MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing Jun 13 2017, 11:12 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
estoppel, or the law of the case. Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Lisa M. Johnson Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Brownsburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Tyler G. Banks
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Frank Larkins, III June 13, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1611-CR-2516
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Mark D. Stoner,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49G06-1411-MR-52285
Najam, Judge.
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Statement of the Case
[1] Frank Larkins, III appeals his convictions for aggravated battery, as a Level 1
felony, and neglect of a dependent, as a Level 1 felony, following a jury trial.
He presents two issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied his motion to sever his trial from his codefendant’s
trial.
2. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support
his convictions.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] In February 2013, Diamond Miller and her son D.P. were living with
Diamond’s father, William Miller, when she gave birth to her son E.P.
Sometime in 2013, Diamond began dating Larkins, and in December 2013,
Diamond, D.P., and E.P. began living with Larkins and Larkins’ elderly great
grandmother, Gladys Brasher. Diamond and Larkins then had a daughter
together, M.M.
[4] On Friday, October 24, 2014, Diamond dropped off D.P. and E.P. at William’s
house for the weekend. E.P. showed no signs of illness over the weekend. On
Monday, October 27, at approximately 4:30 p.m., Larkins and Diamond met
William, D.P., and E.P. in a parking lot, and, while Larkins stayed seated in
the driver’s seat of his truck, Diamond and William helped the boys move from
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William’s car into Larkins’ truck. As E.P. entered the truck, E.P. and Larkins
made eye contact, and William observed that E.P. “looked spooked” as though
he had “seen a ghost.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 18-19. William then drove Diamond to
work, and Larkins drove D.P. and E.P. to Larkins’ brother’s house for a visit.
Larkins’ brother Bryant was living with his girlfriend Jayna Tramble and
Bryant’s children at the time. D.P. and E.P. played with Bryant’s children
while Larkins visited with Bryant and Tramble for a couple of hours.
[5] After leaving Bryant’s residence, at approximately 6:30 p.m., Larkins drove
D.P. and E.P. home. Larkins’ then eighty-five-year-old great grandmother,
Brasher, was home that evening, but she mostly stayed in her bedroom with the
door closed. When Diamond got home from work at approximately 10:00
p.m., Larkins, D.P., and E.P. were eating dinner. But E.P. only took two bites
of food and spit them out. E.P. complained of stomach pain. A short time
later, Diamond called William to ask him what E.P. had eaten over the
weekend. William reported that E.P. had eaten normally and seemed to be fine
over the weekend. At some point, E.P. went to sleep for the night.
[6] On Tuesday, October 28, E.P. was lethargic and sick to his stomach. E.P. did
not eat, and he vomited every time he tried to drink fluids. E.P. vomited eight
to ten times that day. E.P.’s stomach was distended, but it “deflate[d]” after he
vomited. Tr. Vol. 2 at 97. E.P. stayed still as much as possible to minimize the
pain he was having. E.P. went to sleep at approximately 6:00 p.m. Diamond
and Larkins heard E.P. moaning in pain in his bed, but he eventually quieted
down.
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[7] At a little before 8:00 a.m. on Wednesday, October 29, Diamond found E.P.
unresponsive in his bed. Diamond woke Larkins, and they called 9-1-1. The 9-
1-1 operator instructed Larkins to perform chest compressions on E.P. while
they waited for emergency medical technicians (“EMT”) to arrive. When the
EMTs arrived, they found Larkins giving chest compressions to E.P., who was
lying on the floor in a hallway. EMT John Longstreet determined that E.P.
was dead and was exhibiting rigor mortis, which indicated that E.P. had been
dead for “an extended period of time.” Id. at 28. Indianapolis Metropolitan
Police Department officers and a deputy coroner, Jessica Miller, soon arrived at
the apartment. At some point, Larkins told Miller that he “had an interest in”
television shows involving medical diagnoses, and he asked her “what kind of
injuries would cause [E.P.’s] abdomen to be found distended or rigid.” Id. at
103. And Larkins asked Miller if she would be able to determine the cause of
an abdominal injury to E.P. Miller told a homicide detective at the scene about
Larkins’ questions.
[8] Larkins and Diamond gave voluntary statements to police officers. They
explained that they thought E.P. had a stomach virus on Tuesday and that they
had intended to take him to get medical treatment on Wednesday if he was not
feeling better.
