August 29, 1951
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Chairman
Board of Regents
The.University of Texas
Austin, Texas Opinion No. V- 1263
Re: Oath requirement for Uni- ’
versity of Texas employees
in view of the ‘Non-Subver-
sive Oath” provision of the
Dear Sir: general appropriation bill,
Ybur request for an opinion is in part as follows:
;.
“I respectfully requ&t your opinion on the ques-
tion of the proper procedure to be followed by The
University of Texas in complying with the statutory
provisions requiring the execution of loyalty oaths by
its employees. There are three statutes on this sub-
ject:
“(I) Article 29088, Vernon’s Texas Civil Stat-
utes (Acts 1941-47th Leg., p. 1355, ch. 617) requires
the execution of the Constitutional oath required to be
taken by members of the Legislature and all other of-
ficers.
“(2) Article 2908b, ~Vernon’s Texas Civil Stat-
utes (Acts 1949, 51st Leg., p. 1368, ch. 621) requires
the execution of an oath to the effect, among other
things, that the affiant does not believe in the over-
throw of the government by violence or other unlaw-
ful means and that the affiant is not,and has not been
during the past two years a member of a society or
group advocating such overthrow.
“(3) 2ection 1 of Article VI, entitled “General
Provisions , of House Bill No. 426 (the general ap-
~propriation bill) passed by the 52nd Legislature re-
quires the execution of an oath to the effect;among
other things, that .the affiant has not be,en during the
past ten years a member of any organization listed by
the Attorney General’:of the United States in 1947 as
being subversive.
,E’
Hon. D. K.~ Woodward, Jr., Page 2 (V-1263)
“In order that The University of Texas may fol-
low the correct procedure in making contracts with
its employees and in paying their compensation, we
respectfully ask your opinion and advice as to which
of the above mentioned oaths should be required of
our employees.
“The question has been raised because of the
fact that the Legislature has dealt with the matter as
a subject of general legislation in Articles 2908a and
2908b, and the Constitution of Texas has been inter-
preted in similar cases so as to prohibit the amend-
ment, change, or enaqtment of general legislation in
an appropriation bill. It presents the problem of wheth-
er the rider in the appropriation bill is constitutional,
and if so. whether the loyalty oath therein required
shall be substituted for the oath required by Article
2908a or Article 2908b or whether any two or all three
of these oaths must be executed by employees of the
state-supported institutions of higher learning.”
Article 2908a, V.C.S. (Acts of the 47th Leg., R.S. 1941,
ch. 617, p. 1355) was passed in 1941 and required an oath of alle-
giance by teachers, instructors and employees of all tax-supported
institutions of learning in Texas. This oath has the same wording
as the constitutional oath required of all State officers. The oath
reads :
6.
I, ) do solemnly swear (or af-
firm), that I will faithfugy execute the duties of the
office of of the State of Texas, and will
to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend
the Constitution and laws of the United States and of
this State; and I furthermore solemnly swear?(or a&
firm), that I have not directly nor indirectly paid, of-
fered, or promised to pay, contributed, nor promised
to contribute any money, or valuable thing, or prom-
ised any public office or employment, as a reward for
the giving or withholding a vote at the election at which
I was elected. So help me God.” Article XVI, Section
1, Texas Constitution.
In 1941 the Legislature enacted Article 2908b, V.C.S.
(Acts of the 51st Leg., 1949, ch. 621, p. 1368), which applies to
students as well as employees of all State-supported universities
and colleges. This statute requires the following oath:
.
Han D, K. Woodward, Jr., Page 3 (V-1263)
“I swear or affirm that I believe in and approve
the Constitution of the United States and the princi-
ples of government therein contained, and will not in
any manner aid~or assist in any effort or movement
to subvert or destroy the government of the United
States or of any State or of any political subdivision
thereof by force, violence, or any other unlawfulmeans.
