IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-15-00346-CV
MATTHEW S. BOVEE,
Appellant
v.
HOUSTON PRESS LLP, MARGARET
DOWNING, DIANNA WRAY, PETER
RYAN, DALLAS OBSERVER, LLP, KXAN,
DAWN DENNY, PATRICK WILLIAMS,
MEDIA GENERAL INC., VOICE MEDIA
GROUP, DOES 1 THROUGH 5, AND JANE DOE,
Appellees
From the 249th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court No. DC-C201500272
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Matthew S. Bovee appeals the trial court’s order pursuant to a Rule 76a motion to
seal court records. Because the trial court did not err in implicitly overruling Bovee’s
motion for a bench warrant, did not err in reviewing documents in camera, and did not
abuse its discretion in rendering the order, we affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
Bovee, a prison inmate, sued Johnny Doe’s mother and others alleging they
conspired to publish defamatory news articles about Bovee. The articles pertained to
Bovee’s criminal actions, particularly sexual abuse of Johnny, at a summer camp. Johnny
and his family’s true identities were not disclosed in the articles. However, Bovee
included Johnny’s and Johnny’s family’s names in Bovee’s civil pleadings. Johnny, as a
non-party, filed a motion to seal court records to protect his anonymity and emotional
well-being. After a hearing, the trial court issued an order redacting from all pleadings
filed in the case Johnny’s name and the name of any person if the use of that person’s
name would tend to identify Johnny and prohibiting the filing of future pleadings which
use Johnny’s name or the name of any person if the use of that person’s name would tend
to identify Johnny.
BENCH WARRANT
Because it could be dispositive of this case, we address Bovee’s fifth issue first. In
that issue, Bovee complains that the trial court erred in denying Bovee’s motion for a
bench warrant to be present at the hearing on Johnny Doe’s motion to seal records. The
motion to seal was filed on July 30, 2015, and a temporary order was signed on July 31,
2015. A hearing was set for August 28, 2015. Bovee’s motion for a bench warrant was
filed on August 17, 2015. Bovee’s reason for requesting the bench warrant was “so that I
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may give testimony and oppose the Motion [to Seal].” Based on the record before us, we
cannot tell that the trial court expressly ruled on Bovee’s motion. Bovee, however,
appeared at the hearing by telephone.1 Thus, by proceeding with the hearing without
issuing the bench warrant, and if the motion was timely called to the attention of the trial
court, the trial court impliedly overruled Bovee’s motion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A).
From the record before us, we cannot tell if the motion was timely called to the trial
court’s attention. We will assume without deciding, however, that it was and proceed to
address the merits of the implied ruling.
Litigants cannot be denied access to the courts simply because they are inmates.
See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 523, 82 L. Ed. 2d 393, 104 S. Ct. 3194 (1984). However,
an inmate does not have an absolute right to appear in person in every court proceeding.
In the Interest of Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 165 (Tex. 2003). Instead, the inmate's right of access
to the courts must be weighed against the protection of our correctional system's
integrity. Id. Consequently, a prisoner requesting a bench warrant must justify the need
for his presence. Id. A trial court has no independent duty to inquire into 1) relevant
facts not provided by the inmate, or 2) the necessity of an inmate’s appearance. See id. at
166.
Bovee’s request for a bench warrant stated no basis for why his appearance in
1It appears from the reporter’s record that Bovee was scheduled to personally appear at the hearing, but
due to actions by Bovee, he was not permitted to attend.
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court was necessary to preserve his constitutional right, and it included no information
by which the trial court could assess the necessity of his appearance. Further, he failed
to provide any factual information showing why his interest in appearing at the hearing
outweighed the protection of the correctional system's integrity. Because Bovee failed to
make the required showing and the trial court is not required, on its own, to seek out the
necessary information, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by implicitly denying
Bovee’s request for a bench warrant.
Bovee’s fifth issue is overruled.
TIME PERIOD
In his first issue, Bovee argues the trial court erred in issuing a sealing order that
did not comply with section (6) of Rule 76a. Specifically, he asserts the trial court failed
to state a time period for the duration of the court’s order. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 76a(6). Rule
76a(6) provides the written order sealing court records, “shall state:…the time period for
which the sealed portions of the court records are to be sealed.” Id.
As a result of the hearing on the motion to seal, the trial court ordered the name of
Johnny Doe and names of any other persons which, if used, would tend to identify
Johnny Doe redacted from all pleadings on file in the case. The trial court further ordered,
“[f]rom the date of this Order forward, no pleadings may use the actual names of Johnny
Doe or any other person the use of which name would tend to identify Johnny Doe.”
Citing Boardman v. Elm Block Dev. Ltd. Partnership, 872 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. App.—
Bovee v. Houston Press LLP Page 4
Eastland 1994, no pet.), Bovee does not consider this language, “[f]rom the date of this
Order forward,” to be compliant with subsection 6 because it is “contrary to the very
nature” of Rule 76a. Boardman is distinguishable. In Boardman, the appellate court held
the trial court abused its discretion in sealing court records longer than the duration of
the settlement negotiations, the stated reason for the sealing order. It did not hold that
the 10 year period set in the sealing order was too long, per se. It also did not hold that a
period such as the one in this case, is erroneous.
