Day v. Armendt

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

CHRISTOPHER T. DAY, an unmarried individual, Plaintiff/Appellant,

v.

JESSIE FRANCES ARMENDT, Defendant/Appellee.

No. 1 CA-CV 15-0264
FILED 5-30-2017

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CV2013-092659
The Honorable Katherine M. Cooper, Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

The Collins Law Firm, PLLC, Mesa
By Ernest Collins, Jr.
Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant

Riviere Law Group, PLLC, Phoenix
By Roger W. Riviere
Counsel for Defendant/Appellee

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Lawrence F. Winthrop delivered the decision of the Court,
in which Judge Patricia K. Norris and Judge Kenton D. Jones joined.
 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

W I N T H R O P, Presiding Judge:

¶1 Plaintiff, Christopher T. Day, appeals the trial court’s
judgment in favor of Defendant, Jessie Frances Armendt, on Day’s
negligence complaint seeking damages arising from a car accident. Day
raises several issues, which we address in turn. For the following reasons,
we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY1

¶2 On April 9, 2012, Day was involved in a multi-car accident on
the I-10 freeway in Phoenix. Day sued Armendt, alleging she had
negligently caused the accident and resulting damages. Day asserted
Armendt had triggered a five-car chain-reaction accident when Armendt’s
vehicle (the No. 1 car) skidded into the car directly in front of her (the No.
2 car), which rear-ended a car driven by William Murray (the No. 3 car),
which rear-ended the car driven by Day (the No. 4 car), which rear-ended
a fifth car (the No. 5 car).

¶3 Within minutes after the accident, despite stopping briefly,
the drivers of the Nos. 1 (Armendt), 2, and 5 cars all drove away without
exchanging insurance or other information with any other driver. Neither
the driver of the No. 2 car nor the driver of the No. 5 car could later be
identified. Arizona Department of Public Safety (“DPS”) officers, however,
located Armendt through her vehicle license number and, a few hours after
the accident, interviewed her at her home. Armendt admitted her vehicle
had struck the No. 2 car and she had then driven away, but explained she
had left the accident scene only after the driver of the No. 2 car had told her
he did not wish to exchange information, advised her he had not struck the
No. 3 car as a result of being rear-ended by her, and then drove away.

¶4 Day filed a negligence complaint against Armendt on March
15, 2013, and Armendt defended by denying she was negligent, or had
caused or contributed to the portion of the accident involving Day. Instead,
she asserted her collision with the No. 2 car was a separate accident that
occurred when her vehicle bumped into the No. 2 car immediately after an
accident involving either the Nos. 2 through 5 or 3 through 5 cars.

1 In general, we view the facts and inferences therefrom in the light
most favorable to affirming the verdict. See Paul Schoonover, Inc. v. Ram
Constr., Inc., 129 Ariz. 204, 205, 630 P.2d 27, 28 (1981).

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¶5 A September 2013 compulsory arbitration hearing resulted in
the arbitrator finding in favor of Armendt. Day appealed the arbitration
decision and moved to set the matter for a trial de novo before a jury. As
relevant to this appeal, at trial, Day testified and presented testimony from
DPS Officer Steven Jarol (the officer who arrived on the scene shortly after
the accident and later tracked down and interviewed Armendt), and
Murray (the driver of the No. 3 car). Officer Jarol testified he had prepared
a brief police report of the accident based on his personal observations of
the damage to the cars driven by Day, Murray, and Armendt and
statements he obtained from each of those drivers. He did not take any
photographs of the vehicles or make any measurements.

¶6 Day’s witnesses acknowledged they had not seen Armendt
cause the accident, and none of Day’s witnesses could state with certainty
that Armendt had done so. Indeed, although Officer Jarol testified he
believed at the time he made his report that the accident was an “accordion
domino type” of accident, with “one hitting two, hitting three, hitting four,
hitting five,” he acknowledged his belief rested on what Day, Murray, and
Armendt had told him and what he had observed, and that he had not been
able to speak to the missing drivers. And, on cross-examination, Day
himself conceded he had not seen “what was going on behind [him],” and
agreed it was a “fair statement” for defense counsel to say that “all you
know is you were hit from behind.”

¶7 The jury returned a unanimous verdict, finding in favor of
Armendt. The trial court issued a signed judgment reflecting the jury’s
verdict and awarded Armendt taxable costs in the amount of $1,530.20 plus
$19,629.00 as sanctions pursuant to Rule 77 of the Arizona Rules of Civil
Procedure. The court also denied Day’s motion for new trial.

¶8 We have jurisdiction over Day’s appeal pursuant to Arizona
Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 12-2101(A)(1) (2016).2 See also A.R.S.
§ 12-2102(B) (2016) (“If a motion for new trial was denied, the court may,
on appeal from the final judgment, review the order denying the motion
although no appeal is taken from the order.”).

2 We cite the current version of all statutes unless changes material to
our analysis have occurred since the events leading to the underlying
lawsuit.

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ANALYSIS

I. Trial Court’s Order Striking Day’s Expert Witness

¶9 Day first argues the trial court abused its discretion when,
before trial, it granted Armendt’s motion to strike his proposed expert
accident reconstruction witness under former Arizona Rule of Civil
Procedure 77(g)(1).3 We disagree.

¶10 We review a trial court’s ruling on discovery and disclosure
matters and the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Link v.
Pima Cty., 193 Ariz. 336, 338, ¶ 3, 972 P.2d 669, 671 (App. 1998). We will not
disturb the court’s ruling absent a clear abuse of discretion and resulting
prejudice. Rimondi v. Briggs, 124 Ariz. 561, 565, 606 P.2d 412, 416 (1980).
Similarly, we review a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial for an
abuse of discretion. First Fin. Bank, N.A. v. Claassen, 238 Ariz. 160, 162, ¶ 8,
357 P.3d 1216, 1218 (App. 2015). We defer to the court’s factual findings
unless they are clearly erroneous, and we review de novo the interpretation
and application of statutes and rules. See id. “A trial court abuses its
discretion if it commits an error of law.” Id. (citation omitted).