[9] Dr. Thomas Sozio conducted an autopsy and concluded that E.P. had died
from an infection after he suffered blunt force trauma to his abdomen akin to
what would be sustained in a “high speed car accident.” Id. at 199. In
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particular, Dr. Sozio found that E.P’s duodenum1 had been severed such that
“it had completely separated and it was torn in two pieces.” Id. at 178. Dr.
Sozio also found: a partial laceration to E.P.’s pancreas; a large amount of
blood and pus in E.P’s abdomen; “some fat that had been torn”; and signs of an
infection. Id. at 177. Dr. Sozio concluded that if E.P. had received timely
medical care after the impact injury, he could have had surgery to repair his
injuries and treat the infection that ultimately killed him.
[10] The State charged Larkins with murder, a felony; aggravated battery, as a Level
1 felony; two counts of neglect of a dependent, as Level 1 felonies; battery, as a
Level 2 felony; and two counts of battery, as Level 5 felonies. 2 And the State
charged Diamond with two counts of neglect of a dependent, as Level 1
felonies. When the State indicated that it would try Larkins and Diamond
together in a single trial, Larkins moved to sever the trials. The trial court
denied that motion after a telephonic hearing.
[11] During the joint trial, the State presented expert testimony that E.P. died
approximately eighteen to thirty-six hours after sustaining the blunt force
trauma to his abdomen. No one could pinpoint the time of E.P.’s death, but
the evidence showed that, because E.P. was exhibiting rigor mortis when EMTs
arrived at 8:00 a.m. on October 29, he had “likely” been dead “for hours” at
1
The duodenum is the “first part of the small intestine after the stomach.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 177.
2
Prior to trial, the State dismissed the two Level 5 felony charges against Larkins.
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that point. Tr. Vol. 3 at 97. And while there was no evidence to pinpoint the
time of injury, Dr. Harris testified that it “would have happened after” E.P. had
been playing with the kids at Bryant’s house, which was when Larkins was
home with D.P. and E.P. on Monday evening. Id. at 93. Finally, the State
presented expert testimony that the blunt force trauma to E.P.’s abdomen was
not the result of a fall and could not have been inflicted by another child.
[12] At the conclusion of trial, the jury found Larkins guilty of all but the murder
charge, upon which the jurors could not find unanimity.3 The trial court
entered judgment of conviction for aggravated battery, as a Level 1 felony, and
neglect of a dependent, as a Level 1 felony. The court sentenced Larkins to
concurrent thirty-four year sentences, with twenty years in the Department of
Correction, eight years on work release, six years suspended, and two years on
probation. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Issue One: Motion to Sever Trials
[13] Larkins first contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
his motion to sever his trial from Diamond’s trial. Indiana Code Section 35-34-
1-11(b) provides in relevant part that, upon a defendant’s motion, the court
shall order a separate trial of codefendants whenever the court determines that a
3
The jury found Diamond guilty of one count of neglect of a dependent, as a Level 1 felony. We affirmed
her conviction on appeal. Miller v. State, No. 49A02-1610-CR-2364, 2017 WL 1632534 (Ind. Ct. App. May 2,
2017).
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separate trial is necessary to protect a defendant’s right to a speedy trial or is
appropriate to promote a fair determination of the guilt or innocence of a
defendant. But there is a strong judicial policy in favor of joint trials where
codefendants are charged with the same crime. Lee v. State, 684 N.E.2d 1143,
1149 (Ind. 1997). The trial court has discretion to grant or deny a motion for
separate trials. Id. at 1147. In order to show an abuse of discretion in the denial
of a motion for separate trials, the defendant must show actual prejudice. Id. at
1148. It is the defendant’s burden to show that a fair trial could not otherwise
have been had and “not merely that severance would enhance the prospects for
acquittal.” Id. at 1149 (quoting Blacknell v. State, 502 N.E.2d 899, 905 (Ind.
1987)).
[14] Larkins maintains that, over his objection, the trial court permitted the State to
present evidence against Diamond that “would not have been admissible” if
Larkins had been tried separately. Appellant’s Br. at 29. In particular, the State
presented William’s testimony that, after Larkins and Diamond began living
together, William: saw bruises “all over” E.P. “about every time” he saw him;
repeatedly talked to Diamond about the bruises; disagreed with Diamond’s
conclusion that the bruises were just a result of play with other kids; and told
Diamond not to let “anybody watch the kids.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 10-11. William
testified that Larkins was regularly taking care of the children in Diamond’s
absence. Id. at 11.
