IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 75291-0-1
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Appellant. ) FILED: June 12, 2017
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VERELLEN, C.J. — C.F. appeals his adjudication of first degree assault as an
accomplice to A.F., who stabbed Matthew Wilkerson in the chest with a deadly weapon.
C.F. contends the trial court did not make adequate findings of the ultimate facts as to
each element of the crime.
The trial court found A.F. assaulted Wilkerson with a deadly weapon with intent
to inflict great bodily harm and that C.F. knew the assault was going to happen,
encouraged it, and actively participated in it.
Because the court found A.F."made the first move," he was the first aggressor
and not entitled to a claim of self-defense. Because C.F. was an accomplice who knew
the assault was going to happen, encouraged it, and actively participated in it, he was
not entitled to self-defense or defense of another. Alternatively, to the extent the trial
Clerk's Papers(CP)at 2.
No. 75291-0-1/2
court findings suggest C.F. may have had a reasonable belief to defend at the initiation
of the confrontation, the trial court expressly found there was "no need to defend
anything"2 at the time C.F. blindsided Wilkerson before A.F. stabbed him. The trial court
was not required to make any additional findings as to the unlawfulness of the force
used by C.F. and A.F. The court satisfied the requirements of JuCR 7.11(d).
Finally, because the State presented sufficient evidence for any rational trier of
fact to find the elements of first degree assault beyond a reasonable doubt, C.F.'s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails.
We affirm.
FACTS
On January 4, 2016, C.F. and A.F. rode the bus to Mount Vernon, Washington,
Skagit County. The bus driver asked A.F. and C.F. to come forward to pay at the next
bus stop. When they came forward to pay, Devin Belwood and Matthew Wilkerson got
on the bus. C.F. and Belwood passed each other towards the front of the bus and
exchanged a "provocative/confrontational stare."3 C.F. and A.F. returned to their seats.
The bus stopped at the Mount Vernon transit station.
C.F. and A.F. exited the bus through the back door. A.F. walked to a post near
the front of the bus. C.F. stopped before the post and before the front doors of the bus,
and looked back at the bus. Wilkerson and Belwood exited the bus, and C.F. took a
step toward Belwood. C.F. said something, and Belwood said something back and
threw his coat to the ground. There was posturing between Belwood, C.F., and A.F.
23p at 4.
3 CP at 2.
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No. 75291-0-1/3
A.F."made the first move" toward Be!wood, and they exchanged punches.4
Wilkerson restrained A.F., and C.F. took swings at Wilkerson. C.F. struck Wilkerson,
landing strikes on his head as he held A.F.
Wilkerson described the remaining portion of the fight that happened off camera.
C.F. "blindsided" Wilkerson and then A.F. stabbed Wilkerson in the chest. Wilkerson
did not know he was stabbed immediately, but he said he felt a pinch when A.F. struck
him.
Wilkerson was transported to the emergency room, underwent surgeries, and
spent six days in the hospital.
The trial court concluded there was an intentional assault designed to cause
great bodily harm. The doctor described the injuries, done with a device that was "knife-
like" that could cause great bodily harm. The court found that A.F. used a deadly
weapon intentionally_with force likely to cause great bodily harm. The court concluded
C.F. was an accomplice,"C.F. did aid, abet, and encourage the assault to occur."5
Instead of walking away,"he moved towards them, he initiated the verbal confrontation,
and was actively involved with assisting in the assault."6 Notably, the trial court found
"C.F. was involved; he knew the assault was going to happen,[and] assisted in it." 7
The trial court found C.F. guilty of assault in the first degree and imposed a
standard range of commitment to Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration for 103 to 129
weeks.
4 CP at 2.
5 CP at 4.
6 CP at 4.
7 CP at 4.
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C.F. appeals.