¶11 Rule 77 governs the appeal of cases initially subject to
compulsory arbitration. Former Rule 77(g)(1) required a party appealing
from an arbitration award to file simultaneously with the notice of appeal
a list of witnesses and exhibits “intended to be used at trial that complies
with the requirements of” Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 26.1.4 See
generally Cosper v. Rea ex rel. Maricopa Cty., 228 Ariz. 555, 556, ¶¶ 5-7, 269
P.3d 1179, 1180 (2012) (discussing disclosure obligations under former Rule
77(g)(1)); see also current Rule 77(f)(2), (4). In turn and as relevant here, Rule
26.1(a)(6) requires a party to disclose “the substance of the facts and

3 Effective January 1, 2017, Rule 77 was amended. Former subsection
(g), entitled “Discovery and Listing of Witnesses and Exhibits,” was
amended, and the amended version, entitled “Discovery and Listing of
Witnesses and Exhibits on Appeal,” may be found at subsection (f) of
current Rule 77. The amendments to Rule 77, although noted, do not affect
our resolution of this appeal, and we generally refer to the version of the
rule in effect at the time of the trial court’s rulings throughout this decision.

4 The language of Rule 26.1 was also amended, effective January 1,
2017. Again, the amended language does not affect our analysis.

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opinions to which the expert is expected to testify, a summary of the
grounds for each opinion,” and the expert witness’s qualifications.

¶12 Day appealed the arbitration award on October 25, 2013, and
simultaneously filed a list of witnesses and exhibits. Although Day’s
witness list identified the subject expert (Michael S. Broughton, Accident
Reconstruction Associates) as a trial witness, Day did not make any of the
substantive disclosures required by Rule 26.1(a)(6). Accordingly, the trial
court correctly found that Day had failed to satisfy the disclosure
requirements of Rule 77.

¶13 Day next argues that even if he failed to comply with Rule 77,
the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing him to supplement his
trial witnesses with the expert for good cause under former Rule 77(g)(4).
See also current Rule 77(f)(6). Former Rule 77(g)(4) (now current Rule
77(f)(6)) authorized a trial court to allow a party who failed to comply with
Rule 77 to file a supplemental list of witnesses and exhibits if that party
demonstrated good cause. See also Cosper, 228 Ariz. at 557, ¶ 12, 269 P.3d at
1181. As we understand his argument, Day argues he demonstrated good
cause because Armendt failed to timely disclose relevant information to
him before and after the arbitration hearing, and accordingly, without this
information, his expert could not render an expert opinion about the cause
of the accident before the expiration of Rule 77’s disclosure deadline
requirements. In making this argument, Day principally focuses on a
recorded statement Armendt gave to her insurance carrier. To address
Day’s argument, we examine the relevant pretrial procedural history of this
case.

¶14 On April 11, 2012—two days after the subject accident—Day
provided a recorded statement to Farmers Insurance Company
(“Farmers”), Murray’s insurance carrier. On April 11 and June 15, 2012,
Murray provided recorded statements to Farmers and to Progressive
Insurance Company (“Progressive”), Armendt’s insurance carrier.
Armendt also provided a recorded statement to Progressive.5 In her
statement, Armendt disclosed that, approximately one week before the
accident involving Day, she and her car had been in another accident
involving a friend’s vehicle (the “prior accident”); she had damaged the
hood of her car in the prior accident; in the accident involving Day, she had
“clipped” the car in front of her (the No. 2 car) when the driver of that car
slammed on his brakes; the driver of the car in front of her told her he had

5 The record does not reflect when Armendt gave her recorded
statement.

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not hit anyone and he did not need her information, and he then drove off;
and because “[t]here didn’t seem to be any new damage to [her] car,” she
drove off as well. She also disclosed she had replaced the hood of her car
with a hood from a local junkyard, and discarded the damaged hood at the
junkyard.

¶15 On June 11, 2013, Armendt provided Day with her initial Rule
26.1 Disclosure Statement. In the statement, Armendt denied being
negligent in any manner, and denied she had caused, contributed to, or was
involved in the accident involving Day. Armendt also stated she was “not
aware of any recorded statements,” but “reserve[d] the right to supplement
any additional recorded statements if discovered.”

¶16 On July 8, 2013—two days before Day and Murray were
deposed—Armendt prepared her First Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure
Statement. That statement also failed to disclose the existence of the various
recorded statements of Day, Murray, or Armendt.

¶17 On July 10, 2013, Armendt deposed Day and Murray. During
the depositions, Day’s counsel was given the recorded statements of Day
and Murray, and given the opportunity to ask questions of Day and
Murray.6 The deposition testimony of Day and Murray was not materially
different from what they had said in their recorded statements.7

6 The record does not reflect that Day ever attempted to depose
Armendt, even though Armendt had denied causing Day’s accident.

7 Day argued in his subsequent (November 12, 2013) motion to strike
Armendt’s answer and for Rule 37 sanctions that Armendt’s failure to
disclose the recorded statements “allowed [Armendt] the ‘element of
surprise’ and precluded [Day] and Mr. Murray, who was represented by
counsel at the deposition[,] from being properly prepared to answer
questions about the recorded statements.” Nevertheless, neither counsel
for Day or Murray objected on this basis at the depositions or expressed on
the record surprise at the recorded statements’ existence. Further, Day was
not asked about his recorded statement at his deposition, and Murray
stated he had prepared for his deposition in part by reviewing his recorded
statement to Farmers, but he had not reviewed the recorded statement he
gave to Progressive; however, he reviewed that statement at his deposition
and agreed that it accurately described his recollection of the events related
to the accident.

