In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16‐1693
SHERRY ANICICH,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
HOME DEPOT U.S.A., INC., et al.,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 14 C 7125 — Jorge L. Alonso, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JANUARY 10, 2017 — DECIDED MARCH 24, 2017
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and ROVNER and HAMILTON,
Circuit Judges.
HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. This tragic case tests the scope of
Illinois employers’ tort liability for intentional torts commit‐
ted by their supervisory employees against other employees
where the employer has been negligent. Plaintiff’s complaint
alleges that the defendants jointly employed as a supervisor a
man with a known history of sexually harassing, verbally
abusing, and physically intimidating his female subordinates.
2 No. 16‐1693
The complaint also alleges that the joint employers failed to
take reasonable steps in response to female employees’ com‐
plaints and to misbehavior that more senior managers ob‐
served.
The supervisor’s treatment of one subordinate, Alisha
Bromfield, included verbally abusing her while throwing
things, controlling and monitoring her both during and out‐
side her work hours, and requiring her to come with him on
business trips. After five years of that treatment, he used his
supervisory authority to require Alisha to come on a personal
trip with him—to an out‐of‐state family wedding—by threat‐
ening to fire her or cut her hours if she refused. She went. Af‐
ter the wedding, he killed and raped her.
Alisha’s mother, acting as the administrator of the estates
of Alisha and Alisha’s unborn daughter, has sued the employ‐
ers. The defendant‐employers persuaded the district court
that they had no duty to control this supervisor’s behavior.
We respectfully disagree. Illinois law permits recovery from
employers whose negligent hiring, supervision, or retention
of their employees causes injury. The unusually detailed com‐
plaint plausibly states such claims. We believe the Illinois
courts would apply this general principle to the claims arising
from Alisha’s murder.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The defendant‐employers moved to dismiss under Fed‐
eral Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted. By that strategic choice,
they have asked us to treat the allegations in the complaint as
true and to give the plaintiff the benefit of any reasonable and
favorable inferences from those allegations. Reynolds v. CB
No. 16‐1693 3
Sports Bar, Inc., 623 F.3d 1143, 1146 (7th Cir. 2010). In its gen‐
eral outline, the complaint’s story is all too familiar: defend‐
ants employed as a supervisor a man with a history of sex‐
ually harassing his young female subordinates. He fixated on
one. He began making advances on her and calling her his
girlfriend. His behavior escalated over time, from such inap‐
propriate comments to verbal abuse, public outbursts, throw‐
ing and slamming objects, and finally, to deadly violence.
In its specifics, the complaint’s story is tragic, ending in the
deaths of Alisha and her unborn daughter at the hands of
Brian Cooper, a regional manager for the defendant‐employ‐
ers. The three defendants are Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., Grand
Service, LLC, and Grand Flower Growers, Inc., which man‐
aged garden centers for Home Depot stores. Am. Compl. ¶ 9.
All three defendants jointly employed Brian Cooper as a re‐
gional manager. ¶ 11.1
Cooper had a history of sexually harassing his young fe‐
male subordinates. He fixated for a while on a recent high
school graduate named Jessica. ¶ 18. He would introduce her
as his girlfriend, make comments about his genitals to her,
and rub himself against her. ¶ 19. He once required her to ride
alone with him from Joliet to Chicago while he made such
comments. ¶ 20. Jessica complained to her group leader, who
told her that other employees had complained about Cooper
and that even the group leader herself felt uncomfortable
working with him. ¶ 21. Cooper became increasingly loud
1 The complaint does not explain the relationship between Grand Service
and Grand Flower, but they appear to be part of the same corporate struc‐
ture. We refer to the two companies collectively as “Grand.” The issue of
joint employment was not part of the defendants’ motions to dismiss or
the district court’s decision and is beyond the scope of this appeal.
4 No. 16‐1693
and abusive with Jessica, yelling and swearing at her. ¶ 22.
Ultimately, Jessica quit her job. ¶ 23.
Cooper then shifted his attention to Alisha Bromfield. Ali‐
sha was a teenager when she began working for the defend‐
ants in 2006, and she worked seasonally for them until her
death in 2012. ¶ 14. Cooper’s behavior toward her at first re‐
sembled his behavior towards Jessica. He would call her his
girlfriend. ¶ 27. He started swearing and yelling at her, calling
her names like “bitch,” “slut,” and “whore” in front of cus‐
tomers. ¶¶ 26, 34. These outbursts came to include throwing
and slamming things. ¶ 39.
