FILED
Jun 13 2017, 11:18 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Matthew R. Shipman Stephen R. Snyder
Bloom Gates Shipman & Whiteleather, LLP Randall L. Morgan
Columbia City, Indiana Snyder Morgan Federoff &
Kuchmay LLP
Syracuse, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Epworth Forest Administration June 13, 2017
Committee, Inc., Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellant-Defendant, 43A03-1610-MI-2332
Appeal from the Kosciusko
v. Circuit Court
The Honorable Michael W. Reed,
Gerry Lee Powell and Patricia Judge
Ann Powell, Trial Court Cause No.
Appellees-Plaintiffs. 43C01-1602-MI-47
Najam, Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] Epworth Forest Administration Committee, Inc. (“EFAC”) appeals the trial
court’s judgment, following a bench trial, for Gerry Lee Powell and Patricia
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Ann Powell on the Powells’ complaint against EFAC and Robert Miller and
Deborah Miller.1 This appeal arises from more than twenty-six years of
litigation in the Kosciusko Circuit Court regarding rights of access to Webster
Lake in Kosciusko County. In this appeal, the Millers sought to have a second
boat lift added to their pier on Webster Lake. To accommodate that desire, the
Millers petitioned EFAC to remove the Powells’ pier on the lake. EFAC
agreed to do so, and the Powells filed suit and obtained injunctive relief before
the court entered a final judgment for the Powells. EFAC now appeals that
judgment and raises a single issue for our review, namely, whether the trial
court erred when it did not accept EFAC’s interpretation of prior orders of the
court. We affirm the court’s judgment for the Powells.
Facts and Procedural History2
[2] Webster Lake is a lake in the Epworth Forest subdivision in Kosciusko County.
Since 1991, rights of access to Webster Lake by onshore and offshore property
owners have been litigated in the Kosciusko Circuit Court. Pursuant to various
court orders in that litigation, EFAC is now empowered3 to administer, subject
to certain restrictions, the respective rights of access held by onshore and
1
Although named defendants in the trial court, the Millers do not participate in this appeal.
2
EFAC does not state the facts in its brief in accordance with our standard of review, contrary to Indiana
Appellate Rule 46(A)(6)(b).
3
The length of time over which the rights of access to Webster Lake have been litigated in the Kosciusko
Circuit Court implicates the rights previously held by the predecessors-in-interest of EFAC, the Powells, and
the Millers, but for clarity of our discussion we simply refer to the present parties.
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offshore property owners. In 1994, the court entered an order that established
the lakeshore rights of the onshore and offshore property owners.
[3] Pursuant to a November 2007 order of the court:
As a means of enforcing this Court’s prior orders in this case, any
party alleging that [EFAC] has acted or failed to act in violation
of this Court’s [1994 judgment] shall file a separate lawsuit
alleging that [EFAC] has acted or failed to act in violation of this
Court’s [1994 judgment] . . . . The action or decision of [EFAC]
will not be reversed unless such action or decision is arbitrary,
unreasonable[,] or capricious.
Ex., Tr. Vol. 3 at 30.4
[4] In January of 2014, the trial court approved onshore and offshore rights of
access to Webster Lake and, in particular, open shoreline and pier-assigned
shoreline for each onshore and offshore owner. EFAC also sought to have the
trial court adopt certain regulations EFAC had proposed. In its order on that
request, the court stated in relevant part as follows:
Although not mandated by the Court, the regulations as adopted
and applied by [EFAC] should strive to:
a) Allow/provide for a five (5) foot clearance on both sides
[for a total of ten (10) feet] of the dividing line between
4
Our review of the numerous trial court documents relevant to this appeal has been hampered by the parties
not including those documents in appendices, despite the clear guidance of Indiana Appellate Rule 50(A),
and their citations instead to unmarked and unpaginated exhibits. Our page references to those exhibits are
based on the .pdf pagination of the electronically filed transcript.
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pier sites so that a ten (10) foot buffer zone may exist
between all facilities and equipment utilized on the pier
sites; and
b) Burden any one on-shore owner with only one (1) off-
shore pier site.
Id. at 43 (brackets in original). And the court adopted the following rules
proposed by EFAC:
Pier Assignment [is defined as a]n allotted space along the Lake
Webster shoreline that is assigned to an owner. All piers are
privately owned and shall not be accessed without the permission
of the owner.