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¶18 On July 12, 2013, Armendt prepared her Second
Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement, and disclosed the recorded
statements of Day and Murray, but not her own recorded statement. On
July 15, 2013, Day mailed his “Plaintiff’s First Set of Requests for Production
of Documents” to Armendt, requesting among other things,
“[t]ranscriptions of all oral, written, or recorded statements by any party or
witness regarding any matter which is the subject of this case.”

¶19 On July 19, 2013, Armendt submitted her Third Supplemental
Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement. Armendt attached the recorded and
transcribed statements of Day and Murray, but stated she was “not aware
of any additional recorded statements.”

¶20 On August 30, 2013, Armendt submitted her “Arbitration
Memorandum” to the arbitrator. In her memorandum, she again denied
causing or contributing to Day’s accident. Although she acknowledged her
car had “made contact with [an] unknown driver that left the scene of the
accident,” she asserted there was no evidence that her accident, that is, her
contact with the unknown driver, had “resulted in a chain of events that
resulted in the impact that involved [Day’s] vehicle.” She also argued Day
could not produce any evidence she had caused the accident involving Day:

Both [Day] and Mr. Murray have already been
deposed and neither one of them is able to testify what events
or even order of events took place between the vehicle being
driven by Ms. Armendt and the vehicle being driven by the
unknown driver [of the No. 2 car]. Additionally, [Day] has
not presented any witnesses or experts that can establish the
sequence of impacts.

....

It is undeniable that neither [Day] nor Mr. Murray will
be able to testify about what happened behind them as they
have already testified under oath that they did not see what
occurred. Lastly, any police report regarding the sequence of
events is merely hearsay as the officer did not observe what
occurred and solely took the information from the parties that
remained at the scene of the accident. As such, [Day] will be
unable to meet his burden of proof in this matter.

¶21 The arbitrator held the arbitration hearing on September 3,
2013. The record does not contain a transcript of the evidence presented at
the hearing, although it appears from the arbitrator’s “Notice of Decision”

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that only Day and Armendt testified at the hearing. According to what Day
later told the trial court, at the arbitration hearing, Armendt testified she
had been in the prior accident, and the damage to her car that Officer Jarol
saw when he interviewed her had been caused in the prior accident, not in
the accident with Day. Day also told the court Armendt had not disclosed
these facts to him before the arbitration hearing, and that he had not
received a copy of Armendt’s recorded statement until September 5, 2013,
when he received Armendt’s Fourth Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure
Statement in the mail,8 and Armendt responded to his July 2013 document
requests.9

¶22 The arbitrator found in Armendt’s favor and mailed his
“Notice of Decision” to the parties and the court administrator’s arbitration
department on September 3, 2013.10 The arbitrator later entered the
arbitration award in Armendt’s favor, dated October 6, 2013.11

¶23 On September 16, 2013, Day issued interrogatories and
document requests to Armendt, asking for information and documents that
would confirm her assertion she had been involved in the prior accident.

¶24 On October 25, 2013, before Armendt’s responses to the
discovery requests were due, Day appealed the arbitration decision, moved
to set the matter for trial, and filed his list of witnesses (which included his
expert witness, Broughton) and exhibits. Day also supplemented his Rule
26.1 disclosure statement with his Second Supplemental Rule 26.1
Disclosure Statement, wherein he disclosed that Broughton would “give
testimony about how the accident occurred, the forces involved, etc.”

8 Armendt’s Fourth Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement was
mailed September 3, 2013.

9 The record does not contain a copy of Armendt’s responses to Day’s
July 2013 document requests; according to Day, Armendt claimed she
mailed her responses on August 25, 2013.

10 The arbitration department received the decision on September 6,
and it was filed with the superior court on September 9, 2013.

11 The arbitration award is not contained in the record on appeal, but
Day included it as an appendix to his reply brief and Armendt did not move
to strike it.

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¶25 On October 31, 2013—the day Armendt’s responses to Day’s
discovery were due—instead of timely providing responses to Day’s
discovery requests, Armendt’s counsel wrote a letter to Day’s counsel
asking for a more detailed description of Broughton’s opinion in
accordance with Rules 26.1 and 77. Armendt finally responded to Day’s
September 2013 discovery requests on November 18, 2013,12 but was unable
to produce any information or documents that would substantiate her
assertion she had been in the prior accident.

¶26 On November 19, 2013, Armendt moved to strike Broughton
as an expert witness, based on Day’s noncompliance with Rules 26.1 and
77. Two days later, counsel for Armendt deposed Officer Jarol. In his
deposition, Officer Jarol acknowledged he had not personally observed the
April 9, 2012 accident, and that everything he generated in his report had
come from “somebody else.” He further conceded he had no evidence to
support his belief that the accident involving Day occurred as the result of
a “domino effect” beginning with the No. 1 car hitting the No. 2 car.

¶27 On December 9, 2013, Day sent to Armendt his Third
Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement, wherein he disclosed that his
expert witness, Broughton, would testify that he agreed “with Officer
Jarol’s accident report that [Armendt] struck the vehicle in front of her
(Vehicle 2) and pushed that vehicle into Mr. Murray’s vehicle, which Mr.
Broughton believes was still moving at an unknown rate of speed. Vehicle
2 pushed Mr. Murray’s vehicle into [Day’s] vehicle.” Day also
acknowledged that “Mr. Broughton is unable to estimate the speeds or
forces involved in this collision.”