Bovee has not cited any case authority, and we have found none, that limits the
time period set in a sealing order. We believe a time period such as what is found in this
case is a stated “time period” as described by the Rule. It may be longer than what Bovee
wants, but it is a time period, nonetheless. Further, as with any time period set under the
Rule, it is not necessarily permanent. The Rule provides a way to reduce the time period
for sealing or eliminate the sealing order altogether. Pursuant to subsection 7, the trial
court’s plenary power is extended indefinitely so that third parties may intervene before
or after judgment in order to change or terminate the sealing order. Lloyd Dogget and
Michael J. Mucchatti, Public Access to Public Courts: Discouraging Secrecy in the Public
Interest, 69 Texas L. Rev. 643, 681 (1991). This procedure ensures that sealing orders will
not exist indefinitely without the possibility of future intervention, when secrecy is no
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longer justified.2 Id.
Accordingly, Bovee’s first issue is overruled.
IN CAMERA
Bovee next complains that the “trial court erred in admitting evidence ex parte and
in camera.” Specifically, he complains that he was not served with documents submitted
for the trial court’s in camera inspection prior to the hearing on the motion to seal; thus,
he argues, the documents were admitted into evidence ex parte and the trial court should
not have considered them in camera.
In support of his motion to seal, counsel for Johnny Doe presented documents to
the trial court at the hearing on the motion to seal for an in camera inspection. The
documents were not admitted into evidence or presented ex parte.3 The trial court did not
receive them until the hearing on the motion to seal when the parties were present and
given the opportunity to be heard.4 Bovee was present at and participated in the hearing
by telephone. It appears from the reporter’s record that Bovee was scheduled to appear
2A party, however, cannot seek a change in the order unless circumstances that materially affect the order
have changed. TEX. R. CIV. P. 76a(7).
3A proceeding where not all the parties are present or given the opportunity to be heard. See BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY 1221 (7th ed. 1999).
4Bovee chides Johnny Doe’s counsel for agreeing to send Bovee the documents but not following through
with that agreement. Counsel did not agree to send Bovee copies of the documents. Rather, counsel stated,
“I will be happy to mail them to him provided that he is willing and the Court is willing to enter some sort
of protective order preventing him from sharing these documents to anyone anywhere at any time, except
for in this case.” Bovee never said he was willing to have a protective order entered. And no protective
order was rendered.
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in person, but due to his own actions, was ultimately not permitted to attend in person.
The documents were inspected by the court in camera, which means they were considered
privately, as permitted by Rule 76a. TEX. R. CIV. P. 76a(4) (“The court may inspect records
in camera when necessary”); see BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 763 (7th ed. 1999).
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by inspecting the documents in camera.
Bovee’s second issue is overruled.
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
Bovee next contends the evidence is insufficient to support the sealing order.
Although he cites to no case law, Bovee presumes the standard for reviewing the
propriety of a Rule 76a sealing order is for sufficiency of the evidence. That is not the
standard. We review Rule 76a decisions for an abuse of discretion. Gen. Tire v. Kepple,
970 S.W.2d 520, 526 (Tex. 1998). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an
unreasonable or arbitrary manner or when it acts without reference to any guiding rules
or principles. Id. An abuse of discretion does not exist where the trial court bases its
decisions on conflicting evidence. Id.
Bovee fails to address how the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the
redaction of Johnny Doe’s name and the name of any other person whose name would
tend to identify Johnny Doe from pleadings on file and prohibiting Bovee from using
Johnny Doe’s name or the name of any other person whose name would tend to identify
Johnny Doe in future pleadings. Accordingly, this issue is improperly briefed and
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presents nothing for review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life
Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex. 1994); Dorton v. Chase, 262 S.W.3d 396, 400 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2008, pet. denied).
Bovee’s third issue is overruled.
REDACTION
Lastly, Bovee argues the trial court erred in ordering redaction of court records
because Johnny Doe voluntarily disclosed a significant part of the privileged matters he
sought to seal.5 Bovee’s argument under this issue is premised on Rule 511 of the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure which states:
A person upon whom these rules confer a privilege against disclosure
waives the privilege if:
(1) the person or a predecessor of the person while holder of the
privilege voluntarily discloses or consents to disclosure of any significant
part of the privileged matter unless such disclosure itself is privileged;
TEX. R. CIV. P. 511.
However, Rule 511 governs waiver of evidentiary privileges by voluntary disclosure.
Paxton v. City of Dallas, No. 15-0073, 2017 Tex. LEXIS 122, at *25 (Tex. Feb. 3, 2017)
(publication status pending) (emphasis added). Bovee contends that, although the rule
states it applies to persons “upon whom these rules confer a privilege,” it also applies to
5
This is a significant misstatement of Johnny Doe’s argument. Although Bovee alleges that Johnny Doe’s
mother disclosed Johnny Doe’s identity to third parties, the only information Johnny Doe sought to protect
was his identity. The events leading to Bovee’s incarceration were not part of the privileged matter Johnny
Doe sought to seal.
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constitutional privileges. To support this contention, Bovee cites Lozada-Mendoza v. State,
951 S.W.2d 39, 43 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1997, no pet.). Lozada does not stand for
the proposition stated by Bovee. Rather, it is an opinion in a criminal appeal which
discusses the waiver of a defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination. It does not
discuss whether Rule 511 applies to the waiver of constitutional privileges. Bovee has
not cited any other case, and we have found none, for the proposition that Rule 511
applies to the waiver of constitutional privileges. Thus, Bovee’s argument that Johnny
Doe waived his privacy privilege pursuant to Rule 511 of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure is overruled.
Bovee’s fourth issue is overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled each issue presented on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s Order
on Motion to Seal Court Records.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed March 15, 2017
[CV06]
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