Cooper became increasingly controlling of Alisha’s time
away from work. If she was going to spend a lunch break with
a man, he sometimes denied her lunch breaks. ¶ 33. Once,
when she asked him for a day off, he called her a “whore.”
¶ 34. He started calling and texting her outside of work, pre‐
tending he wanted to talk about a work‐related issue in order
to get her attention, to monitor her, and to pressure her to
spend time with him alone. ¶ 38. And he required Alisha to
come with him on business trips, once insisting that they
share a hotel room. ¶ 46. In her last year working for the de‐
fendants, and the last year of her life, Alisha became pregnant.
Cooper reacted angrily. ¶ 36.
Cooper’s behavior toward female subordinates in general
and Alisha in particular was known to more senior manage‐
ment. Throughout her time working for the defendants, Ali‐
sha complained repeatedly about Cooper to other supervisors
and managers in the defendants’ hierarchies. ¶ 37. She told
her group leader that she did not want to be left alone with
him. ¶ 27. One Home Depot manager saw Alisha crying after
Cooper denied her a break. ¶ 33. Another sent Cooper home
No. 16‐1693 5
after he called Alisha a “slut” and a “whore” in front of cus‐
tomers. ¶ 35. Grand ordered him to take anger management
classes, but he did not complete the course. He confronted his
human resources manager about the requirement, and was
ordered to attend additional anger management classes, but
neither employer followed up to make sure he did so. ¶ 42.
Defendants’ managers told Alisha that they knew about
Cooper’s behavior. ¶ 39. Yet he remained Alisha’s supervisor.
¶ 30.
In 2012, when Alisha was about seven months pregnant,
Cooper began asking her to go to his sister’s wedding in Wis‐
consin with him. ¶¶ 49, 51. She refused. Then, invoking the
authority the defendants had entrusted to him as a supervi‐
sor, he told her he would fire her or reduce her hours if she
did not go. ¶¶ 49–50. She went. After the wedding, Cooper
took Alisha to the hotel room he had rented for the two of
them. He asked her, again, to be in a relationship with him.
She refused, again. ¶ 53. Cooper strangled her to death. He
then raped her corpse.2
Plaintiff Sherry Anicich is Alisha Bromfield’s mother. She
is the administrator of the estates of both Alisha and her un‐
born daughter. ¶¶ 1, 93. In her capacity as administrator, An‐
icich sued Home Depot and Grand in state court in Illinois.
Defendants removed the case to federal court based on diver‐
sity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332 and 1441.
The defendants then moved to dismiss the complaint un‐
der Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. The district court
2 Cooper was found guilty of first‐degree intentional homicide and third‐
degree sexual assault. He was sentenced to two consecutive life terms
without the possibility of parole.
6 No. 16‐1693
granted the original motions but correctly gave the plaintiff
leave to amend. See, e.g., Runnion v. Girl Scouts of Greater Chi‐
cago, 786 F.3d 510, 519 (7th Cir. 2015) (where Rule 12(b)(6) mo‐
tion is granted, plaintiff should ordinarily be given at least
one opportunity to amend complaint), citing Luevano v. Wal‐
Mart Stores, Inc., 722 F.3d 1014, 1024 (7th Cir. 2013), among
other cases. The plaintiff filed her amended complaint, which
we use for our account of the facts. The amended complaint
alleges the defendants were negligent and that their negli‐
gence caused Alisha’s death at Cooper’s hands. The defend‐
ants again moved to dismiss on the ground that they did not
owe a duty of care to Alisha. The district court agreed and
dismissed the complaint, again granting leave to amend. An‐
icich v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., No. 14 C 7125, 2016 WL
930655, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 11, 2016). The plaintiff chose to
appeal, without trying to amend further.3
II. Analysis
We review de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss,
“construe [the complaint] in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, accept well‐pleaded facts as true, and draw
all inferences in [that party’s] favor.” Reynolds, 623 F.3d at
1146, quoting Reger Development, LLC v. National City Bank, 592
3 Grand argues that we lack appellate jurisdiction because plaintiff filed
her notice of appeal before the district court entered its final judgment of
dismissal with prejudice. The argument overlooks Federal Rule of Appel‐
late Procedure 4(a)(2), which provides that a notice of appeal filed “after
the court announces a decision … but before the entry of the judgment” is
treated as “filed on the date of and after the entry.” See also Albiero v. City
of Kankakee, 122 F.3d 417, 420 (7th Cir. 1997) (applying that rule to a notice
of appeal filed before time to file a new complaint expired). We have ju‐
risdiction over this appeal.