¶28 On January 10, 2014, two weeks before oral argument on
Armendt’s motion to strike, Day filed his expert’s report with the court.
After explaining that he had reviewed Officer Jarol’s report, all of the
depositions, recorded statements, and photographs of the cars driven by
Day, Murray, and Armendt, the expert (Broughton) explained he agreed
with Officer Jarol: “The investigating officer, based on his training and
experience as well as his investigation of the collision, concluded that the
chain reaction began when Ms. Armendt struck the rear of the vehicle
ahead of her, pushing it into Mr. Murray’s vehicle. [I] would concur that,
based on reviewing all of the available data, that this is, in fact, a chain
reaction rear end collision.” Notably, Broughton did not present any
specific analysis or calculations relevant to the case. Instead, he

12 The record does not contain a copy of Armendt’s discovery
responses, but she did not dispute the timing of her responses.

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summarized statements contained in the materials he had reviewed, noted
that Armendt’s recorded statement had been taken after she had replaced
the hood of her car, and stated that because the photographs of Armendt’s
car produced in the case had been taken after she had replaced the hood,
Day had “been denied the ability to inspect or photograph [Armendt’s]
vehicle, or to see any photographs showing [Armendt’s] vehicle, in the
condition observed by [Officer Jarol].”

¶29 At the conclusion of the January 24, 2014 oral argument on the
motion to strike (and competing motions for sanctions), the trial court
granted Armendt’s motion to strike Day’s expert witness, Broughton.13

¶30 Based on the foregoing procedural history, we agree with Day
that Armendt failed to timely disclose her recorded statement before the
arbitration hearing. We also agree with Day that, if Armendt had done so,
he would have known before the arbitration hearing that she was asserting
she had been in the prior accident and had replaced the hood of her car.
And, we agree with Day the record reflects that not until the arbitration
hearing did he learn Armendt was asserting the damage to her car that
Officer Jarol saw when he interviewed her had been caused in the prior
accident, not in the accident with Day. But, we disagree that these late
disclosures and Armendt’s additional failure to timely respond to Day’s
discovery requests after he appealed, see supra ¶ 24, deprived Day of
information his expert needed to reach an expert opinion about the cause
of the accident before the Rule 77 deadline expired, and thus, we disagree
that Day had shown good cause under (former) Rule 77(g)(4). See current
Rule 77(f)(6).

¶31 As of the date of the arbitrator’s decision and certainly no later
than September 5, 2013, when Day received Armendt’s recorded statement,
see supra ¶ 21, Day knew Armendt was asserting she had been in the prior
accident, had replaced the hood of her car, and that the damages to her car
as seen by Officer Jarol had been caused in the prior accident. Day also
knew from Armendt’s recorded statement, that “evidence of what [her] car
looked like immediately after the accident [was unavailable] because [the
car had] already been repaired.” Further, even if we assume Day did not
know as of September 5, 2013, that Armendt could not produce any
information or documents supporting her assertion that she had been in the
prior accident, see supra ¶ 24, this material would not have assisted Day’s

13 The trial court also granted Day’s motion to strike Armendt’s offer
of judgment as a sanction against Armendt. See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 68.

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expert in determining who had caused the accident involving Day.14
Indeed, when Day’s expert finally issued his report, he did not even refer
to Armendt’s post-appeal discovery responses. Finally, in his report, Day’s
expert simply agreed with Officer Jarol, and reached no independent
conclusions regarding the cause of the accident based on any information
Armendt had failed to disclose before September 5, 2013. As noted, Day
did not appeal the award until October 25, 2013. Given this and the
information available to Day as of September 5, 2013, we cannot say the trial
court abused its discretion in finding Day had not demonstrated good cause
under Rule 77.

¶32 In denying Day’s motion for new trial, the trial court
addressed the argument Day has essentially raised on appeal—that it
deprived him of a fair trial when it struck his expert. The trial court found
Day had not been deprived of a fair trial, and we agree with its analysis:

Day fails to demonstrate that he was deprived of a fair
trial after the Court precluded his accident reconstructionist.
Day focuses on the reason for his delay in disclosing opinions.
Before arbitration, Armendt did not disclose that she had
been in a prior accident. She disclosed this information for
the first time at arbitration. After arbitration, she failed to
timely respond to Day’s discovery regarding the prior
accident. On September 16, Plaintiff disclosed an accident
reconstructionist, Broughton, but with only a general
description of Broughton’s anticipated testimony: “He will
give testimony about how the accident occurred, the forces
involved, etc.”[15] Day also sent Armendt discovery regarding
the earlier accident. He argues that, because Armendt

14 As counsel for Armendt explained to the trial court during oral
argument on the motion to strike, “an accident [r]econstructionist[‘s]
purpose and use is to help define what happened in this accident. Whether
or not he had any information from a prior accident is so irrelevant, it makes
no sense. He doesn’t need that information with respect to the other
accident.”

15 As previously noted, see supra ¶ 24, Day submitted this information
in his Second Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement—dated October
25, 2013—the same day he appealed from the arbitration decision, moved
to set the matter for a trial de novo before a jury, and filed his list of witnesses
and exhibits.

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delayed in responding, he could not timely disclose
Broughton’s opinions.

The reason for Day’s delay is not the issue. The issue
for the Court now is whether the expert’s absence deprived
Day of a fair trial. Day fails to show that it did. . . .

. . . [G]iven what the record does show regarding
Broughton’s opinions, the Court cannot find that Broughton’s
absence deprived Day of a fair trial. According to Day’s
Response to the Motion to Strike, Broughton would have
testified “that he agrees with Officer Jarol’s accident report
that [Armendt] struck the vehicle in front of her (Vehicle 2)
and pushed that vehicle into Mr. Murray’s vehicle, which Mr.
Broughton believes was still moving at an unknown rate of
speed. Vehicle 2 pushed Mr. Murray’s vehicle into [Day’s]
vehicle.” . . . Officer Jarol testified at trial. He gave his
conclusion regarding the accident based on his investigation.
Since Broughton would have agreed with Jarol, and Jarol
testified, the jury heard the essence of Broughton’s opinion.
Jarol covered it. If there was more to Broughton’s anticipated
testimony, it is not before the Court.