In the event of war with any foreign nation, I will not
support or adhere to the government of such foreign
nation
“I swear or affirm that I am not and have not
during the past two (2) years been a member of or af-
filiated with any society or group of persons which
teaches or advocates that the government of the United
States or of any State or of any political subdivision
thereof should be overthrown or destroyed by force,
violence, or any other unlawful means, or the adher-
ence to the government of any foreign nation in the
event of war between the United States and such for-
eign nation. ”
No person is to be admitted or employed by any of
these institutions until he has taken the oath, Provisions aremade
for a hearing and appeal for any person accused and found guilty
of violating the oath. To our best knowledge, the requirements of
these statutes have been fully complied with in all respects since
their passage, and you indicate in your request that they are being
complied with at The University of Texas
The Fifty-second Legislature attached a rider in the
general appropriation bill (House Bill No. 426, Acts 52nd Leg.,
R.S. 1951, ch. 499, p. 1228) which provides:
“Set 1. No money appropriated by this Act shall
be paid to any person as salary or as compensation for
personal services unless and until such person has filed
with the payroll clerk or official by whom such salary
or other compensation is certified for payment, an oath
or affirmation stating:
“(a) That the affiant is not, and has never been,
a member of the Communist Party. (The term ‘Com-
munist Party’ as used herein means any organization
which (a) is substantially directed, dominated or con-
trolled by the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics or
its satellites, or which (b) seeks to overthrow the Gov-
ernment of the United States or of any State by force,
violence or any other unlawful means); and
. ’
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 4 (V-1263)
“(b) That the affiant is not, and for a period of
at least ten (.lO) years has ,not been, a member of any
organization, association, movement, group or com-
bination which the Attorney General of the United
States, acting pursuant to Executive Order>No. 9835,
March 21, 1947, 12 Federal Register 1,935, has des-
ignated as totalitarian, fascist, communist or subver-
sive, or as having adopted a policy of advocating or .,
approving the commission of acts of force or violence.
to deny others their rights under the Constitution of
the United States, or as seeking to alter the form of
Government of the United States by unconstitutional
means; and
“(c) That the affiant is not, and for a period of
at least ten (10) years has not been, a member of any
‘Communist Political Organization’ or ‘Communist
Front Organization’ registered under the Federal In-
ternal Security Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.A. 781, et seq.)
or required to so register under said Act by final or-
der of the Federal Subversive Activities Control Board.*’
“Sec. 2. The various agencies, departments,
boards and institutions for which appropriations are
made in this Act shall obtain and make available to
their employees, the names of organizations, associa-
tions, movements) groups and combinations compre-
hended by subdivisions (b) and (c) above in order that
such employees can readily perceive whether they can
lawfully and truthfully file the oath or affirmation re-
quired herein.“’ Article VI, p. 1447.
Based upon these facts and summarizing your request,
the following is the question presented for our consideration: Is
the “Non-Subversive 0ath”required by Article VI of the General
Provisions of House Bill No. 426, Fifty-second Legislature, R.S.
1951, ch. 499, p. 1228, constitutional, and, if so, does it supersede
either or both of the oaths required by Articles 2908a and 2908b.
V.C.S.?
The most serious problem which ,must be considered
in answering your question is whether legislation such as the rider
prescribing the “Non-Subversive Oath” can be constitutio,nally in-
cluded in a general appropriation bill. If the above-quoted language
were included in a general statute the problem presented would be
far less difficult. The .Legislature may enact many provisions of
law in a general statute which it cannot include in a general appro-
priation bill. The primary constitutional limitation upon the sub-
ject matter of riders in a general appropriation bill is Section 35
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 5 (V-1263)
of Article III of the Texas Constitution, which provides:
“No bill, (except general appropriation bills,
which, may embrace the various subject8 and accounts,
for and on account of which moneyn are appropriated)
shall contain more than one subject, which shall be
expressed in its title. But if any subject shall be em-
braced ,in an act, w~hich shall not be expressed in the
title, such act shall be void only as to so much there-
of, as shall not be so expressed.”
The courts.of this State and many opinions of the At-
torney General have held that under this constitutional provision
general legislation cannot be contained in a general appropriation
bill. The rule in this regard is set out in Attorney General’s
Opinion No, V-1254 (1951) as follows,:
“As long as a general appropriation bill includes
only subjects of appropriating money and limiting the
use thereof in harmony with general legislation, it may
relate to any number of ,different ‘subjects and accounts.’
In such instances all of the subjects are under the one
general object and purpose of appropriating funds from
the treasury. The obvious purpose of this limited ex-
ception was to make certain that appropriations to more
than one department in the same bill would not be pro-
hibited. In all other respects generdl appropriation
bills are subject to the same prohibition as all other
bills against containing more than one subject. The re-
sult is that general legislation cannot be embodied with-
in a general appropriation bill. Moore v Sheppard,
supra.