ANALYSIS
C.F. contends the trial court's findings violate JuCR 7.11(d) because they do not
state the ultimate facts as to each element of the crime. That rule provides:
(d) Written Findings and Conclusions on Appeal. The court shall enter
written findings and conclusions in a case that is appealed. The findings
shall state the ultimate facts as to each element of the crime and the
evidence upon which the court relied in reaching its decision. The findings
and conclusions may be entered after the notice of appeal is filed. The
prosecution must submit such findings and conclusions within 21 days
after receiving the juvenile's notice of appeal.[9]
The juvenile court's findings of fact must state the ultimate facts necessary to
support each element of the crime, and failure to do so will result in remand for entry of
sufficient findings and conclusions of law.9
Here, the trial court concluded that C.F. was an accomplice to A.F.'s first degree
assault. Under the State's theory, the court had to find that A.F. committed first degree
assault and that C.F. was legally accountable for A.F.'s conduct.
The State had to prove A.F., with intent to inflict great bodily harm, assaulted
another with a deadly weapon or by any force or means likely to produce great bodily
harm or death.1°
The trial court found that A.F. started the fight: "A.F. made the first move to
Devin Be!wood and punches were thrown."11 The court found "A.F. is the one who
8 JuCR 7.11(d).
9 State v. Alvarez, 128 Wn.2d 1, 17, 19, 904 P.2d 754(1995).
19 RCW 9A.36.011.
11 CP at 2.
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No. 75291-0-1/5
stabbed Matthew Wilkerson."12 The court found "there was an intentional assault,
designed to cause great bodily harm."13 The court also found "A.F. used a deadly
weapon intentionally with force [likely] to cause great bodily harm"14
We conclude the trial court's findings state the ultimate facts as to each element
of assault in the first degree by finding A.F. assaulted another with a deadly weapon
with the intent to inflict great bodily harm.
To prove C.F. was an accomplice to A.F.'s first degree assault, the State had to
prove C.F. was legally accountable for A.F.'s conduct.15 A person is an accomplice of
the other person in the commission of a crime if, with knowledge that it will promote or
facilitate the commission of the crime, he solicits, commands, encourages, or requests
the other person to commit it, or aids or agrees to aid the other person in planning or
committing it.16 The court's findings that C.F. knew the assault was going to happen,
encouraged it, and actively participated in it are ultimate facts establishing accomplice
liability.
C.F. contends the trial court failed to make findings of ultimate facts as to the
unlawfulness of force used by A.F. and C.F.
A first aggressor is not entitled to self-defense, unless he in good faith withdraws
first from the combat." An individual is justified in using force necessary to protect
12 CP at 4.
13 CP at 4.
14 CP at 4.
15 RCW 9A.08.020(6).
16 RCW 9A.08.020(3)(a)(i),
17 State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 909, 976 P.2d 624(1999).
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No. 75291-0-1/6
another person only if the individual reasonably believes the other person is an innocent
party and in danger.18 Whether an individual participates in a crime as an accomplice or
a principal, his or her culpability is the same.18 Therefore, an accomplice who, knowing
an assault is going to take place, encourages and actively participates in that assault by
the first aggressor, is not entitled to self-defense or the defense of another.
Here, the trial court found that after C.F. and A.F. exited the bus,"C.F. took a
step toward Devin Belwood and said something."2° The court found:
The key here for C.F. is he did not inflict the harm, but was he an
accomplice? Yes, C.F. did aid, abet, and encourage the assault to occur.
C.F. did not walk away, he moved towards them, he initiated the verbal
confrontation, and was actively involved with assisting in the assault.[21]
The court found that C.F. engaged in "assaultive behavior" when he blindsided
Wilkerson by striking him in the side of the head.22 And C.F."knew the assault was
going to happen, assisted in it, and will be held accountable and found guilty of Assault
in the First Degree."23
The trial court foreclosed any potential self-defense or defense of another claim
from A.F. or C.F. because it found that A.F. was the first aggressor: "C.F. took a step
toward Devin Belwood and said something" and "A.F. made the first move to Devin
18 State v. Bernardy, 25 Wn. App. 146, 148, 605 P.2d 791 (1980)(emphasis
added).
19 Statev. McDonald, 138 Wn.2d 680,688, 981 P.2d 443(1999)(quoting State v.
Carothers, 84 Wn.2d 256, 264, 525 P.2d 731 (1974)).