¶33 The record supports the trial court’s analysis. Although we
do not condone Armendt’s disclosure and discovery failures, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in concluding Day had failed to comply with
Rule 77’s disclosure requirements.

II. Attorneys’ Fees

¶34 Day argues the attorneys’ fees awarded to Armendt—who
was represented by her insurer’s in-house counsel—as a sanction under
former Rule 77(f) were without foundation or legal basis and were not
reasonable and should not have been awarded. We disagree.

¶35 “An appellate court is somewhat unsuited for the fact-finding
inquiry which is frequently necessary to properly determine reasonable
fees for legal services rendered.” Granville v. Howard, 236 Ariz. 29, 32, ¶ 13,
335 P.3d 551, 554 (App. 2014) (quoting Schweiger v. China Doll Rest., Inc., 138
Ariz. 183, 189, 673 P.2d 927, 933 (App. 1983)). Accordingly, “[a]n award of
attorney fees is left to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Orfaly v. Tucson
Symphony Soc’y, 209 Ariz. 260, 265, ¶ 18, 99 P.3d 1030, 1035 (App. 2004)

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(citations omitted). “We will not disturb the trial court’s discretionary
award of fees if there is any reasonable basis for it.” Id. (citations omitted).

¶36 The imposition of sanctions in a civil action is separate and
exclusive from the statutory recovery of costs under A.R.S. § 12-341 as a
successful party to a civil action. See generally Davis v. Disc. Tire Co., 182
Ariz. 571, 574-75, 898 P.2d 520, 523-24 (App. 1995). Former Rule 77(f), Ariz.
R. Civ. P., provided in part as follows:

If the judgment on the trial de novo is not more favorable by at
least twenty-three percent (23%) than the monetary relief, or
more favorable than the other relief, granted by the
arbitration award or other final disposition, the court shall
order the deposit to be used to pay, or that the appellant pay
if the deposit is insufficient, the following costs and fees
unless the court finds on motion that the imposition of the
costs and fees would create such a substantial economic
hardship as not to be in the interests of justice:

....

(2) to the appellee, those costs taxable in civil actions
together with reasonable attorneys’ fees as determined by the
trial judge for services necessitated by the appeal . . . .[16]

¶37 The language of former Rule 77(f) was mandatory—it stated
the court “shall” order payment17—unless “a substantial economic
hardship” existed. “The purpose of [former] Rule 77(f) is similar to that of
Rule 68(g)—to encourage settlement and avoid needless litigation.”

16 Compare former Ariz. R. Civ. P. 77(f) (above), with current Ariz. R.
Civ. P. 77(h) (“If the judgment on the trial de novo is not at least 23 percent
more favorable than the monetary relief or other type of relief granted by
the arbitration award, the court must order that the deposit on appeal be
used to pay the following costs and fees: . . . (2) to the appellee, those costs
taxable in civil actions together with reasonable attorney’s fees as
determined by the trial judge for services necessitated by the appeal . . . . If
the deposit is insufficient to pay those costs and fees, the court must order
that the appellant pay them, unless the court, on motion, finds that
imposing costs and fees would create a substantial economic hardship that
is not in the interests of justice.”).

17 Similarly, current Rule 77(h) states the court “must” order payment.

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Bradshaw v. Jasso-Barajas, 231 Ariz. 197, 199, ¶ 7, 291 P.3d 991, 993 (App.
2013) (citation omitted). “Both rules provide a common-sense approach to
analyzing the offer of judgment, arbitration award, final judgment and any
sanctions.” Id. at 200, ¶ 9, 291 P.3d at 994. A non-exclusive list of factors
trial courts should consider when making such awards under Rule 77
includes: (1) whether the appeal from arbitration was filed in good faith or
was pursued to delay the proceedings, unduly burden the opposing party,
or coerce capitulation based upon superior financial resources; (2) how
close the appealing party came to meeting the twenty-three percent
standard; (3) the amount in controversy; (4) whether post-arbitration
litigation could have been avoided or settled; (5) whether failure to improve
on the arbitration award by the required percentage may be attributable to
evidence introduced at the trial de novo of post-arbitration damages; (6) the
amount of fees the requesting party is obligated to pay his or her lawyer;
and (7) whether the requested fees were necessarily incurred or whether it
appears that some fees were generated because of the prospect of a fee-
shifting award under Rule 77. Granville, 236 Ariz. at 32, ¶ 11, 335 P.3d at
554. No single factor governing a request for attorneys’ fees at a trial de novo
following compulsory arbitration is dispositive, and the weight to be given
each factor will vary from case to case. Id. at ¶ 12.

¶38 In addressing Armendt’s motion for sanctions and costs, the
trial court made clear it had considered the non-exclusive list of factors
provided in Granville, explaining in part as follows:

The Court finds that Armendt is entitled to recover fees
and costs as sanctions pursuant to Rule 77. [Day] appealed
the arbitrator’s defense verdict. The jury found in favor of
Armendt also. [Day] did not do 23% better at trial, as required
by Rule 77 to avoid the imposition of sanctions.

[Day] does not present facts to support a claim of
financial hardship.

[Day] objects to [d]efense counsel’s hourly rate but
provides no evidence to support the assertion that the rate is
unreasonable.

The Court finds that the billing ledger attached to the
Revised Carrow Verification is sufficiently detailed to show
the services rendered and that the charges were reasonable.