“A general appropriation bill may be defined as
a single bill which appropriates funds for two or more
departments, subjects, accounts, or purposes, It has
the one general purpose or subject matter of appropri-
ating money.
“General legislation does more than appropriate
money and limit its expenditure. An said;by a former
Attorney General in Opinion No. 2965 (1935),
-I
. . * if the Bill does more than set aside a
sum of money, provide the means of itn distribu-
tion, and to whom it shall be distributed, then it
is a general law 0 . . ’
“Thus, the distinction between general appropri-
ation bills and general legislation has been recognized
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 6 W-1263)
in this State in the simple fact that the former mere-
ly sets apart sums of money for specific objects and
uses while the latter does more than merely appro-
priate and limit the use of funds. General legislation
constitutes a separate subject and cannot be included
within a general appropriation bill. Moore v. Shep-
e, supra; Att’y Gen. Op. 2965, supra-
“This does not mean that general legislation may
not contain an appropriation which is merely incidental
to and necessary to carry out the subject and purpose
of the general law. Attorney General’s Opinion No.
2965, supra. Neither does it mean that a general ap-.
propriation bill may not contain general provisions and
details limiting and restricting the use of the funds
therein appropriated, if such provisions are necessar-
ily connected with and incidental to the appropriation
and use of the funds and if they do not conflict with or
amount to general legislation. Conley v. Daughters of
the Republic, 106 Tex. 80, 156 S.W. 197 (19131.”
The same opinion states a general rule with reference
to matters that may be included in a general appropriation bill as
follows:
“With special regard to what incidental provi-
sions may be included within a general appropriation
bill, our Texas courts have not stated a general rule.
However, from statements as to what may not be iri-
eluded and from numerous opinions of the Attorney
General, we believe the rule may be stated generally
as follows: In addition to appropriating money and
stipulating the amount, manner, and purpose of the
various items of expenditure, a general appropriation
bill may contain any provisions or riders which detail,
limit, or restrict the use of the funds or otherwise in-
sure that the money is spent for the required activity
for which it~is therein appropriated, if the provisions
or riders are necessarily connected with and incidental
tathe4qgr4qriat~anrLlrsedUIP-0111216;.,dprQv~
they do not conflict with general legislation.”
I ,..,a~>..
The legal and historical background of these rules is
set forth in d*ail in Opinion No. V-1254, -, a copy of which is
attached for your information. The only way any part of the rider
here in question can be upheld is under the general rule last quoted
above. Any part of the rider which does not come within that rule
is invalid.
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 7 (V-1263)
If the “Non-Subversive Oath* rider applied only to
State employees who are present members of the subversive or-
ganizations included in the rider or those who become members
thereof in the future, we believe the rider would come within the
above-mentioned rule for insuring that the money is spent for the
required activity for which it is therein appropriated. This is
true for the reason that the doctrine and teachings of those organ-
izations is the very antithesis of the normal operation of State
government and the proper fulfillment of the duties assigned to a
State employee, hence payment to members thereof would result
in partial failure of the appropriation.
It has been held that no unit of government can be de,-
nied the right to keep out of its employ those who seek to over-
throw the eovernment bv force or violence. or those who are
knowingly members of an organization engaged in such endeavor.
Garner v. Board of Public Works, 71 S.Ct. 909 (1951). That the
~iandations
ommums which are described as
“Communist Fronts” come within the proscribed group is clear.
As stated by Mr. Justice Jackson in his concurring opinion in
United States v. Dennis, 71 S.Ct. 857, 894 (1951):
”
D D . From time to time it [Communism]
champions all manner of causes and grievances and
makes alliances that may add to its foothold in gov-
ernment or embarrass the authorities.
“The Communist Party, nevertheless, does not
seek its strength primarily in numbers. D . ~ It seeks
members that are. or may be, secreted in strategic
posts in transportation, communications, industry,
government, and especially in labor unions where it
can compel employers to accept and retain its mem-
bers. It also seeks to infiltrate and control organiea-
tions of professional and other groups. Through these
placements in positions of power it seeks a leverage
over society that will make up in power of coercion
what it lacks in power of persuasion.
