TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 92-804
of :
: NOVEMBER 12, 1992
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
CLAYTON P. ROCHE :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE JOHN R. LEWIS, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA
SENATE, has requested an opinion on the following question:
Are the meetings of a task force comprised of private citizens appointed by the State
Insurance Commissioner to render advice on public policy issues, which operates under the direction
and timetable of the commissioner and receives its resources from the Department of Insurance,
required to be open to members of the public?
CONCLUSION
The meetings of a task force comprised of private citizens appointed by the State
Insurance Commissioner to render advice on public policy issues, which operates under the direction
and timetable of the commissioner and receives its resources from the Department of Insurance, are
not required to be open to members of the public.
/ ANALYSIS
The State Insurance Commissioner holds elective office (Ins. Code, § 12900) and is
responsible for administering the Department of Insurance (Ins. Code, § 12906). Among the
commissioner's duties are: enforcing the laws regulating the business of insurance (Ins. Code, §
12921), disseminating information concerning insurance laws to the public (Ins. Code, §§ 12921.3,
12921.5), and submitting reports to the Governor showing the condition of the insurance business
in California (Ins. Code, §§ 12922, 12960).
The question presented for resolution concerns a task force appointed by the
commissioner to render advice on public policy issues. The task force is comprised of private
citizens, operates under the specific direction and timetable of the commissioner, and is provided
necessary resources by the Department of Insurance. Are the meetings of the task force required to
be open to members of the public? We conclude that they are not.
The only "open meeting" statutory scheme arguably applicable to the commissioner's
task force is the Bagley-Keene Open Meeting Act. (Gov. Code, §§ 11120-11132; hereafter "Act".)1/
It requires "state bodies" to hold their meetings open to the public unless specifically exempted in
the Act. (See §§ 11123, 11126, 11132.) The Act's provisions are applicable to most state officers
and agencies.2/
As noted, the Act is only applicable to "state bodies." "State body" is defined in four
of the Act's provisions: sections 11121, 11121.2, 11121.7, and 11121.8. Section 11121 provides the
basic definition of a "state body" for purposes of the Act:
"As used in this article 'state body' means every state board, or commission,
or similar multimember body of the state which is required by law to conduct official
meetings and every commission created by executive order . . . ."
Section 11121.2 sets forth an additional definition for bodies which exercise delegated authority.
It provides:
"As used in this article, 'state body' also means any board, commission,
committee, or similar multimember body which exercises any authority of a state
body delegated to it by that state body."
Section 11121.7 then follows with a definition of subsidiary bodies on which members of "state
bodies" serve. It provides:
"As used in this article, 'state body' also means any board, commission,
committee, or similar multimember body on which a member of a body which is a
state body pursuant to Section 11121, 11121.2, or 11121.5 serves in his or her
official capacity as a representative of such state body and which is supported, in
whole or in part, by funds provided by the state body, whether such body is
organized and operated by the state body or by a private corporation."3/
And finally section 11121.8 delineates the advisory bodies which are to be considered "state bodies"
for purposes of the Act:
"As used in this article, 'state body' also means any advisory board, advisory
commission, advisory committee, advisory subcommittee, or similar multimember
advisory body of a state body, if created by formal action of the state body or of any
member of the state body, and if the advisory body so created consists of three or
more persons."
1. All section references are to the Government Code unless otherwise indicated.
2. Special open meeting laws, for example, are applicable to the Legislature (§§ 9027-
9031) and the Regents of the University of California (Ed. Code, §§ 92032-92033). Local public
agencies are subject to the open meeting requirements of the Ralph M. Brown Act (§§ 54950-
54962).
3. Section 11121.5, which was applicable to student organizations at state universities
and community colleges, was repealed by Statutes of 1984, chapter 1158.