***
2. ALLOWABLE WIDTH
The maximum allowable width* for a shoreline pier space
assigned to a lakefront property owner is 24 feet. Lakefront
owners who own at least 24 feet or more of shoreline frontage
shall be allotted a pier assignment up to 24 feet. Lakefront
owners owning less than 24 feet of shoreline frontage shall be
allotted a pier assignment up to the limited frontage owned (i.e. if
22 feet is owned the lakefront assignment shall be up to 22 feet
wide[).] If a lakefront owner owns less than 16 feet of shoreline,
that lakefront owner shall be allotted at least 16 feet for their pier
assignment. The maximum allowable width for a shoreline pier
space assigned to a non-lakefront property owner is 16 feet. Piers
shall be placed a safe and reasonable distance apart from each
other with a minimum distance between pier assignments of two
feet.
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*Width refers to space used by an assigned owner for pier sections,
watercraft, or any other personal property that takes up space in the
water or along the shoreline. Measurement is the total width taken from
the far left item to the far right item (for example, pier, boat, jet ski,
securing pole/auger, etc.).
3. LAKEFRONT PROPERTY OWNERS
[L]akefront property owner[s’] shoreline pier placement[s] shall
be considered permanent unless [a] lakefront property owner
agrees to a change in writing that has been approved by [EFAC]
in writing. . . .
4. NON-LAKEFRONT PROPERTY OWNERS
Non-lakefront property owners’ shoreline pier locations are
assigned by [EFAC] on a first-come, first-served basis. Once the
shoreline locations are assigned and approved in writing by the
[EFAC], the locations are intended to be permanent . . . .
Id. at 47-48 (emphasis added). In April of 2014, the court further ordered as
follows: “Onshore owners’ pier assignments will continue from year to year
and be presumed permanent. An offshore pier assignment/location, in
accordance with the 1994 judgment, may be changed only for [a] substantial
change of circumstances making the prior assignment unreasonable under
current facts and circumstances. . . .” Id. at 62.
[5] The Powells are offshore property owners with an assigned pier on Webster
Lake. There is no dispute that the Powells’ pier assignment and location are
consistent with the trial court’s orders. The Millers are onshore property
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owners who also have an assigned pier on Webster Lake pursuant to the court’s
orders. The Millers’ lakefront property borders the Powells’ pier assignment on
the western border of the Powells’ assignment.
[6] Pursuant to the court’s approved shoreline assignments around Webster Lake,
the Millers owned fifty feet of shoreline property and Pier Space 34. The
court’s orders designate that the Millers have twenty-four feet of their shoreline
“for Pier 34” and ten feet “of open shoreline.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 30;
see also Ex., Tr. Vol. 3 at 53. The court assigned the remaining sixteen feet of
the Millers’ shoreline to the Powells “for Pier 35A,” which the Powells owned.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 30. The court’s orders do not mandate a specific
location within those assignments for either pier’s placement. 5 See Ex., Tr. Vol.
3 at 53.6
[7] In 2015, the Millers sought to have a boat lift added to the eastern side of their
pier without relocating their pier. With an existing boat lift already in place on
the western side of the Millers’ pier, and using their pier’s location as the
5
In its brief on appeal, EFAC repeatedly asserts that “the trial court fixed the locations of the piers.” E.g.,
Appellant’s Br. at 6-7. In support of that statement, EFAC cites not to a court order but to the direct
examination testimony of Gerry Powell, who said no such thing. Tr. Vol. 2 at 11, cited in Appellant’s Br. at
6-7.
6
The version of this exhibit submitted on appeal is not clear in that it has grayed-out and blacked-out text. It
appears from the legible text that the trial court assigned to the Powells an additional four feet of open
shoreline, but it is not clear how that four feet might have factored into the distribution of the fifty feet of
shoreline owned by the Millers. In any event, the apparent four-foot allocation is not discussed by the parties
on appeal, and neither do the parties challenge the trial court’s finding that the fifty feet of shoreline owned
by the Millers is distributed between ten feet of open shoreline, twenty-four feet for the Millers’ pier, and
sixteen feet for the Powells’ pier.
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centerline of their pier assignment, the addition of the new boat lift would have
left “insufficient space for the Powell[s’] boat and pier as assigned” by the court.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 30. Accordingly, the Millers requested permission
from EFAC to have the Powells’ pier removed so the Millers could install a
second boat lift on their pier. The Powells objected, but EFAC agreed with the
Millers and ordered the Powells to remove their pier. The Powells then filed a
lawsuit against EFAC and the Millers and argued that EFAC’s decision was
arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable.