No. 16‐1693 7
F.3d 759, 763 (7th Cir. 2010). Applying that standard, we re‐
verse.
Illinois tort law controls this case. See Erie Railroad Co. v.
Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). There is no Illinois case di‐
rectly on point, but there are a number of indications from re‐
lated situations involving attempts to hold employers liable
for a wide range of torts committed by their employees. Our
task as a federal court interpreting state law is “to determine
how the state’s highest court would rule.” Rodas v. Seidlin, 656
F.3d 610, 626 (7th Cir. 2011). We base our predictions on the
decisions of the state’s highest court, and we consider deci‐
sions of intermediate appellate courts unless there is good
reason to doubt the state’s highest court would agree with
them. Id.
The general rule in Illinois tort law is that one person has
no duty to prevent the criminal acts of another. Simmons v.
Homatas, 925 N.E.2d 1089, 1099 (Ill. 2010). But Illinois courts
recognize several exceptions that limit the general rule. We
focus on one: employers have a duty to act reasonably in hir‐
ing, supervising, and retaining their employees. Van Horne v.
Muller, 705 N.E.2d 898, 904 (Ill. 1998) (“Illinois law recognizes
a cause of action against an employer for negligently hiring,
or retaining in its employment, an employee it knew, or
should have known, was unfit for the job so as to create a dan‐
ger of harm to third persons.”); Platson v. NSM, America, Inc.,
748 N.E.2d 1278, 1284 (Ill. App. 2001) (“[P]laintiff has alleged
sufficient facts to establish a possibility of recovery for negli‐
gent supervision.”).
To recover for a breach of that duty, a plaintiff must prove
that: (1) the defendant‐employer knew or should have known
that an employee had a particular unfitness for his position so
8 No. 16‐1693
as to create a danger of harm to third persons; (2) that such
particular unfitness was known or should have been known
at the time of the hiring, retention, or failure to supervise; and
(3) that this particular unfitness proximately caused the plain‐
tiff’s injury. Van Horne, 705 N.E.2d at 904; Platson, 748 N.E.2d
at 1284. The proximate causation element is satisfied when the
employee’s particular unfitness “rendered the plaintiff’s in‐
jury foreseeable to a person of ordinary prudence in the em‐
ployer’s position.” Platson, 748 N.E.2d at 1284.
Home Depot and Grand offer three reasons why the plain‐
tiff did not state a claim under that theory. First, they believe
that allowing this case to go forward would extend Illinois
law and that such an extension would create new and unjus‐
tifiable burdens for employers. See Simpkins v. CSX Transpor‐
tation, Inc., 965 N.E.2d 1092, 1098 (Ill. 2012) (“the magnitude
of the burden of guarding against the injury” is one factor in
whether a duty existed). Second, they argue that those rules
apply only when the employee is on the employer’s premises
or using the employer’s chattel, and that neither was true
when Cooper killed Alisha. See Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 317(a) (Am. Law Inst. 1965); O’Rourke v. McIlvaine, 19 N.E.3d
714, 721–22 (Ill. App. 2014) (applying § 317 to a negligent hir‐
ing and retention claim). Finally, they contend that Alisha’s
injury was not foreseeable to a person of ordinary prudence
in the employer’s position. We address those concerns in turn.
A. Burden of the Duty
Defendants believe that they have no obligation to fire or
demote employees because of their “usage of inappropriate
No. 16‐1693 9
language, or sexual misconduct.”4 We should not create that
obligation, they argue, because the resulting burdens would
be intolerable.
The problem with that argument is that the defendants al‐
ready have that obligation, independent of this case and even
independent of Illinois tort law. “Hostile or abusive work en‐
vironments are forms of sex discrimination actionable under
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” Lapka v. Chertoff, 517
F.3d 974, 982 (7th Cir. 2008). Sexual harassment is also action‐
able under the Illinois Human Rights Act. 775 Ill. Comp. Stat.
5/2‐102(D); Sangamon County Sheriff’s Dep’t v. Illinois Human
Rights Comm’n, 908 N.E.2d 39, 41 (Ill. 2009).