[15] Immediately before William began his testimony, the trial court admonished
the jury as follows:
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With Mr. Miller’s testimony the Court is giving you another
admonition, . . . [that] the testimony you are about to receive
from Mr. Miller, until you are further advised by the Court, that
this testimony is to be considered as to Defendant Miller only. It
is not to be considered in any way, shape, or form against Mr.
Larkins. It shall not be commented upon, referred to or in any
way considered by the jury against Mr. Larkins.
Tr. Vol. 3 at 5. Then, at the conclusion of William’s testimony regarding the
frequent bruising he had seen on E.P., the trial court stated as follows:
All right. Ladies and Gentlemen, again, the Court wants to draw
the clear distinction of the information that you received up to
this point that was admissible against Defendant Miller only.
And it was admissible for the purpose for two reasons. One, to
show the witness’s state of mind as to why he communicated,
why he communicated to Ms. Miller about his observations. It
also goes to Diamond Miller’s state of mind about what
knowledge she may have had or what warnings she may have
had about the health of her child or the care of her child. Again,
you are not to consider it in any way, shape, or form for the truth
of the matter, in the sense that there were bruises or whatever, he
is not a medical expert. Nor has he testified in any way at this
point that he saw anyone, especially and including Mr. Larkins
create these injuries. That’s why you’re not permitted to use it
against Mr. Larkins in any way, shape, or form. Because he
doesn’t have that information and you’ve not heard it. So it’s
only allowed for those two purposes, his state of mind as to why
he said what he said, if you find that he said it, and Ms. Miller’s
state of mind if she heard it and what she knew or may not have
known about any warnings about Mr. Larkins. That’s the only
thing you can use it for. . . .
Id. at 11-12. The trial court asked the jurors to indicate whether they did not
understand the admonishment, and none of the jurors so indicated. The trial
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court also instructed the jury in relevant part as follows: “Any evidence which
was limited to one defendant should not be considered by you as to any other
defendant. You should give separate consideration to each defendant.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 102.
[16] Larkins contends that he was denied a fair trial because “William’s testimony
about the bruises, and his opinion regarding their source, would not have been
admissible [under Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b)] if Larkins had been tried
alone.” Appellant’s Br. at 31. And Larkins maintains that he was prejudiced
by that testimony and that the trial court’s admonitions and instructions “did
not eliminate the prejudice.” Id. We cannot agree.
[17] First, it is well settled that we presume the jury followed the trial court’s
admonishments and that the excluded testimony played no part in the jury’s
deliberation, Francis v. State, 758 N.E.2d 528, 532 (Ind. 2001), and when the
jury is properly instructed, we presume they followed such instructions.
Weisheit v. State, 26 N.E.3d 3, 20 (Ind. 2015) (citation omitted). Indeed, as the
State points out, it appears that the jury disregarded William’s testimony
altogether in that it acquitted Diamond of the neglect of a dependent charge
based on her conduct in leaving E.P. in Larkins’ care despite having been
notified that Larkins might be abusing E.P.4 Further, during deliberations, the
jury asked the trial court for information regarding any “Child Protective
4
The jury convicted Diamond of neglect of a dependent based on her failure to timely obtain medical
treatment for E.P.
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Service records,” “witnesses of any abuse of the children,” and “any criminal
record of Frank Larkins.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 135. Those questions
suggest that the jury did not improperly consider William’s testimony in
determining Larkins’ guilt. Larkins has not shown that he was denied a fair
trial as a result of William’s testimony.
[18] Moreover, we reject Larkins’ contention that “William’s testimony about the
bruises, and his opinion regarding their source, would not have been admissible
if Larkins had been tried alone.” Appellant’s Br. at 31. To the contrary, that
testimony might have been admissible in a separate trial against Larkins under
an exception to Evidence Rule 404(b), which provides that evidence of prior
bad acts may be admissible to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. For
example, in Clemons v. State, 610 N.E.2d 236 (Ind. 1993), during the defendant’s
trial on charges that he had abused one of his twin sons, the State introduced
evidence that the defendant had previously abused his other twin son. Our
supreme court held that such evidence was admissible to show the defendant’s
modus operandi, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. Id. at 242-43.
Again, Larkins has not shown that he was denied a fair trial because of the trial
court’s admission of William’s testimony regarding his suspicions that Larkins
had previously abused E.P.