20 CP at 2.
21 CP at 4.
22 CP at 3.
23 CP at 4.
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No. 75291-0-1/7
Be!wood and punches were thrown."24 The surveillance video corroborates the court's
description of the events. The altercation continued off camera. C.F. blindsided
Wilkerson and A.F. stabbed him. The court found C.F. knew the assault was going to
occur, encouraged it, and actively participated in it. In this setting, C.F. was not entitled
to claim self-defense or the defense of the first aggressor.
C.F. focuses on the trial court's acknowledgment that C.F.'s initial intent may
have been to defend.25 But even ignoring the court's first aggressor findings and
viewing the observations about C.F.'s possible initial intent as consistent with a
reasonable belief A.F. was innocent and in danger when the confrontation started, the
court's findings preclude any claim of defense. The court ultimately found there was "no
need to defend anything"26 and "no danger for force to be employed by C.F. or A.F."27
when C.F. blindsided Wilkerson just before A.F. stabbed Wilkerson. Those findings that
there was nothing to defend at the critical stage of the fight adequately address any
question of unlawfulness of the force used by C.F. and A.F.28 The trial court was not
required to make any additional ultimate findings to satisfy JuCR 7.11(d).
24 CP at 2(emphasis added).
25 CP at 3("At that point in time it might have been reasonable, considering the
confrontational nature of what had already happened,for C.F. to go to the assistance of
his friend."); CP at 4("There is reasonable doubt as to whether C.F. was aiding or
defending initially.").
26 CP at 4.
27 CP at 3.
28 CP at 4. The trial court also made observations about C.F.'s reasonable belief
given the context of the fight, but consistent with its first aggressor determination, it
ultimately determined C.F. had no reasonable basis to defend A.F. See CP at 3
("[T]here was no danger for force to be employed by C.F. or A.F. at that time. Matthew
Wilkerson was then blindsided by C.F. by being struck about the side of the head while
A.F. was on the ground. C.F.['s] act was assaultive behavior. Shortly thereafter, A.F.
stabbed Matthew Wilkerson.").
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No. 75291-0-1/8
Finally, C.F. contends insufficient evidence was admitted at trial that C.F. knew
his conduct would promote or facilitate the commission of an assault. When we review
the sufficiency of the evidence, we ask whether, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.29 All reasonable inferences from the evidence are
drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the defendant.3°
C.F. concedes the evidence, in the light most favorable to the State, establishes
that "C.F. aided A.F. in stabbing Mr. Wilkerson."31 C.F. argues that the State failed to
introduce evidence that established C.F. knew A.F. was armed with a knife or deadly
weapon.
But in In re Personal Restraint of Sarausad, this court concluded:
From this, we conclude that the law of accomplice liability in
Washington requires the State to prove that an accused who is charged
as an accomplice with murder in the first degree, second degree or
manslaughter knew generally that he was facilitating a homicide, but need
not have known that the principal had the kind of culpability required for
any particular degree of murder. Likewise, an accused who is charged
with assault in the first or second degree as an accomplice must have
known generally that he was facilitating an assault, even if only a simple,
misdemeanor-level assault, and need not have known that the principal
was going to use deadly force or that the principal was armed.[32]
Here, the State was not required to prove C.F. knew A.F. was armed with or
would use a knife. Therefore, the evidence is sufficient to prove that A.F. committed
assault in the first degree.
29 State v. Joy, 121 Wn.2d 333, 338-39, 851 P.2d 654 (1993).
3° State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992).
31 Appellant's Br. at 19.
32 109 Wn. App. 824, 836, 39 P.3d 308(2001)(emphasis added).
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No. 75291-0-1/9
C.F. also contends the State failed to present substantial evidence that C.F.
knew A.F. would commit an assault. His argument fails. The State presented evidence
that showed C.F. approached and began exchanging words with Be!wood. A.F.
charged at Belwood, swinging his fists, and C.F. joined in striking Wilkerson. Viewed in
a light most favorable to the State, there is circumstantial evidence C.F. knew an
assault would occur.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
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