[8] The trial court entered a preliminary injunction against EFAC. Thereafter, in
September of 2016, the trial court entered the following findings of fact and
conclusions thereon after a bench trial:
13. The Court’s [January 2014] Order . . . approving the then[-
]existing pier assignments approved not only the then[-]existing
pier placements (actual and based on prior usage)[] but also the
assignment of a certain location zone for [a] pier and other
equipment usage (based on actual prior usage) . . . .
14. It was further the Court’s intention, and order, that the
pier assignment . . . was . . . based on an allocation of the
frontage of each lot and created a zone of use for these
assignments . . . , which would not be subject to future change
except as specifically provided by the Court’s Orders . . . .
15. It was further the Court’s intention, and order, that each
assignee of a pier assignment be free to fully . . . utilize their zone
assignment, but not so that this usage would affect others,
especially adjacent pier . . . assignments . . . .
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16. Therefore, the proposed change of actual use of an area by an
assignee cannot be a substantial change of circumstances making the
prior assignment unreasonable under current facts and circumstances.
***
19. If the Powell[s’] pier is left with the 16 feet
assigned . . . [the] Miller[s] will retain the same 24[-]foot zone
assigned to [them] . . . and [they] are free to locate whatever
structures they desire[] within the same 24[-]foot zone[] so long
as this does not affect the usage of the adjacent pier assignments.
***
23. The judgment and various Orders . . . of this Court clearly
indicate that it was the intention of this Court that . . . pier
assignments for onshore owners were intended to be permanent,
and offshore pier assignments were not to be changed without a
significant change in circumstances.
24. The desire of [the] Miller[s] to place two boat lifts, one on each
side of their current pier location, is not a significant change in
circumstances.
25. The determination made by EFAC requiring the Powells
to remove their pier and boat lift was necessarily arbitrary and
capricious and was, as a matter of law of the case, not in
conformity with the prior Judgment and Orders of this
Court . . . .
26. The placement of the Powell[s’] pier is in conformity with
the Judgment and Orders . . . and no significant change in
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circumstances exists which would require the elimination or
relocation of the original Powell pier assignment.
Id. at 30-32 (emphases added). This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
[9] EFAC appeals the trial court’s judgment for the Powells. In its judgment, the
trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions thereon following a bench
trial. Our standard of review in such appeals is clear:
We . . . apply a two-tiered review, and affirm when the evidence
supports the findings, and when the findings support the
judgment. We shall not set aside the findings or judgment unless
they are clearly erroneous, and we must give due regard to the
opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the
witnesses. Findings of fact are clearly erroneous only when they
have no factual support in the record, and a judgment is clearly
erroneous if it applies the wrong legal standard to properly found
facts.
Wysocki v. Johnson, 18 N.E.3d 600, 603-04 (Ind. 2014) (citations, quotation
marks, omissions, and alterations omitted). And insofar as this appeal requires
this court to interpret prior orders of the trial court, we interpret those orders de
novo and without deference to the trial court’s judgment. Deen-Bacchus v.
Bacchus, 71 N.E.3d 882, 885 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).
[10] As an initial matter, we reject EFAC’s argument that our case law requires this
court to defer to EFAC’s decision against the Powells. While the trial court’s
orders direct that that court would not reverse a decision of EFAC unless that
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decision was “arbitrary, unreasonable[,] or capricious,” Ex., Tr. Vol. 3 at 30,
that language establishes the burden of proof in the trial court, not the standard
of appellate review.7 As such, insofar as EFAC argues that the Powells did not
meet their burden of proof in the trial court, we review that argument under our
usual standards of review.
[11] We thus turn to the merits of EFAC’s argument on appeal, namely, that the
trial court’s judgment is erroneous because the court misinterpreted its prior
orders. In particular, EFAC asserts that, absent more specific instruction from
the trial court, EFAC had interpreted the court’s pier assignments to require
each pier to be placed in the center of each assignment. 8 In light of that
interpretation, EFAC continues, it concluded that it lacked the authority to
order the Millers to move their pier within their assignment due to the
“permanent” nature of onshore pier assignments, and, instead, EFAC was
required to order the Powells to remove their pier altogether. Appellant’s Br. at
24-25.