[19] Finally, Larkins contends that he was prejudiced by William’s testimony
because the trial court prohibited his defense counsel from cross-examining
William. In support of that contention, Larkins cites Bruton v. United States, 391
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U.S. 123, 126 (1968), where the Supreme Court held that the trial court’s
admission of a codefendant’s confession into evidence at a joint trial violated
the defendant’s right to cross-examination. Larkins concedes that Bruton “is not
directly on point,” but he maintains that, “as in Bruton, the testimony would not
have been admissible if Larkins had been tried alone, and it was not subject to
cross-examination.” Appellant’s Br. at 9. But, again, William’s testimony
might have been admissible at a separate trial. Further, during the joint trial,
William was subject to thorough cross-examination by Diamond’s defense
counsel, and Larkins does not assert that he would have elicited different
testimony from William if he had been permitted to cross-examine him. Again,
Larkins has not demonstrated that he was denied a fair trial. The trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it denied Larkins’ motion to sever.
Issue Two: Sufficiency of the Evidence
[20] Larkins contends that the State presented insufficient evidence to support his
convictions. Our standard for reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed
to support a criminal conviction is as follows:
First, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of
witnesses. Second, we only consider the evidence supporting the
[verdict] and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from
such evidence. A conviction will be affirmed if there is
substantial evidence of probative value supporting each element
of the offense such that a reasonable trier of fact could have
found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. It is the
job of the fact-finder to determine whether the evidence in a
particular case sufficiently proves each element of an offense, and
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we consider conflicting evidence most favorably to the trial
court’s ruling.
Willis v. State, 27 N.E.3d 1065, 1066-67 (Ind. 2015) (citations and quotation
marks omitted).
Aggravated Battery
[21] To prove aggravated battery, as a Level 1 felony, the State was required to show
that Larkins knowingly or intentionally inflicted injury on E.P., that is, a
lacerated pancreas and/or a lacerated duodenum, that created a substantial risk
of death and did result in the death of E.P., who was under the age of fourteen.
See Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5 (2017). Larkins maintains that the State did not
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was the person who injured E.P.
Larkins asserts that no one “ever saw [him] hitting or abusing” E.P.; he did not
make any incriminating statements; and there is no physical evidence
implicating him. Appellant’s Br. at 18. And Larkins contends that the injury to
E.P. “could have been inflicted any time between 10:00 a.m. on Monday,
[when E.P. was in William’s care], and 9:30 p.m. on Monday, when [E.P.]
started exhibiting symptoms.” Id. at 19. Larkins maintains that “seven
different adults had access to” E.P. during that time frame and, thus, each had
the opportunity to hurt E.P. Id.
[22] Larkins’ contentions amount to a request that we reweigh the evidence, which
we will not do. Dr. Harris explained how E.P. would have reacted to the injury
that led to his death:
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It would have been a very painful injury. So he certainly
would have been crying and would have been indicating pain to
that area of his abdomen. Smaller babies can’t always tell us
exactly where it hurts, but a twenty[-]month[-]old can. So I
would expect him to have been indicating abdomen pain, crying,
upset. After that he may have calmed down some. But this type
of injury causes increasing pain over time and increasing
discomfort with movement. So if he held perfectly still he may
have been able to decrease or control his pain somewhat. But
moving around would have been really uncomfortable.
Tr. Vol. 3 at 85 (emphasis added). The State presented evidence that E.P.
showed no signs of injury, either crying or indicating pain, prior to his return
home with Larkins on Monday evening. Thus, Larkins’ contentions that
William, William’s neighbor,5 Bryant, or Tramble may have inflicted the injury
to E.P. are without merit. To the extent Larkins contends that his eighty-five-
year-old great grandmother may have inflicted the injury to E.P., Larkins does
not direct us to any evidence suggesting either that she had the physical strength
to inflict the injury or that she was ever alone with E.P. on Monday evening.
Finally, Larkins asserts that Diamond may have inflicted the injury on E.P., but
the State presented evidence that E.P. was already exhibiting symptoms of the
injury when Diamond arrived home from work on Monday evening.
[23] Further, we disagree with Larkins that he did not make incriminating
statements. When EMTs and police arrived at the residence on Wednesday
5
Larkins states that a neighbor visited William over the weekend when E.P. was staying with William.