“The United States, fortunately has experienced
Communism only in its preparatory stages and for its
pattern of final action must look abroad o ~ ~ Commu-
nist technique in the overturn of a free government was
disclosed by the coup d’etat in which they seized power
in Czechoslovakia. There fhe Communist Party during
its preparatory stage claimed and received protection
for its freedoms of speech. press, and assembly. Pre-
tending to be but another pofitical~ party. it eventuarrji-
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 8 (V-1263)
was c,onceded participation in government, where it
entrenched reliable members chiefly in control of
police and information services. When the govern-
ment faced a foreign and domestic crisis, the Corn-
munist Party had established a leverage strong enough
to threaten civil war. In a period of confusion the
Communist plan unfolded and the underground organ-
ization came to the surface throughout the country in
the form chiefly of labor ‘action committees.’ Com-
munist officers of the unions took over transportation
and allowed only persons with party permits to travel,
Communist printers took over the newspapers and
radio and put out only party-approved versions of
events.. Possession was taken of telegraph and tele-
phone systems and communications were cut off
wherever directed by party heads. Communist unions
took over the factories, and in the cities a partisan
distribution of food was managed by the Communist
organization. A virtually bloodless abdication by the
elected government admitted the Communists to pow-
er, whereupon they instituted a reign of oppression
and terror, and ruthlessly denied to all others the
freedoms which had sheltered their conspiracy.”
(Emphases added throughout,)
A most important and fundamental step in the seizing
control of existing government by subversives is the creation of
dissatisfaction among the loyal citizenry with government in its
present democratic form. This attempt to create dissatisfaction,
of necessity and by design, extends to all levels from the highest
governmental position to the lowest. Infiltration and the subse-
quent performance of assigned duties in an unsatisfactory manner
is a most logical way to extend the idea that present government
is inefficient and should be replaced. This weakening process is :
one of the things which democracy must guard against in order to
follow the most fundamental principles of self-preservation. It is’
also commonly known that subyersives spend on-duty and off-duty
time in all vocations working for, planning, and spreading their
political beliefs and tearing down democratic principles and pro-
cedures. It is thus reasonable for the Legislature to have made
the determination that those persons who are members of subver-
sive organizations would not properly fulfill the duties for which
they would be paid out of funds appropriated in House Bill 426.
Indeed, it is most reasonable to assume that there would be a fail-
‘ure of performance, and that the purpose of ~the appropriation would
be defeated in whole or in part.
Viewed in this light Section 1 of Article VI of House
Bill 426 is very closely analogous to the rider prohibiting the use
:
.. ” ,.
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 9 (V-1263)
of appropriated funds “for the payment of salaries to any employee
who uses alcoholic beverages while on active duty.” Subdiv. (23).
Sec. 2, Art. III, H.B. 426, ~su ra, at p. 1441, This rider was re-
cently upheld as “insuring +-t at the purpose of the appropriation
will not be defeated and the money wasted on an employee who car-
ries on unauthorized activities during the time for which he is
being paid to attend to the State’s business.” Att’y Gen. Op. No.
V-1254 (1951).
Another rider which ,was upheld on the same basis is
that prohibiting payment of appropriated funds to an employee who
engages in certain political activities. Subdiv. (1 l), Sec. 2. Art.
III. H.B. 426, *, at p, 1434. In placing the political activities
rider in the general appropriation bill the’Legislature has very
clearly determined that no employee while on duty for the State
should engage in affairs tending toward the selection of persons to
occupy elective offices and thus neglect or fail to perform the of-
ficial duties for which he is being paid from appropriated funds.
These prohibited activities would undoubtedly~ lead to a failure of
the appropriation due to the impossibility of properly carrying on
two functions at the same time. In placing the “Non-Subversive
0ath”rider in the general appropriation bill the Legislature made
the same determination with reference to those engaging in subver-
sive activities. Subversives necessarily engage in activities polit-
ical in nature, as well as other activities tending toward the even-
tual overthrow of the State government. The two riders having
been placed in the general appropriation bill for the same purpose
and the one held a valid inclusion, the other must also be valid.
As was stated by the Supreme Court of the United States
in Garner v. Board of Public Works, su ra, with regard to an oath
similar in many respects to that prescri
----SF ed’by Section 1 of Article
VI:
102-103, 67 S. Ct. 556, 570, 571, 91 L.Ed. 754, and a
State is not ,without power to do as much.”
