedures with respect to the broad
category of “ cleared em ployees,” not this much narrower categoiy o f very senior officials.
8 In addition, even if revocation o f a security clearance were to be viewed as a personnel action under the W PA,
revoking a security clearance because o f an unauthorized disclosure o f classified information w ould not be a “ prohib­
ited personnel action" under the WPA. The W PA 's prohibition against taking a personnel action because o f a disclo­
sure by an employee contains an express exception for disclosure o f classified information. See 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(bX8)(A); see also ISOO Briefing Booklet at 72 ( “ The [classified information nondisclosure form] does not
Continued

407
 Opinions o f the Office o f Legal Counsel in Volume 20

Mr. Nuccio’s attorney argues that “ Congress expressed its intent that the defini­
tion of ‘prohibited personnel practices’ would include ‘any personnel action
against an employee who discloses information to Congress.’” Nuccio Statement
at 7, quoting 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b). The Department rejected this argument in the
AFSE litigation. After citing the express exception for disclosure of classified in­
formation contained in subsection 2302(b)(8)(A), see supra note 8, the Department
noted that:

by not including the exception for classified information in sub­
section 2302(b)(8)(B), which provides for disclosures to Inspectors
General or the Office of Special Counsel of the Merit Systems Pro­
tection Board, Congress evidenced an intent to limit disclosures of
classified information to particular Executive Branch officials with
a designated need-to-know. Although Congress also stated in the
whistleblower statute that “ [tjhis subsection shall not be construed
to authorize the withholding of information from the Congress or
the taking of any personnel action against an employee who dis­
closes information to the Congress” (5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)), that pro­
vision does not confer an affirmative right to make such disclosures.

AFSE Brief at 50 n.43.

3. E xecu tive O rd er 12674

The panel’s question (a), see Panel Memorandum at 1, seeks our views on an
argument that Mr. Nuccio’s attorney makes in a footnote:

Mr. Nuccio was acting consistently with the directives of the Office
of the President as expressed and documented in Executive Order
No. 123674 [sic], which require every federal employee to “ dis­
close waste, fraud, abuse and corruption to appropriate officials
[sic].” While the term “ appropriate officials” is undefined in the
Executive Order, there is no suggestion therein that it does not in­
clude members of Congress, and in particular members of oversight
committees with direct interest in such abuse and corruption.

Nuccio Statement at 6 n.6.
The reference here is to section 101(k) of Executive Order 12674, Principles
o f Ethical Conduct f o r Government Officers and Employees, 3 C.F.R. 215, 215
(1990) as amended by Executive Order 12731, 3 C.F.R. 306, 307 (1991), which

conflict w ith the ‘w histleblow er’ statute (5 U.S.C. §2302). The statute does not protect employees who disclose
classified inform ation without authority.").

408
 Access to Classified Information

provides that “ [e]mployees shall disclose waste, fraud, abuse, and corruption to
appropriate authorities.” 9 Mr. Nuccio’s attorney correctly states that the term
“ appropriate authorities” is not defined in Executive Order 12674. We do not
question that in certain circumstances that term could include a member of a con­
gressional oversight committee. However, we believe— for the reasons set forth
in the prior sections of this opinion— that the question of who is an “ appropriate
authority” to receive classified information is governed by Executive Order 12356
and the related directives and practices. Put another way, there should be no con­
flict in these circumstances between the ethical conduct executive order and the
classified information executive order. The latter executive order should control
because it more directly and specifically addresses the subject at issue, the disclo­
sure of classified information.

CHRISTOPHER H. SCHROEDER
Acting A ssistant Attorney General
Office o f Legal Counsel

9 Mr. N uccio’s attorney employs the term ‘ ‘appropriate officials,’* but we will refer to the term actually used
in the executive o rd e r 44appropriate au th o rities/'