Under these statutes, employers can be held liable for fail‐
ing to discipline harassing employees. See Burlington Indus‐
tries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 765 (1998) (employers are vi‐
cariously liable for hostile environments created by supervi‐
sors unless they can show they “exercised reasonable care to
prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behav‐
ior”); EEOC v. Management Hospitality of Racine, Inc., 666 F.3d
422, 434–35 (7th Cir. 2012) (affirming jury verdict for plaintiff,
in part because there was sufficient evidence to find that de‐
fendants’ sexual harassment policy did not prevent and
promptly correct harassment); Smith v. Sheahan, 189 F.3d 529,
4 Home Depot asserts in its brief that it employs “thousands” of such peo‐
ple. We hope this insult to the character of Home Depot’s employees and
to the judgment of its managers was just an ill‐advised exaggeration. For
its part, Grand frames the case in terms of whether it had an obligation to
control Alisha’s behavior. This offensive assumption that the victim’s be‐
havior was the problem is at best flatly contrary to the Rule 12(b)(6) stand‐
ard.
10 No. 16‐1693
535 (7th Cir. 1999) (reasonable jury could conclude that de‐
fendant did not remedy harassment when it failed to disci‐
pline harasser); Mansker, No. 1999SF0356, 2004 WL 3372598,
at *2 (Ill. Hum. Rts. Comm’n Apr. 7, 2004) (finding employer
liable when it had notice of sexual harassment and “did not
take actions to correct the working environment”); see also
Heath, No. 2003CF1052, 2004 WL 4229510, at *1 (IL Dep’t
Hum. Rts. Aug. 1, 2004) (dismissing in part a charge of dis‐
crimination because the employer investigated, suspended,
and finally discharged the harassing co‐worker). The plaintiff
does not ask us to impose any new obligations on employers
to oversee their supervisory employees, and we do not do so
by allowing this case to proceed.
B. On the Employer’s Premises
The Restatement (Second) of Torts provides that employ‐
ers have “a duty to exercise reasonable care” to control em‐
ployees who are acting outside the scope of their employment
if the employees are on the employers’ premises or using the
employers’ chattels. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 317(a)
(Am. Law Inst. 1965). (As examples of chattels that could be
used in such torts, consider motor vehicles, power tools, or
weapons.)
Illinois has adopted that rule and has used it to limit em‐
ployers’ liability for negligent hiring, supervision, or reten‐
tion. See O’Rourke, 19 N.E.3d at 721, citing Hills v. Bridgeview
Little League Ass’n, 745 N.E.2d 1166, 1179 (Ill. 2000); Escobar v.
Madsen Construction Co., 589 N.E.2d 638, 639–40 (Ill. App.
1992) (explaining that cases holding employers liable for neg‐
ligent hiring and supervision “fall within the purview” of
§ 317). The requirement is intended not to be arbitrary or for‐
malistic but to limit recovery to injuries which “occurred by
No. 16‐1693 11
virtue of the servant’s employment.” Doe v. Boy Scouts of
America, 4 N.E.3d 550, 561 (Ill. App. 2014), quoting Carter v.
Skokie Valley Detective Agency, Ltd., 628 N.E.2d 602, 604 (1993).
In particular, Illinois applies this rule to avoid holding an
employer liable simply because the tortfeasor and the victim
know each other through work. See MacDonald v. Hinton, 836
N.E.2d 893, 901–02 (Ill. App. 2005) (premises requirement not
met where murderer befriended victim through work); see
also Carter, 628 N.E.2d at 605–06 (murderer’s negligent em‐
ployment not the cause of victim’s death, even though victim
let him into her car because “she trusted him because she
knew him from work”). In Escobar, for example, the defendant
employed as a foreman a carpenter with a history of verbal
abuse and violent confrontation, both on and off the defend‐
ant’s worksites. 589 N.E.2d at 638. One night, the carpenter
got into a fight with a co‐worker in a bar; the next morning,
he shot the co‐worker. Id. at 638–39. The Illinois appellate
court affirmed summary judgment for the employer, reason‐
ing that the employment and the assault were not sufficiently
connected. Id. at 639. The tortfeasor “was not on Madsen’s job
site, not doing Madsen’s work, and not using Madsen’s gun.”
Id. at 640. The employment only “provided a condition” for
the attack. Id. at 639.
Cooper was not on the defendants’ premises when he
killed Alisha, nor did he use their chattels. But he used some‐
thing else the defendants gave him: supervisory authority
over Alisha. He threatened to fire her or reduce her hours if
she did not go with him to his sister’s wedding. Am. Compl.
¶¶ 49–50. He thus threatened to take what the Supreme Court
calls “tangible employment actions.” Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 761.
12 No. 16‐1693
He could do that only because the defendants made him Ali‐
sha’s supervisor. See id. at 762 (“Tangible employment actions
fall within the special province of the supervisor.”).