[12] But there is nothing ambiguous about the court’s orders in the first instance,
and, as such, the trial court properly rejected EFAC’s interpretation of those
7
EFAC is not a state agency or other governmental unit, and its decision against the Powells was not made
pursuant to the Administrative Orders and Procedures Act, Ind. Code Article 4-21.5, or other statutory
procedures.
8
To be sure, EFAC also asserts that “[n]owhere in the trial court’s prior orders does it mention a ‘location
zone’” for the pier assignments, which is plainly incorrect insofar as the pier assignments themselves are
designated zones for the location of piers. Appellant’s Br. at 24; see Ex., Tr. Vol. 3 at 53. And, as noted
above, EFAC also repeatedly states (contrary to its apparent argument on appeal) that the trial court “fixed
the location of the piers,” which is also plainly incorrect. See footnote 5, supra at 6.
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orders. It is true that the trial court’s prior orders designated “pier assignments”
in terms of a linear footage along the shoreline and make no mention of a
mandatory location for a pier within a given assignment. Ex., Tr. Vol. 3 at 53.
However, the court’s orders plainly provide a mechanism for measuring pier
assignments. Namely, the court’s orders direct that pier assignments are to be
measured based on an owner’s usage “from the far left . . . to the far right,” with
any personal property within that area being demonstrative of the owner’s
usage. Id. at 48. Indeed, the court’s directions identify a “pier” as an object
that may exist at either end of the assignment for measurement purposes. Id.
That is, the court’s orders expressly recognize that the location of a pier may be
anywhere within the pier assignment. As such, the court’s unambiguous prior
orders preclude measuring the width of a pier assignment by establishing a pier
within that assignment as the centerline. EFAC’s interpretation disregards the
court’s clear instructions.
[13] EFAC’s interpretation also disregards the trial court’s clear language that the
width of a pier assignment is inclusive of any use that owner might make of that
assignment. Again, the court’s orders define pier assignments as the total
shoreline available to onshore and offshore owners for their use of any “pier
sections, watercraft, or any other personal property that takes up space in the
water or along the shoreline.” Id. EFAC’s interpretation that the pier is the
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centerline and that usage is measured away from that point9 is not consistent
with the trial court’s orders.
[14] Further, EFAC’s reliance on the permanent nature of an onshore owner’s pier
assignment and disregard of the permanent nature of an offshore owner’s pier
assignment is also contrary to the court’s orders. Those orders expressly refer to
both established onshore pier assignments and established offshore pier
assignments—which includes both the Millers and the Powells—as
“permanent” assignments. Id. As such, for that additional reason the trial
court did not err when it rejected EFAC’s interpretation that pier assignments
should be centered around pier location to accommodate the permanent nature
of established onshore pier assignments and without considering the permanent
nature of established offshore pier assignments. Thus, the trial court’s
interpretation of its prior orders is based on the unambiguous language of those
orders, and EFAC has not shown that the trial court erred when it rejected
EFAC’s contrary interpretation.
[15] Finally, we note that, although both established onshore pier assignments and
established offshore pier assignments are permanent assignments under the
court’s orders, an offshore assignment nonetheless “may be changed only for [a]
substantial change of circumstances making the prior assignment unreasonable
9
Insofar as EFAC’s argument is that an onshore owner can expand beyond the maximum twenty-four feet
by simply expanding use within an assignment, that argument is contrary to the trial court’s express
limitations to the width of onshore owners’ pier assignments. Ex., Tr. Vol. 3 at 48.
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under current facts and circumstances.” Id. at 62. The trial court found and
concluded that the Millers’ desire to add a second boat lift to their pier was
merely a new way to use their pier and, as such, was captured by their original
assignment and did not constitute a substantial change of circumstances that
made the prior assignment to the Powells unreasonable under the current facts
and circumstances. On appeal, EFAC does not directly challenge the trial
court’s findings or conclusions in this regard; rather, EFAC’s only argument is
that the trial court erred when it interpreted the court’s prior orders. As
explained above, we reject EFAC’s arguments. Nonetheless, we also conclude
that the trial court’s findings that there has been no substantial change in
circumstances is supported by the record and that its judgment is supported by
the findings. As such, the court’s judgment is not clearly erroneous, and we
affirm.
[16] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Bradford, J., concur.
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