While not argued by Day, the Court has evaluated
whether 90.7 hours is reasonable to prepare a case that went

14
 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

to arbitration for a two-day trial. After arbitration, Armendt
deposed Officer Jarol. The deposition was reasonable in light
of [Day’s] disclosure of Jarol as a witness regarding the
accident. [Armendt] also provided some discovery responses
and filed a motion for summary judgment. Both sides filed
motions to strike and motions in limine. None of this work
was unreasonable, although, in the Court’s view, both sides
applied a large effort to a case that should have settled. Even
so, Day pressed the case to trial by filing an appeal, and
Armendt did not act unreasonably in preparing for trial.

Armendt’s costs are reduced [to] $1,535.20. The
arbitration hearing transcript is not a recoverable expense
under A.R.S. § 12-332.

¶39 We find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion. Although Day
argues Armendt was represented by her insurer’s in-house counsel as part
of their contractual relationship under Armendt’s insurance policy, that
was but one factor for the trial court to consider, and Day has cited no
authority precluding the trial court from awarding attorneys’ fees on this
basis. The trial court considered Day’s failure to improve on the arbitration
award, the potential financial hardship claimed by Day, the reasonableness
of the charges, including counsel’s hourly rate and the time expended, and
the sufficiency of the detail in the billing ledger. The court also considered
Day’s response opposing the request, as evidenced by the court’s decision
to reduce Armendt’s awardable costs by the amount of the arbitration
hearing transcript, as well as the sides’ failure to settle.18 On this record, the

18 Moreover, Day’s reliance on Lacer v. Navajo County, 141 Ariz. 392, 687
P.2d 400 (App. 1984), as a basis for requiring Armendt’s counsel to file an
amended “Motion for Sanctions and Costs” is misplaced. Lacer, which
involved attorneys’ fees sought by a governmental organization (Navajo
County) after successfully defending a lawsuit arising out of contract, dealt
with a fee award under A.R.S. § 12-341.01, which specifically states in part
that the amount awarded “not exceed the amount paid or agreed to be
paid.” Id. at 396, 687 P.2d at 404 (quoting A.R.S. § 12-341.01(B)). The
attorneys’ fees statute in this case is A.R.S. § 12-133(I)(2) (2016), which does
not contain the same restriction. See State ex rel. Corbin v. Tocco, 173 Ariz.
587, 593-94, 845 P.2d 513, 519-20 (App. 1992) (distinguishing Lacer and
concluding the trial court did not err in applying a prevailing market rate
rather than a cost-based rate for an attorneys’ fees request). Further,
Armendt’s counsel provided the trial court with a supporting verification

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Decision of the Court

trial court acted well within its discretion in awarding sanctions pursuant
to former Rule 77(f).

III. Motion In Limine – Nonparty at Fault

¶40 Day argues that, although the trial court granted his motion
in limine precluding Armendt’s nonparty at fault designation, counsel for
Armendt violated the court’s order by arguing in closing that a nonparty,
the “unknown driver” of the No. 2 car—and not Armendt—was at fault for
causing the accident.

¶41 Courts generally give counsel wide latitude in closing
argument, allowing counsel to comment on the evidence and argue all
reasonable inferences from it. Ritchie v. Krasner, 221 Ariz. 288, 303-04, ¶ 54,
211 P.3d 1272, 1287-88 (App. 2009) (citations omitted). “We will grant a new
trial because of attorney misconduct in only the most serious cases in order
to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” Id. at 303, ¶ 52, 211 P.3d at 1287 (citation
omitted). “The trial judge is in the best position to ‘decide whether []
misconduct materially affected the rights of the aggrieved party.’” Id.
(citations omitted). “We will not overturn a trial court’s decision absent an
abuse of discretion.” Id. at ¶ 51 (citation omitted).

¶42 Under the comparative fault system, a defendant in a
negligence action is liable only for his or her own fault, and the finder of
fact is required to determine the relative percentages of fault among all
those who contributed to the injury. Bowen Prods., Inc. v. French, 231 Ariz.
424, 427 n.3, ¶ 10, 296 P.3d 87, 90 n.3 (App. 2013) (citing Scottsdale Ins. Co. v.
Cendejas, 220 Ariz. 281, 285, ¶ 18, 205 P.3d 1128, 1132 (App. 2009); A.R.S.
§ 12–2506(B)). The purpose of the rule requiring defendants to give notice
of any nonparty at fault19 is “to identify for the plaintiff any unknown
persons or entities who may have caused [an alleged] injury in time to allow
the plaintiff to bring them into the action before the statute of limitations
expires.” Scottsdale Ins. Co., 220 Ariz. at 286, ¶ 18, 205 P.3d at 1133 (quoting
LyphoMed, Inc. v. Superior Court, 172 Ariz. 423, 428, 837 P.2d 1158, 1163 (App.
1992)).

¶43 In this case, on May 17, 2013—several months before the
September 2013 arbitration hearing—Armendt filed a Notice of Non-Party

and reasonable basis for its hourly rates and overall request for attorneys’
fees.

19 See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(5).

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 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

at Fault, designating Murray, the driver of the No. 3 car, as a nonparty at
fault. Armendt later prepared an Initial Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement—
dated June 11, 2013—in which she denied “that she was negligent in any
manner or that she caused, contributed or was involved in the accident
involving [Day’s] vehicle,” and asserted that Day’s damages were the result
of the negligence of Murray or some other party. After deposing both Day
and Murray on July 10, 2013, Armendt withdrew her Notice of Non-Party
at Fault regarding Murray, and instead—on August 6, 2013—named as a
nonparty at fault “[t]he anonymous driver of the vehicle that struck the rear
of Mr. Murray’s vehicle.”