We believe that § 317(a) should be satisfied by a tortfea‐
sor’s use of supervisory authority. We predict that the Illinois
Supreme Court would agree, for two reasons: because super‐
visory authority is in this respect analogous to a chattel, and
because other grounds support holding employers liable in
tort for misuse of supervisory power.
1. The Analogy Between Chattels and Authority
We see no principled reason to hold employers liable for
the tortious abuse of their chattels but not for the tortious
abuse of supervisory authority. Defendants’ argument asks
us to predict that Illinois courts would treat entrustment with
keys or with a truck as more serious than entrustment with
control over others’ livelihoods. Cf. Carter, 628 N.E.2d at 605
(claim for willful and wanton hiring supported where secu‐
rity guard used his passkey to enter plaintiff’s apartment and
assault her), discussing Easley v. Apollo Detective Agency, Inc.,
387 N.E.2d 1241, 1243 (Ill. App. 1979); Malorney v. B & L Motor
Freight, Inc., 496 N.E.2d 1086, 1088–89 (Ill. App. 1986) (ques‐
tion of fact for the jury existed in negligent hiring case, where
employer equipped driver with truck in which he raped
hitchhiker).
Formalistic adherence to the literal terms of § 317(a)
would also produce odd, even arbitrary, results. In Kigin v.
Woodmen of the World Ins. Co., 541 N.E.2d 735, 737 (Ill. App.
1989), for example, an Illinois appellate court held that the
plaintiff stated a claim against the operator of a youth camp
for the actions of a camp counselor. The counselor, a 41‐year‐
No. 16‐1693 13
old man, gave alcohol to a 15‐year‐old female camper, took
her to a remote area of the campground, and sexually mo‐
lested her. Id. at 736. The Kigin court noted that the attack took
place on the defendant’s premises, bringing it within the
terms of § 317(a). Id. We think it unlikely that the result would
have been different if the attacker had taken his victim across
the property line of the campground. The employer knew that
the counselor had gone “off into the woods at 11:30 at night
alone with [a] 15‐year‐old girl[] after plying” her with alcohol.
Id. at 737. The employer’s obligation to act on that information
surely does not change depending on whether the counselor
crossed a property line when he took his victim away.
Both entrustment with a chattel and entrustment with su‐
pervisory authority set employees apart from the general
public. Both can enable tortious conduct. In both situations,
employers have the ability and incentive to consider and
monitor the employees whom they are trusting and how that
trust is used. Injuries caused by using a chattel and injuries
caused by abusing supervisory authority both occur “by vir‐
tue of the [tortfeasor’s] employment,” and not because tort‐
feasor and victim merely know each other through their
work. Doe, 4 N.E.3d at 561.
2. Supervisory Authority as a Ground for Tort Liability
Principals can often be held liable for the misuse of author‐
ity they delegate, whether or not they are negligent. Restate‐
ment (Second) of Agency § 219(2)(d) (Am. Law Inst. 1957) (“A
master is not subject to liability for the torts of his servants
acting outside the scope of their employment, unless … the
servant purported to act or to speak on behalf of the principal
and there was reliance upon apparent authority, or he was
aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency
14 No. 16‐1693
relation.”). Such vicarious liability rules have traditionally
been confined to cases where the employee acts within the
scope of his employment or purports to act on the principal’s
behalf. See Restatement (Second) of Agency § 219 cmt. a (Am.
Law Inst. 1957) (“The conception of the master’s liability to
third persons appears to be an outgrowth of the idea that
within the time of service, the master can exercise control over
the physical activities of the servant.”).
But more recently, the law has moved toward holding em‐
ployers vicariously liable for their supervisory employee’s in‐
tentional torts committed outside the scope of their employ‐
ment but by abusing their supervisory authority, subject to an
affirmative defense. The shift can be seen in the Supreme
Court’s decision in Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S.
742 (1998). The issue was whether and how an employer can
be vicariously liable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 for supervisors’ sexual harassment of their subordinates.
Id. at 754.