What has been said with regard to that part of the rider
prohibiting payment of funds therein appropriated to present or future
members ofisub.versive.o’r.ganiaatibns iioes tint-,apply to ‘the rider in
ifs enfirety. That poition c.oncirning itseas wifh the expendimre of
appropriated funds for the payment bf,*salaries to, those who once
belonged to a listed organization and who are now no longer spendin::
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 10 (V-1263)
time in the conflicting and subversive activities contains subject
matter of general legislation. It is one thing to prohibit payment
of funds to persons now belonging to subversive organizations and
quite a different thing to prohibit payment and thereby deny State
employment to those who once belonged but later renounced and
do not now belong to such an organization.
A mere glance at the names of over 100 organizations
on the Attorney General’s present subversive list will reveal that
perfectly loyal citizens could have been induced to join some of
’
them without knowledge of their evil purposes. Such a person who
,/, innocently joined one of these organizations 7 years ago but re-
,/’
signed and denounced it upon discovery of its subversive purpose
,/’ 6 years ago would nevertheless be prevented from receiving a
State salary today under the 10 year retroactive feature of the
rider. This amounts to setting up a general qualification for State
employees based upon what they belonged to and what their activ-
ities were in the past rather than upon what they belong to, and do
at the present or in the future. Such general legislation may be
proper and desirable, but if so, it must be enacted in a general
statute in order to be constitutional. This type of legislation has
been held to be a punishment for past activities, United States v.
Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946); Bailey v. Richardson, 182 F.2d 46
(WApp. D.C. 1950) aff’d per curiam by a divided court 71 S.Ct.
669 (1951), and there can be no doubt but that provisions for pun-
ishment of this nature must be contained in general legislation
rather than a general appropriation bill. Even in drafting a gen-
eral law with retrospective provisions great care must be taken
‘to prevent a conflict with Section 16 of Article I of the Texas Con-
stitution and Section 10 of Article I of the United States Constitu-
tion prohibiting the passage of bills of attainder or ex post facto
Missouri, 71 U.S. 277 (1866); Fletcher v. Peck,
nited States v. Lovett, supra; Garner v. Board
of Public Works, supra; Bailey v. Richardson, supra.
The difference between what the Legislature may in-
corporate in a general appropriation bill and what it may not con-
stitutionally incorporate therein is clearly illustrated by the pros-
pective and retrospective features of the rider under consideration.
The retrospective provision attempts to do more than insure “that
the purpose of the appropriation will not be defeated and the money
wasted on an employee who carries on unauthorized activities dur-
ing the time for which he is being paid to attend to the State’s busi-
ness.” It is based on past activities of employees and not present
activities which are certain to conflict with the purpose of the ap-
propriation. On the other hand, resent membership in an organ-
ization bent on overthrowing or un
+. ermming the State government
has substantial ~effect upon an employee’s productivity at his job.
As such, the prospective feature is:not an attempt to incorporate
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 11 (V-1263)
general legislation in a general appropriation bill, but is only an
attempt by the Legislature to insure that the money appropriated
is spent for the designated purpose. The distinction between the
prospective and retrospective features of the rider with regard
to ability or willingness to perform present or future duties is
apparent. Upon this distinction rests the difference in the legal
principles to be applied,
With the foregoing in mind, a final answer to your
quertion involves several general and well-settled legal princi-
ples. It is well settled that in determining the constitutionality
of a statute it is the duty of the courts to uphold the legislative
enactment if at all possible and to adopt any reasonable construc-
tion which will place the statute in harmony with the Constitution
rather than one which will cause the statute to be in violation
thereof, Pickle v. Finley, 91 Tex. 484, 44 S.W. 480 (1898) and
Greene v, Robison, 117 Tkx. 516, 82.S.W.2d 655 (1928). This
same duty applies with equal force to the Attorney General.
Similarly, it is incumbent upon us, by direct legisla-
tive mandate, should a portion of Section 1 of Article VI of House
Bill No. 426 be in violation of the Constitution under any reason-
able construction, to uphold any portion thereof which is constitu-
tional. Article VII of House Bill 426, a “saving clause,” provides:
“If any section, sentence,or clause or part of
this Act shall for any reason.be held to be invalid,
such decision shall not affect the remaining portions
of this Act, and it is hereby declared to be the inten-
tion of the Legislature to have. passed each sentence,
section, clause or part thereof, irrespective of the
fact that any other sentence, section,‘clause, or part
thereof may be declared invalid.”