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Looking first at section 11121, we find that the commissioner's task force is not one
that "is required by law to conduct official meetings." The meaning of this phrase was discussed
in our publication, "Open Meeting Laws" (1989), as follows:
" . . . It is presumed that a multi-member board created by statute is required
by law to conduct meetings regardless of whether such an intention is expressed in
the statute, since there would be no legislative purpose in creating a body which was
not intended to meet. Thus, the mere act of statutory creation satisfies the Bagley-
Keene Act requirement to meet." (Id., at p. 8.)4/
Implicit in the requirements of the Act is that statutorily created bodies will act at meetings. (See
68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 65, 69 (1985).) Here, the task force in question was created by the
commissioner, not created by statute; thus it is not "required by law to conduct official meetings."
(§ 11121.)
Section 11121 also subjects "every commission created by executive order" to the
requirements of the Act. Is the commissioner's task force such a commission? In 63
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 583 (1980), we analyzed the general scope of "executive orders" as follows:
"The Governor is authorized to issue directives, communicated verbally or
by formal written order, to subordinate executive officers concerning the
enforcement of law. Such authority emanates from his constitutional charge, as the
'supreme executive power' of this state, to 'see that the laws are faithfully executed'
(Cal. Const., art. V, § 1) and by the very dimension of government which
necessitates and requires the assistance and participation of others. Accordingly,
Government Code section 12010 provides that '[t]he governor shall supervise the
official conduct of all executive and ministerial officers.' An executive order, then,
is a formal written directive of the Governor which by interpretation, or the
specification of detail, directs and guides subordinate officers in the enforcement of
a particular law. (Unpub. opn. of the Cal. Atty. Gen., No. I.L. 63-86 (1963).) Such
an order, however, need not be predicated upon some express statutory provision, but
may properly be employed to effectuate a right, duty, or obligation which emanates
or may be implied from the Constitution or to enforce public policy embodied within
the Constitution and laws. (Cf. In re Neagle (1890) 135 U.S. 1, 63-64; Spear v.
Reeves (1906) 148 Cal. 501, 504.)
"Nevertheless, the Governor may not invade the province of the Legislature.
California Constitution, article III, section 3 provides as follows:
'The powers of state government are legislative, executive,
and judicial. Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not
exercise either of the others except as permitted by this Constitution.'
Consequently, the Governor is not empowered, by executive order or
otherwise, to amend the effect of, or to qualify the operation of existing legislation.
(Lukens v. Nye (1909) 156 Cal. 498, 503-504; and cf. Contractor's Ass'n of Eastern
4. A prior edition of this publication was quoted extensively and given "great weight"
by the Court of Appeal in Henderson v. Board of Education (1978) 78 Cal.App.3d 875, 882-883.
3 92-804
Pa. v. Secretary of Labor (1971) 442 F.2d 159, 168; unpub. opn. of the Cal. Atty.
Gen., No. I.L. 78-32 (1978).)" (Id., at pp. 584-585.)
Accordingly, an executive order is generally regarded as "a formal written directive of the
Governor."
Of course, the Legislature may define a particular term in any manner it chooses to
effectuate its purposes. (See Delaney v. Superior Court (1990) 50 Cal.3d 785, 804; Rideaux v.
Torgrimson (1939) 12 Cal.2d 633, 636; In re Marriage of Stephens (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 909,
913.) For example, for purposes of the state's program involving mandated local costs which was
enacted in 1984 (§§ 17500-17630), the Legislature defined "executive order" in section 17516 as
follows:
"Executive Order' means any order, plan, requirement, rule, or regulation
issued by any of the following:
"(a) The Governor.
"(b) Any officer or official serving at the pleasure of the Governor.
"(c) Any agency, department, board, or commission of state government. .
. ."
The phrase "every commission created by executive order" was added to section
11121 in 1980. (Stats. 1980, ch. 515, § 1.) We have examined in detail the legislative history of the
1980 amendment. It is clear that for purposes of the Act, the 1980 addition of "executive order"
commissions refers solely to commissions appointed by the Governor. The legislation was enacted
in response to an opinion of the Legislative Counsel dated November 9, 1978, which stated in part:
"The Commission on Government Reform was created by the Governor by
Executive Order No. B-45-78 and generally has as its function the making of
recommendations to the Governor and the Legislature for permanent reforms in the
tax, revenue, and spending systems of both state and local government as a result of
the passage of Proposition 13 at the June 6, 1978, Primary Election. In the
performance of its tasks, it is required by the executive order to meet on a regular
basis.