The Supreme Court answered those questions by apply‐
ing the last clause of the Restatement (Second) of Agency
§ 219(2)(d), holding masters liable for their servants’ torts
when the servants are “aided in accomplishing the tort by the
existence of the agency relation.” Id. at 759–60. The Court ex‐
plained that a supervisor is “beyond question” aided by the
agency relation when he takes tangible employment action
against a subordinate. Id. at 760. A tangible employment ac‐
tion is “a significant change in employment status,” such as
firing or reduced hours and compensation. Id. at 761, citing
Crady v. Liberty Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 993 F.2d 132, 136 (7th
Cir. 1993) (“A materially adverse change might be indicated
by a termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a
No. 16‐1693 15
decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a mate‐
rial loss of benefits, significantly diminished material respon‐
sibilities, or other indices that might be unique to a particular
situation.”). If a supervisor takes tangible employment action
against an employee, the employer is vicariously liable. Id. at
762–63.
But what if the supervisor only threatens to take tangible
employment action but does not actually take it because the
threat has worked? Ellerth answered that question by adopt‐
ing a two‐step holding: an employer is subject to vicarious li‐
ability to a victimized employee for an actionable hostile en‐
vironment created by a supervisor with authority over the
employee. However, if no tangible employment action is
taken, an employer may raise an affirmative defense by prov‐
ing both that the employer exercised reasonable care to pre‐
vent and corrected promptly any sexually harassing behavior,
and that the employee unreasonably failed to take advantage
of preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the em‐
ployer or to avoid harm otherwise. 524 U.S. at 765.
Ellerth drew on general principles of agency and tort law
to interpret a federal statute, Title VII. That development of
the law was then made more general in the Restatement of
Employment Law, which applies the Ellerth framework be‐
yond the sexual harassment context to intentional torts com‐
mitted “by the tortious abuse or threatened abuse of a super‐
visory or managerial employee’s authority.” Restatement of
Employment Law §§ 4.03(c) & 4.06 (Am. Law Inst. 2015). Thus
expanded to the more general tort and agency law that was
itself the foundation of Ellerth, the Ellerth framework fits the
facts alleged in the complaint here. Cooper’s threats to fire
16 No. 16‐1693
Alisha or cut her hours were exactly what the Ellerth court ad‐
dressed: threats to take tangible employment actions that
were not carried out, because the threat worked. Under the
principles of the Restatement of Employment Law, Anicich
would be able to pursue a claim under §§ 4.03 and 4.06.
There is good reason to think that the Illinois Supreme
Court would adopt those principles. It has already adopted
§ 219 of the Restatement (Second) of Agency, which lies at the
root of the Ellerth framework. See Wright v. City of Danville,
675 N.E.2d 110, 118 (Ill. 1996) (citing § 219). And that court
often looks to the Restatements of the Law for advice and
guidance. See Hudson v. City of Chicago, 889 N.E.2d 210, 216
(Ill. 2008) (“This court then adopted the exceptions to claim‐
splitting set forth in section 26(1) of the Restatement (Second)
of Judgments (1982).”); Olson v. Etheridge, 686 N.E.2d 563, 569
(Ill. 1997) (“[W]e hereby adopt the vesting rule set forth in sec‐
tion 311 of the Second Restatement [of Contracts].”); Cult
Awareness Network v. Church of Scientology International, 685
N.E.2d 1347, 1353 (Ill. 1997) (“We regard the Restatement
[(Second) of Torts]’s treatment of the favorable termination
requirement as more balanced than our appellate court’s in‐
terpretation.”). It might find the Restatement of Employment
Law persuasive.
But we need not and do not hold here that the Illinois Su‐
preme Court would adopt that framework. The Ellerth vicari‐
ous liability framework is harder on employers than Illinois’s
traditional negligent retention tort. For example, it places the
burden on employers to show non‐negligence rather than on
plaintiffs to show negligence, and it applies whether or not
the employer should have known that the supervisor was un‐
fit for his position. We discuss it to show that our holding is
No. 16‐1693 17
(1) part of a broader trend toward recognizing employer lia‐
bility for supervisors’ intentional torts committed outside the
scope of employment; and (2) only an incremental shift, when
there are good grounds to go much further. We confine our‐
selves to predicting that intentional torts committed by the
abuse of a supervisory employee’s authority satisfy the re‐
quirements of the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 317(a), and
thus that Anicich’s complaint states a claim for negligent hir‐
ing, supervision, or retention.
C. Foreseeability
To succeed on a claim for negligent hiring, supervision, or
retention, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the employee’s
“particular unfitness … rendered the plaintiff’s injury foresee‐
able to a person of ordinary prudence in the employer’s posi‐
tion.” Van Horne, 705 N.E.2d at 906. In this context, foreseea‐
bility is ordinarily a question of fact for a jury to decide.
Platson, 748 N.E.2d at 1284, citing Nowak v. Coghill, 695 N.E.2d
532, 537 (1998).