The language of the rider leaves no doubt that the
Legislature was of the opinion that any person belonging to one
of the named organizations is unable to carry out his assigned
duties, thereby causing a failure of the appropriation in part. That
this is a reasonable assumption is borne out by United States v.
, and the previous discussion in this opinion. Th
e attempted to insure that appropriated funds wo?d
not be paid to one whose purpose is to undermine and destroy the
State government by failing to perform or improperly performing
his assigned duties. In our opinion the rider, in so far as it re-
quires an oath of no present or future membership in the subver-
sive organizations, is valid. Under the saving clause this valid
portion of the rider is severable from that portion which is the
subject of general legislation attempted in a general appropria-
tion bill and hence unconstitutional under Section 35 .of Article III
of the Texas Constitution.
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 12 (V-1263)
The effect of the ‘Non-SubversiveOath” rider as here-
,inr.onstrued is to require that every State employee execute the
oatli required by this rider, which, to comply with the constitution-
alrequirements, should read as follows:
“(a) That the affiant is not a member of, the
Communist Party. (The term ‘Communist Party’ as
used herein means any organization which (a) is sub-
stantially directed, dominated or controlled by the
Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics or its satellites,
or which (b) seeks to overthrow the Government of the
United States or of any State by force, violence or any
other unlawful means; and
“(b) That the affiant is not a member of any or-
ganization, association, movement, group or combina-
tion which the Attorney General of the United States,
acting pursuant to Executive Order No. 9835, March
21, 1947, 12 Federal Register 1935, has designated as
totalitarian, fascist, communist or subversive, or as
having adopted a policy of advocating or approving the
commission of acts of force or violence to deny others
their rights under the Constitution of the United States,
or as seeking to alter the form of Government of the
United States by unconstitutional means; and
“(c) That the affiant is not a member of any
‘Communist Political Organization’ or ‘CZnmmunist
Front Organization’ registered under the Federal In-
ternal Security Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.A. 781, et seq.)
or required to so register under said Act by final or-
der of the Federal Subversive Activities Control Board.”
After receiving the list of subversive organizations
listed by the Attorney General of the United States which serves
as notice that those organizations listed are subversive, each em-
ployee must sign the oath prior to receiving his salary.
We are not unmindful of the rule of law that a general
appropriation bill may not alter, amend or repeal general law.
Att’y Gen. Op. V-1254, supra, The constitutional portion of the
rider in question does not violate this rule but is merely cumula-
tive of statutes requiring execution and filing of oaths. It is in
complete harmony with the general statutes on the subject. Con-
ley v. Daughters of the Republic, 106 Tex. 80, 156 S.W. 197 m).
Turning, then, to the procedure to be followed at The University
of Texas, since the oaths required at State-supported institutions
of higher learning are cumulative and each an additional safeguard
against the employment of subversives, all three of the oaths must
.
Hon. D. K. Woodward, Jr., Page 13 (V-1263)
be executed. In this connection we know of no reason why they
should not be joined in one document and subscribed and sworn
to as a single instrument.
.
SUMMARY _,
The ‘“Non-Subversive ‘Oath? required by the gen-
eral appropriation bill for the biennium ending August
31, 1953 (Art. VI, Sec. 1, H.B. 426, Acts 52nd Leg.,
RS. 1951, ch. 499, pa 1228), is constitutional and cu-
mulative of the existing oaths to the extent that its
operation is prospective. The rider to this extent is
a mere limitation upon the use of the money and in-
sures that the money will be spent for the required
activity for which it was appropriated.
It is commonly known that Communists and other
subversives spend on-duty and off-duty time mall vo-
cations working ~for, planning, and spre,ading, ,their polit-
icaI,,beliefs ‘and tearing down democratic principles ‘and
procedures, It is therefore a reasonable limitation,
restriction, and safeguard.on the expenditure of public
fundsfor the Legislature to provide that funds therein
appropriated for salaries shall not be paid to employees
who belong to subversive organizations. Since it is in-
cidental to the appropriation and is not. an additional
subject of general legislation, this provision does not
violate Sec. 35, Art. III of the Texas Constitution.
That portion of the rider which is retrospective
rather than prospective in operation is a subject mat-
ter of general legislation and therefore invalid in a
general appropriation bill. However, the two portions
are severable, and under the valid portion each State
employee must execute an oath that he is not a mem-
ber of the Communist Party or any other subversive
organisation referred to in the rider before receiving
a salary from money appropriated by House Bill 426.
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