¶44 Later, on July 22, 2014—several months before the trial in
superior court—Day moved in limine to preclude Armendt from asserting
an affirmative defense that the “anonymous driver” of the No. 2 car was a
nonparty at fault. See generally A.R.S. § 12-2506 (2016). At the November
13 final trial management conference, Day argued that Armendt had
admitted she did not know how the accident involving Day’s vehicle
occurred and could not identify the driver of the No. 2 car, “[s]o, there are
absolutely no facts to support the non-party at fault.” After taking the
matter under advisement, the trial court granted Day’s motion in limine,
reasoning as follows: “The Notice of NPAF fails to state facts supporting
the unidentified driver’s alleged fault. Defendant’s anticipated testimony
that she saw smoke from the unknown driver’s car before she hit that car is
not a factual basis on which a jury could reasonably find the unknown
driver to be at fault.”

¶45 On the first day of trial, Murray testified he had been rear-
ended by the No. 2 car, and the driver of that car had driven away. Murray
did not, however, otherwise know how the accident happened. At the
beginning of the second day of trial, during a discussion regarding final
jury instructions, defense counsel requested a comparative fault line on the
verdict form for the driver of the No. 2 car. Day objected, arguing the court
had already “ruled that they could not name [the No. 2 car’s driver] as a
non-party at fault.” The court then responded: “Okay. Yeah, right. I -- let
me just say that we’ll do the final, final on the jury instructions after all the
evidence is in. So let me hear the rest of the evidence, and I know I made
that ruling based on what I understood the record was going to be. But
why don’t we wait to finalize that till after we’re done? Right now I don’t
see it. Okay.”

¶46 Armendt later testified that, on April 9, 2012, she was driving
on the I-10 freeway when she saw smoke, heard screeching, and became
aware of a collision in front of her. She “slammed on the brakes,” but before

17
 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

she could fully stop, she “clipped” the bumper of the car in front of her (the
No. 2 car). She did not hit any other vehicle, and the driver of the No. 2 car
assured her he had not hit the car in front of him (the No. 3 car) as a result
of Armendt clipping his (No. 2) car. Armendt believed the prior collision
and her collision were “just two separate accidents.” During cross-
examination, Day’s counsel questioned Armendt about first naming
Murray as a nonparty at fault, and later naming the driver of the No. 2 car
as being at fault. At the conclusion of Armendt’s testimony, the trial court
ruled Armendt had not put forth facts sufficient for a comparative fault
instruction or “a line on the verdict form,” but further ruled “[t]hat doesn’t
mean you can’t argue that” in closing argument: “You can still make the
argument if you want to.” During closing argument, defense counsel did
not specifically mention the term “nonparty at fault,” but did argue “we
believed this unknown driver had something to do with [Day’s accident]
and everything points to that.” Defense counsel also focused on who bore
the burden of proof, and closed his argument by stating: ”Have they
proven their case or did they say, ‘The Defendant did not prove car number
two caused the accident.’ Remember whose burden of proof it is and what
the evidence shows. The evidence shows that this was car number two.”

¶47 Even assuming Day has not waived this issue by failing to
timely object or clearly raise it in his motion for new trial, see Ritchie, 221
Ariz. at 303, ¶ 51, 211 P.3d at 1287; State v. Davis, 117 Ariz. 5, 8, 570 P.2d 776,
779 (App. 1977), we find no error. The evidence presented at trial supported
a reasonable inference that Armendt had not caused the accident involving
Day, and the jury agreed, returning a unanimous finding in her favor (and
thus concluding that, as to Day, she was not a tortfeasor). In the context of
this case, the trial court’s decision to not give a comparative fault instruction
or include “a line on the verdict form” for allocating fault makes perfect
sense. Armendt defended by arguing she was not at fault, and the trial
court’s ruling limited Armendt’s ability to argue percentages of fault, which
she did not do, but allowed her to argue someone else had caused the
accident involving Day and that Day had failed to present sufficient
evidence for the jury to find her at fault. Such an argument went toward
whether Armendt could be found liable, rather than to an allocation of fault.
Moreover, defense counsel’s arguments did not violate the trial court’s
orders. Instead, counsel’s arguments fell squarely within the parameters of
the trial court’s rulings, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

18
 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

allowing defense counsel to argue reasonable inferences from the evidence
presented.20 See Ritchie, 221 Ariz. at 303-04, ¶ 54, 211 P.3d at 1287-88.

IV. Witness William Murray

¶48 Day argues the trial court abused its discretion by partially
quashing the subpoena requiring Murray to appear for trial and allowing
Murray to instead appear telephonically. We find no abuse of discretion.

¶49 The trial court retains discretion to control the courtroom and
trial proceedings. Brown v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 194 Ariz. 85, 91, ¶ 33, 977
P.2d 807, 813 (App. 1998). “We will not interfere in matters within [the trial
court’s] discretion unless we are persuaded that the exercise of such
discretion resulted in a miscarriage of justice or deprived one of the litigants
of a fair trial.” O’Rielly Motor Co. v. Rich, 3 Ariz. App. 21, 27, 411 P.2d 194,
200 (1966).

¶50 In this case, Murray, who did not live in Maricopa County at
the time of trial and was not a party to the case, was served with a subpoena
requiring his attendance at trial. Murray filed an expedited motion to quash
the subpoena, raising numerous arguments, including that: (1) the
subpoena had not been served in accordance with Rule 45(d)(1), Ariz. R.
Civ. P., and A.R.S. § 12-303 (2016) because Day had not tendered the
mileage fee; (2) the subpoena required him to incur substantial travel
expense, especially in light of his belief that the probative value of his
testimony was low and because he no longer owned a car; (3) he was not
afforded adequate time to prepare for his appearance because the subpoena
was served one week before trial; and (4) the subpoena subjected him to
undue burden. Murray also sought attorneys’ fees and costs as sanctions.
Day filed a response, requesting oral argument and Rule 11 sanctions21
against Murray’s counsel, and arguing Murray was a crucial witness; the
failure to serve the mileage fee was an oversight and would be remedied;
Day’s counsel had also been given little prior notice of the trial due to the
case’s placement in the court’s case transfer system, which led to the short
notice given to Murray; Murray would not incur substantial travel expense

20 Moreover, the trial court did not allow the jury to find comparative
fault. Instead, the jury was instructed it had to either find Armendt at fault
or not, and the jury unanimously found in favor of Armendt. We presume
the jury followed the instructions given it. See State v. LeBlanc, 186 Ariz. 437,
439, 924 P.2d 441, 443 (1996).