Cooper’s “particular unfitness” was his harassing, control‐
ling, and aggressive behavior toward his female subordinates.
Defendants suggest two reasons why Alisha’s injuries were
not foreseeable from that conduct. First, Cooper’s violent at‐
tack on Alisha was a radical break from even his most offen‐
sive prior behavior: even if a reasonable employer could have
foreseen violence, they argue, they could not have foreseen
murder. Second, a reasonable employer could not have pre‐
dicted violence at all since Cooper had not made explicit
threats and had not yet hit anyone. We conclude that both ar‐
guments present factual issues that cannot be decided on a
Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.
18 No. 16‐1693
“In order to satisfy the foreseeability component, it is not
necessary that a defendant must have foreseen the precise na‐
ture of the harm or the exact manner of occurrence; it is suffi‐
cient if, at the time of the defendant’s action or inaction, some
harm could have been reasonably foreseen.” Regions Bank v.
Joyce Meyer Ministries, Inc., 15 N.E.3d 545, 552 (Ill. App. 2014);
see also Rowe v. State Bank of Lombard, 531 N.E.2d 1358, 1369
(Ill. 1988) (“[W]here a plaintiff’s injury results from the same
risk, the existence of which required the exercise of greater
care, unforeseeability of what exactly could develop and the
extent of the injury or loss will not limit liability.”). Illinois
courts can and have applied that rule to find foreseeable
harms disproportionate to more predictable harms.
In Platson, for example, an employee assaulted an intern—
he grabbed her, pulled her to the floor, and forced himself on
top of her before she escaped. The complaint alleged that the
employer knew its employee “would rub and massage plain‐
tiff’s shoulders and intentionally brush his body against
hers.” 748 N.E.2d at 1282, 1284. The court reversed dismissal
of the complaint.
And in Rowe, the court determined that the plaintiff’s evi‐
dence presented a genuine issue of material fact: the landlord
in that case knew that master keys to the property were miss‐
ing and that burglaries without forced entry had been com‐
mitted. 531 N.E.2d at 1369. Based on that knowledge, an ex‐
employee obtaining a key, entering the property, and shoot‐
ing two people—killing one—was foreseeable. Id. at 1360,
1369. The magnitude of the harm Cooper inflicted on Alisha
does not by itself render the harm unforeseeable.
We are left with the question whether “some harm” was
foreseeable to a person of ordinary prudence. The district
No. 16‐1693 19
court said that as a matter of law the answer is no. In review‐
ing that decision, we reiterate that this is a question of fact;
judgment calls made from the perspective of ordinary, pru‐
dent people are jury questions. We are therefore skeptical at
the outset of the district court’s effort to resolve this point as
a matter of law. We ultimately disagree with and reverse that
decision. If the plaintiff can prove her allegations at trial, a
reasonable jury could find that “some harm” was foreseea‐
ble.5
The plaintiff’s amended complaint is unusually detailed—
much more detailed than required by Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 8.6 The amended complaint recounts how Cooper’s
behavior escalated: from private inappropriate comments and
touching, to workplace retaliation, to continual harassment
and monitoring, and finally to public outbursts, verbal abuse,
5 The district court appears to have believed the issue was a question of
law. That view is understandable. Reasonable foreseeability must be
proved as a matter of fact on a claim to recover for negligent hiring, su‐
pervision, or retention, but reasonable foreseeability is one of the factors
in deciding whether a defendant has a duty to a plaintiff, and duty is
treated as a question of law. See Simpkins, 965 N.E.2d at 1096–97. Some of
the plaintiff’s theories of recovery, and the defendants’ responses, re‐
quired considering the latter question. But the plaintiff’s theory of negli‐
gent hiring, supervision, or retention does not. An employer’s duty to ex‐
ercise reasonable care to control his employee under certain conditions is
well‐established in Illinois law. See, e.g., Kigin, 541 N.E.2d at 736 (“Even
when an employee is acting outside the scope of his employment, his em‐
ployer may still have a duty to exercise reasonable care to control him …
under certain conditions.”).
6 Detailed complaints have become a prudent course for plaintiffs, how‐
ever, given the range of ways in which federal courts apply the new plead‐
ing standards imposed under Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009). See Run‐
nion, 786 F.3d at 520.
20 No. 16‐1693
and physical intimidation. Hearing such evidence, a reasona‐
ble jury could easily find that the employers could and should
have foreseen that Cooper would take the small further step
to violence.