"Since the commission was created by executive order and not by statute, it
is our opinion that the commission cannot be considered a 'state agency . . . required
by law to conduct official meetings' (emphasis added) for purposes of Section
11121. The executive power of the Governor is to see to it that the law is faithfully
executed (Sec. 1, Art. V, Cal. Const.). The power to make law, on the other hand,
is vested generally in the Legislature, with the people reserving to themselves the
power of initiative and referendum (Sec. 1, Art. IV, Cal. Const.). Accordingly, we
conclude that meetings of the Commission on Government Reform are not required
by the state open meeting law to be open to the public."
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No suggestion is contained in the legislative history that an "executive order" is something other
than a directive executed by the Governor. Since the task force in question was not created by the
Governor, section 11121 is inapplicable here.5/
We next consider section 11121.2. Is the task force one "which exercises any
authority of a state body delegated to it by that state body"? The commissioner is not a "state body"
for purposes of the Act. As we stated in our Open Meeting Laws publication, supra:
"The Brown Act applies to the 'legislative bodies' of all local agencies in
California as defined by this Act, e.g., councils, boards, commissions and
committees. (§§ 54951-54952.5, 54953.) The Bagley-Keene Act applies to multi-
member state bodies which are required to meet by law or which are created by
executive order. (§§ 11121, 11123.) . . . .
"Neither act applies to individual decision makers who are not members of
boards or commissions such as agency or department heads when they meet with
advisors, staff, colleagues or anyone else. Similarly, neither act applies to multi-
member bodies which are created by an individual decision maker. (56
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 14, 19 (1973).) However, boards or commissions which are
created by statute or ordinance are covered even if they are under the jurisdiction of
an individual department head. (§§ 54957.3, 11121, 11121.8.)" (Id., at p. 8.)
Since the commissioner does not come within any of the definitions of a "state body," a task force
appointed by him would not constitute a "state body" under the terms of section 11121.2.
Next we consider section 11121.7. The task force in question is comprised of private
individuals. No one is a member of the task force who is "a member of a body which is a state body
. . . [serving] in his or her official capacity as a representative of such state body . . . ." (See Farron
v. City and County of San Francisco (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 1071, 1075-1076; Yoffie v. Marin
Hospital District (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 743, 750; 67 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 487, 490 (1984).) Plainly,
the commissioner's task force does not come within the language of section 11121.7 under the facts
we have been given.
Finally, we consider the language of section 11121.8. While it expressly refers to
an "advisory body," such body must be "created by formal action of the state body or any member
of the state body" in order for it to come within the definition of section 11121.8. As we have
demonstrated, the commissioner is not a "state body" under the Act. Nor is he a member of a "state
body." Consequently, his task force does not come within the language of section 11121.8.
In short, an advisory body to a single state officer is outside the scope of the open
meeting requirements of the Act. We reached a similar conclusion with respect to an advisory body
to a county officer. In 56 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 14 (1973), we concluded that a local admissions
committee appointed by and rendering advice to a county superintendent of schools was not subject
to the open meeting requirements of the Ralph M. Brown Act. We noted: "It is thus made clear that
a local admissions committee is an advisory group, but only to a single county officer . . . [and
hence] is only an advisory arm or adjunct to a single county officer." (Id. at p. 16.) In Farron v.
City and County of San Francisco, supra, 216 Cal.App.3d 1071, the Court of Appeal ruled similarly
5. Because of our interpretation of the term "executive order," we need not determine
whether the task force constitutes a "commission" for purposes of section 11121.
5 92-804
with respect to an advisory committee appointed by a mayor as distinguished from being appointed
by a city council or board of supervisors. "The board of supervisors is the legislative body of the
city . . . under the Brown Act. . . . The task force at issue, however, was formed by the mayor . . .
." (Id., at p. 1075.)
We therefore conclude that the meetings of a task force comprised of private citizens
appointed by the State Insurance Commissioner to render advice on public policy issues which
operates under the direction and timetable of the commissioner and receives its resources from the
Department of Insurance, are not required to be open to members of the public.
*****
6 92-804