[J-124-2016] [MO: Saylor, C.J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 74 MAP 2016
:
Appellant : Appeal from the Order of the York
: County Court of Common Pleas,
: Criminal Division, at No. CP-67-CR-
v. : 0002400-2014 dated 2-10-2015
:
: ARGUED: December 7, 2016
JOEY WAYNE HERMAN, :
:
Appellee :
CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION
JUSTICE DONOHUE DECIDED: May 25, 2017
I concur with the learned Majority’s reasoning and disposition of the first two
issues presented, namely its affirmance of the trial court’s dismissal of the counts for
possession and distribution of controlled substance analogues, both prior to and after
the Act 40 amendments to the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act,
35 P.S. §§ 780-101-144 (the “Act”). With respect to the pre-Act 40 amendment counts,
I particularly agree with the Majority’s rationale that the expert testimony did not
demonstrate any agreement in the scientific community that there is a scientifically
accepted methodology for determining whether PB-22 is an analogue of JWH-018, or
indeed if the two compounds are in fact analogues. As the Majority properly concludes,
if scientists are unable to agree on these fundamental points, then the term “analogue”
in the Act is unconstitutionally vague because it is unreasonable to expect the average
citizen to be on notice of such status. Majority Op. at 16-17.
Applying precisely the same reasoning, however, I must conclude that the
definition of “designer drug” in the Act, specifically, a substance, inter alia, with “a
chemical structure substantially similar to that of a controlled substance in Schedule I,
II or III in the Act,” 35 P.S. § 780-102 (emphasis added), as applied to PB-22,1 is also
unconstitutionally vague. As with “analogues,” the expert witnesses could not agree
that any scientifically accepted methodology existed for determining whether the
molecular components of PB-22 are “substantially similar” to JWH-018. The trial court
found that the experts “have been unable to reach an agreement on a method for
analyzing and determining the similarities between the chemical structures … of PB-22
and JWH-018.” Trial Court Opinion, 5/28/2015, at 9. Moreover, the three experts called
by the parties to testify could not agree on whether the chemical structure of PB-22 is in
fact “substantially similar” to that of JWH-018. Dr. Michael Coyer, Ph.D, a forensic
toxicologist, testifying as an expert for the Commonwealth, opined, using his
methodology of, inter alia, visually comparing two-dimensional diagrams of the
molecules, that the components of PB-22 and JWH-018 are “very similar.” N.T.,
11/7/2014, at 25, 36. John Hoffman, Ph.D, testifying for Herman, opined that PB-22
and JWH-018 are not even in the same structural class, do not have “similar structures,”
and that three-dimensional modeling, rather than two-dimensional modeling, is the
appropriate standard for comparing molecular structures. Id. at 81-82, 91. Heather
Harris, Ph.D, a forensic analytical chemist, also testifying on behalf of Herman, agreed
with Hoffman that the chemical structures PB-22 and JWH-018 are “not structurally
1
In June 2016, the Act was amended to make PB-22 a scheduled controlled
substance. 35 P.S. § 780-104(1)(vii)(2.2). For present purposes, we apply the Act as it
existed on July 15, 2013.
[J-124-2016] [MO: Saylor, C.J.] - 2
similar as a whole,” and that three-dimensional modeling, rather than the two-
dimensional modeling used by Coyer, is a better indicator of similarity. Id. at 99, 100.
As shown, the experts could not agree on whether the chemical structure of PB-
22 is “substantially similar” to that of JWH-018. More fundamentally, they could not
even agree on a methodology accepted in the relevant scientific community for
analyzing chemical compounds to determine whether they are substantially similar to
each other. Accordingly, based on the same reasoning relied upon by the Majority with
respect to whether these compounds are analogues -- that if scientists cannot agree on
what constitutes substantial similarity, then the average citizen cannot be on notice that
PB-22 is an illegal drug -- we must likewise find that the definition of “designer drug” is
constitutionally vague.
The Majority contends that “analogue” and “designer drug” present different
issues for a jury because while the term “analogue” is not expressly defined in the Act
(and is thus “somewhat nebulous”), the concept of “substantial similarity” is well-known
to persons of ordinary intelligence. Majority Op. at 23. I must disagree. The lack of a
statutory definition is not an impediment to providing a jury with a clear understanding of
an undefined statutory term. The rules of statutory construction provide that an
undefined statutory term must be construed according to its common and approved
usage. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a). This Court has repeatedly indicated that dictionaries
should be used as source material to identify this “common and approved usage.” See,
e.g., Philadelphia Eagles Football Club, Inc. v. City of Philadelphia, 823 A.2d 108, 127
n.31 (Pa. 2003); Fogle v. Malvern Courts, Inc., 722 A.2d 680, 682 (Pa. 1999); Love v.
City of Philadelphia, 543 A.2d 531, 532 (Pa. 1988). Dictionaries define “analogue” as
[J-124-2016] [MO: Saylor, C.J.] - 3
“[o]ne of a group of chemical compounds similar in structure but different in
composition,“Random House Webster’s College Dictionart 47 (2d ed. 2001), or as “[a]
compound with a molecular structure closely similar to that of another.” Oxford English
Dictionary 431 (2d. 1989).
With respect to whether chemical compounds are “analogues” or have
“substantially similar” chemical structures, both require the jury to consider the same
fundamental concept -- that of the degree of the similarity of chemical structures in
question. Because experts cannot even agree on a scientifically acceptable
methodology for analyzing this concept, much less demonstrate any likelihood of
agreement among themselves on the outcome of such an analysis, the average citizen
cannot be expected to be on adequate notice of whether the possession or sale of the
compounds at issue here violated the provisions of the Act.
Therefore, I dissent from the Majority’s disposition of the trial court’s
determination with respect to the count for possession, or possession with intent to
distribute, a designer drug. 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), (36). I would affirm the trial
court’s order in its entirety.
Justices Todd and Wecht join this concurring and dissenting opinion.
[J-124-2016] [MO: Saylor, C.J.] - 4