The defendants and the district court emphasize that
Cooper never made explicit threats and never physically
harmed anyone before his fatal attack on Alisha. The district
court’s opinion all but requires such a history to support an
inference of reasonable foreseeability. See Anicich, 2016 WL
930655, at *5 (“[T]here are no allegations of a prior pattern of
violence from which it can be inferred that Cooper’s attack
was reasonably foreseeable to defendants.”). We find no sup‐
port in Illinois law for such a bright‐line rule on this issue of
fact. Cf. Platson, 748 N.E.2d at 1286 (employee’s assault on
plaintiff was foreseeable where employer knew plaintiff was
the “object” of “inappropriate physical advances”).
The defendants’ argument also assumes that none of
Cooper’s alleged behavior was implicitly threatening. That is
incorrect. Anyone who saw Cooper, for example, “throwing
and slamming items in the garden center and … parking lot
while screaming obscenities,” Am. Compl. ¶ 39, could have
easily concluded that Cooper either was dangerous because
he had lost control of himself or was trying to frighten Alisha.7
7 In what might be described generously as excessive zeal by advocates,
Grand’s brief minimizes Cooper’s behavior as “rude” and “mean to inan‐
imate objects,” Grand Br. 22, and even characterizes Cooper’s final and
fatal trip with Alisha as a “date.” Id. at 17. Home Depot told the district
court that Cooper had “made a few mistakes.” See Anicich, 2016 WL
930655, at *4 n.5.
No. 16‐1693 21
Every life lost to brutality is unique, each family’s hell a
private one. We do not diminish that truth when we repeat
that Alisha’s story is an old story that has been told too many
times.8 Its ending is both shocking and predictable. Alisha’s
family is entitled to try to prove its truth.
8 See Sabric v. Martin, No. 3:09‐2237, 2012 WL 1952197 (M.D. Penn. May
30, 2012) (woman murdered by co‐worker who previously harassed, in‐
timidated, isolated, stalked, belittled, and tried to control her); People v.
Farley, 210 P.3d 361 (Cal. 2009) (defendant became obsessed with co‐
worker, and stalked, harassed, and threatened her for years; after she ob‐
tained a TRO, he shot eleven co‐workers, including her, killing seven of
them); In re Civil Commitment of Martin, 661 N.W.2d 632 (Minn. App. 2003)
(man who propositioned woman, verbally abused her, showed up to her
workplace, and twice broke into her family’s home apprehended while
plotting to kill her); Carnes v. Tremco Mfg. Co., 30 S.W.3d 172 (Ky. 2000)
(woman harassed then murdered by a co‐worker); Catlett v. State, 962
S.W.2d 313 (Ark. 1998) (woman killed following months of harassment by
defendant, who repeatedly called her home and workplace, drove up and
down her street, and left graffiti near her home and workplace calling her
a “bitch”); State v. Zanter, 535 N.W.2d 624 (Minn. 1995) (woman sexually
assaulted and bludgeoned to death after being harassed at work for more
than a year); State v. Walsh, 495 N.W.2d 602 (Minn. 1993) (woman mur‐
dered by coworker after receiving harassing phone calls from him for sev‐
eral months and repeatedly discovering him on her property uninvited);
State v. Landin, 472 N.W.2d 854 (Minn. 1991) (woman killed by co‐worker
whose romantic advances she rebuffed, following a campaign of harass‐
ment and threats; murderer punched a door at work, dented victim’s
locker, set off firecrackers near her home, made prank phone calls, and left
threatening notes); State v. Apanovitch, No. 49772, 1986 WL 9503 (Ohio
App. 1986) (woman raped and murdered by painter she had hired who
made numerous advances on her, showed up at odd times, and called her
a “nice piece of ass”).
22 No. 16‐1693
For these reasons, we REVERSE the judgment of the dis‐
trict court in favor of defendants and REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, around sixty people per year
have been intentionally and fatally injured by their co‐workers in recent
years. Create Customized Tables, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
https://data.bls.gov/cgi‐bin/dsrv?fw (search “All U.S.”; “Fatalities by pri‐
mary source of injury”; “Event or exposure—Homicides (Intentional in‐
jury by other person)”; and “Co‐worker or work associate of injured or ill
worker”) (last visited Mar. 21, 2017). Those numbers likely understate
cases like Alisha’s because they include only victims engaged in legal
work activities at the time of the killings. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Chap‐
ter 9: Occupational Safety and Health Statistics, Handbook of Methods 16,
https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch9.pdf.