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morning, Larkins stated that E.P. had been awake that morning and had shown
signs of life as Larkins performed CPR on him. But the undisputed evidence
showed that E.P. exhibited rigor mortis that morning and that E.P. had been
dead for an extended period of time. Dr. Harris testified that “false histories
[are] provided more often when injuries have been inflicted” by the person
reporting the history. Id. at 98. In addition, at the scene, shortly after the
EMTs had declared that E.P. was dead, Larkins asked questions about the
deputy coroner’s ability to find the cause of the abdominal injury to E.P., which
seemed inappropriate under the circumstances.
[24] In sum, the State presented evidence that E.P. sustained a blunt force injury to
his abdomen during the evening of October 27, when he was home with
Larkins, D.P., and Larkins’ elderly great grandmother. Again, E.P. was
exhibiting signs of the injury when Diamond arrived home from work that
evening. We hold that the State presented sufficient evidence to support
Larkins’ aggravated battery conviction.
Neglect of a Dependent
[25] To prove neglect of a dependent, as a Level 1 felony, the State was required to
show that Larkins, being at least eighteen years of age and having the care of
E.P., a dependent less than fourteen years of age, did knowingly place E.P. in a
situation that endangered E.P.’s life or health, that is, failed to obtain timely
medical treatment for E.P. and which resulted in the death of E.P. See I.C. §
35-46-1-4. Larkins contends that “there is no evidence that E.P.’s need for
medical care was apparent, or that Larkins was actually and subjectively aware
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of that need.” Appellant’s Br. at 25. Larkins asserts that E.P.’s fatal injury was
internal and exhibited no “external bruising or damage.” Id. And Larkins
maintains that he reasonably believed that E.P. was suffering from a stomach
virus that did not require immediate medical attention. We cannot agree.
[26] First, we note that Diamond made similar arguments in her brief on appeal,
which another panel of this court rejected. In Miller, we held as follows:
In the context of a neglect conviction resulting from the alleged
failure to provide timely medical care, it has been established that
“[w]hen there are symptoms from which the average layperson
would have detected a serious problem necessitating medical
attention, it is reasonable for the jury to infer that the defendant
knowingly neglected the dependent.” Mitchell v. State, 726
N.E.2d 1228, 1240 (Ind. 2000), abrogated on other grounds, 924
N.E.2d 643 (Ind. 2010).
Miller insists that the evidence establishes only that her child was
vomiting and feeling unwell, and that a reasonable parent would
not necessarily have sought medical attention within the first
twenty-four hours of such symptoms. The record readily reveals
symptoms far beyond vomiting, however:
• Monday night, E.P. did not want to eat, was complaining of
stomach pain, and was lethargic and sleepy.
• Throughout the day on Tuesday, E.P.’s pain worsened. He was
thirsty and attempted to drink fluids, but vomited up everything
he took in.
• Dr. Harris testified that throughout this time, E.P.’s pain and
discomfort would have escalated, causing him to cry and try to
be as still as possible, which Miller testified that, in fact, he did.
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• Tuesday night, Miller observed that E.P. could not sleep
because of his pain and heard him groaning as he remained
motionless to control the pain. She fell asleep that night to the
sound of his moans.
• Dr. Harris testified that throughout this period, E.P.’s abdomen
would have become more and more bloated until it was visibly
bloated and very tense. That was, in fact, the state of his
abdomen when the paramedic found the child dead on
Wednesday morning.
We agree with Miller that, if vomiting had been E.P.’s only
symptom, a conviction for neglect would likely be unwarranted.
Here, however, the jury reasonably rejected that argument,
concluding that E.P. had many other troubling symptoms that
would have caused an average layperson to seek medical
treatment for the child.
Slip op. at 2-3.
[27] We agree with the analysis in Miller and hold that, given the evidence, the jury
reasonably concluded that Larkins was also guilty of neglect of a dependent as
charged. Moreover, because the State presented sufficient evidence to prove
that Larkins inflicted the life-threatening injury upon E.P., that is further
evidence that Larkins was subjectively aware that E.P. required medical
treatment. See Lush v. State, 783 N.E.2d 1191, 1197 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In
other words, the evidence shows that Larkins “was in a position to understand
the urgency of the situation and that medical attention was needed.” Id. We
hold that the State presented sufficient evidence to support Larkins’ conviction
for neglect of a dependent.
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[28] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Bradford, J., concur.
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