21 See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 11(c).

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 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

and had not provided an affidavit indicating he did not own or have access
to a vehicle; and Murray’s argument that he did not have time to prepare
was frivolous.

¶51 At the November 13, 2014 final trial management conference,
the trial court heard argument on the motions from counsel for Murray and
Day. Counsel for Murray continued to object to the short notice provided
by the subpoena, but stated Murray “would be willing to appear by phone.”
After noting “the deficiencies with the subpoena, mainly the time,” were
“an issue” for Day, the trial court quashed the subpoena as to personal
appearance, but ordered Murray to appear telephonically. At trial, Murray
appeared with counsel by telephone, testified fully, and was subject to
direct, cross, re-direct, and re-cross examination, as well as questions from
the jury.22 Later, in denying Day’s motion for new trial, the trial court ruled
as follows:

The jury heard Murray’s testimony by phone. It was
within the discretion of the Court to permit him to testify
telephonically. Plaintiff’s motion to compel him to appear in
person was properly denied.

¶52 After reviewing the record, we agree with the trial court. The
cold transcript does not appear to support Day’s characterization of Murray
as “belligerent, non-responsive, irritable and angry,” and even if it did,
Murray testified fully, and the record does not indicate a miscarriage of
justice occurred or that Day was deprived of a fair trial. The jury had ample
opportunity to assess Murray’s credibility, and nothing indicates the jury
failed to do its job. See generally Logerquist v. McVey, 196 Ariz. 470, 488,
¶ 52, 1 P.3d 113, 131 (2000) (recognizing it is within the jury’s province to
determine witnesses’ credibility), superseded in part on other grounds by
amendment to Ariz. R. Evid. 702; Cano v. Neill, 12 Ariz. App. 562, 569, 473
P.2d 487, 494 (1970) (citation omitted). The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in allowing Murray to appear by telephone.

V. Insurance

¶53 Day argues he was prejudiced because the subject of liability
and medical insurance was repeatedly raised during trial. We disagree.

¶54 Admitting evidence of insurance may create an unacceptable
risk that the jury, either in finding liability or in determining the amount of

22 After Murray testified, Day’s next witness, Dr. Leroy Kareus, also
testified telephonically.

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 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

the award to make, will be influenced by the fact that an insurance policy
is available to pay any award made. See generally Muehlebach v. Mercer
Mortuary & Chapel, Inc., 93 Ariz. 60, 62, 378 P.2d 741, 742 (1963). However,
the mere mention of insurance will not require declaration of a mistrial or
a new trial, unless prejudice resulting from it is shown. Id. at 64, 378 P.2d
at 743-44; accord Michael v. Cole, 122 Ariz. 450, 452, 595 P.2d 995, 997 (1979);
Sheppard v. Crow-Barker Paul No. 1 Ltd. P’ship, 192 Ariz. 539, 547, ¶ 43, 968
P.2d 612, 620 (App. 1998).

¶55 Day provides no citation to any mention of the word
“insurance” in the record. Accordingly, he has arguably abandoned and
waived his claim by failing to comply with Rule 13(a)(7), ARCAP. See
Ritchie, 221 Ariz. at 305, ¶ 62, 211 P.3d at 1289. Also, the only mentions
before the jury of the word “insurance” we could find in the trial transcripts
came from Day and his witness, Officer Jarol, who testified on direct
examination that in investigating an accident, he collects the “driver’s
license, insurance, [and] registration” from those involved before starting
work on his report, and that leaving the scene of a collision without
providing such information could subject a person to a “hit and run”
charge. These brief mentions of insurance did not influence the verdict and
were not prejudicial to Day. Further, a party cannot inject error into the
proceedings and complain of it on appeal. Acheson v. Shafter, 107 Ariz. 576,
579, 490 P.2d 832, 835 (1971). Moreover, Day did not object. See Ritchie, 221
Ariz. at 303, ¶ 51, 211 P.3d at 1287 (recognizing that counsel’s failure to
object at trial generally waives the issue on appeal). Finally, the trial court
instructed the jury not to consider insurance in its deliberations. We
presume the jury followed the instructions given it. See LeBlanc, 186 Ariz.
at 439, 924 P.2d at 443.

¶56 The trial court also recognized the deficiencies in Day’s
argument when, in denying Day’s motion for new trial, the court stated,

The Court does not recall testimony regarding
insurance or whether [Day] even objected during trial. [Day]
does not attach a transcript. [Day] fails to demonstrate that
the mention of insurance, if any, warrants a new trial.

We agree with the trial court. On this record, Day has shown no error,
much less prejudice.

VI. Costs and Attorneys’ Fees on Appeal

¶57 Armendt requests an award of attorneys’ fees and costs on
appeal pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 12-341.01 (2016) and 12-341 (2016),

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 DAY v. ARMENDT
Decision of the Court

respectively. This action does not arise out of a contract between the
parties, and thus, Armendt is not entitled to fees under A.R.S. § 12-341.01.
As the successful party on appeal, however, she is entitled to an award of
her taxable costs under A.R.S § 12-341, contingent upon her compliance
with Rule 21, ARCAP.

CONCLUSION

¶58 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment
in favor of Armendt.

AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA

22