[Cite as State v. Billups, 2017-Ohio-4309.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-150500
TRIAL NO. B-1405443
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
MYRON BILLUPS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: June 16, 2017
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Sean M. Donovan,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Paul Croushore, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
D ETERS , Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Myron Billups appeals his conviction for
trafficking in heroin. On appeal, he challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion
to suppress evidence recovered from his person and his vehicle during a traffic stop.
Billups argues the police officers lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry pat-
down, the pat-down exceeded the permissible scope, the officers excessively detained
him to await the arrival of a drug-sniffing canine, and the officers lacked probable
cause to arrest him. Finding none of his arguments meritorious, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Trial Court Proceedings
{¶2} Billups was charged with two second-degree felonies, trafficking in
heroin, a violation of R.C. 2925.03, and possession of heroin, a violation of R.C.
2925.11. Billups moved to suppress all the evidence obtained from the search of his
person and vehicle and requested an evidentiary hearing. At the hearing, the state
stipulated that it had lacked a warrant to arrest Billups, and therefore, it had the
burden to prove probable cause to arrest him. The state presented testimony from
Officer Eric Schaible. Billups presented four exhibits, which the trial court admitted
into evidence: the video of the traffic stop, the photographs of the items seized
during the stop, and the traffic citation. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial
court took the matter under advisement. The trial court subsequently denied the
motion to suppress, providing detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law.
{¶3} Thereafter, Billups entered a no-contest plea, and the trial court found
him guilty of both counts of trafficking in heroin and possession of heroin. At
sentencing, the trial court merged, at the state’s election, the possession count with
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the trafficking count and sentenced Billups to four years in prison for the trafficking
offense.
Analysis
{¶4} In a single assignment of error, Billups argues the trial court erred by
denying his motion to suppress.
{¶5} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of
fact and law. See State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. The trial court, acting as the trier of fact, is in the best position to resolve
factual questions and evaluate witness credibility. Id. Therefore, an appellate court
must accept the factual findings if they are supported by competent, credible
evidence, but it reviews de novo the trial court’s application of the law to the facts.
Id.; see also State v. Sweeten, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150583, 2016-Ohio-5828, ¶
8.
Trial Court’s Factual Findings
{¶6} The trial court made the following findings of fact, which are
supported by competent credible evidence. Officer Schaible and his partner were in
uniform and on patrol in a marked police cruiser. They were watching Billups and
others at a United Dairy Farmers store. When Billups drove away, the officers
followed his vehicle. Billups’s vehicle entered a turn lane and quickly changed lanes.
The officers initiated a traffic stop for improper change of course and for improperly
tinted windows.
{¶7} The officers then approached Billups’s vehicle and spoke with him.
Billups was moving around in the vehicle and seemed very nervous, which caused
Officer Schaible to suspect something illegal might be in the vehicle. Officer Schaible
and his partner went back to their cruiser and ordered a drug dog to the scene.
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Officer Schaible started filling out the citation for the window-tint violation and the
improper change of course, as well as a contact card that he is required to complete
during all stops. He also ran Billups’s record. Billups had been charged with a
weapons violation as well as numerous drug-trafficking and possession charges.
Officer Schaible testified that it took him ten-15 minutes to complete the citation and
the contact card.
{¶8} During this time, he approached Billups’s vehicle a second time and
tested the window tint. Although Billups had already told the officers that his
windows were in violation, Officer Schaible chose to test them to ensure that the tint
reading on the traffic citation was accurate.
{¶9} Officer Schaible then went back to the police cruiser, and he was in the
police cruiser for a while working on the traffic citation. After hearing dogs barking,
Officer Schaible and his partner approached Billups’s car for the third time. At that
point, Officer Schaible saw a bulge in Billups’s left front pants pocket, which he
believed to be a weapon, and he asked Billups to exit from the vehicle.
{¶10} Officer Schaible then conducted a Terry pat-down for the officers’
safety. He found money in Billups’s front pants pocket, and drugs in the seat of his
pants. Officer Schaible testified he immediately knew what the items were. He then
placed Billups under arrest and walked him back to the police cruiser. At that point,
the drug dog approached Billups’s vehicle and hit on the driver’s side of the vehicle.
The police searched Billups’s vehicle and recovered a box of plastic baggies, rubber
bands, and “pay and owe” forms, which Officer Schaible testified was consistent with
drug trafficking.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Terry Pat-Down Search
{¶11} Billups first argues that Officer Schaible lacked reasonable suspicion to
conduct a pat-down search of his person for weapons. In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,
24, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), the United States Supreme Court held that
if circumstances exist that would cause a reasonable officer to believe that his safety
was in danger, the officer is entitled to conduct a pat-down search of the individual’s
outer clothing to determine whether the defendant is carrying a weapon.
{¶12} Here, Officer Schaible acted reasonably in conducting a pat-down
search of Billups for weapons. Officer Schaible testified that Billups had made
furtive movements, was acting nervously, and had a bulge in his pants pocket, which
he believed to be a weapon. He had also run Billups’s record and had seen that he
had a history of drug and gun offenses. All of these circumstances would have given
Officer Schaible reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry pat-down search. See State
v. Evans, 67 Ohio St.3d 405, 408, 618 N.E.2d 162 (1993) (“[t]he right to frisk is
virtually automatic when individuals are suspected of committing a crime, like drug
trafficking, for which they are likely to be armed.”).
Discovery of Contraband
{¶13} Billups next argues that Officer Schaible exceeded the scope of the
search authorized by Terry during the pat-down . A Terry search is limited in scope
to a pat-down search of an individual’s outer clothing for weapons because the
purpose of the search is to protect the officer. Thus, a Terry pat-down search cannot
be employed by the officer to search for evidence of a crime. State v. Milhouse, 133
Ohio App.3d 527, 530, 728 N.E.2d 1123 (1st Dist.1999); see State v. Andrews, 57
Ohio St.3d 86, 89, 565 N.E.2d 1271 (1991).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶14} If, during the course of a Terry pat-down search of a subject’s clothing
for weapons, “a police officer feels an object whose contour or mass makes its
incriminating character as contraband immediately apparent, and the officer has a
lawful right of access to the object, the officer is entitled to seize the object” under the
plain-feel doctrine. Milhouse at 531, citing Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366,
375, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993). The officer, however, is not permitted to
squeeze or manipulate the object to determine its identity. Id.
{¶15} In Milhouse, this court held that a police officer’s search of a suspect
which had revealed crack cocaine had exceeded the permissible bounds of a Terry
search where the officer had to squeeze and break the object in the suspect’s crotch
area to determine that it was crack cocaine. Id. Likewise, in State v. Robinson, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-000135, 2000 WL 1643570, *1-2 (Nov. 3, 2000), this court
concluded that a police officer’s manipulation of small objects in the suspect’s pants
pockets, which were later determined to be crack cocaine, had exceeded the scope of
a search authorized by Terry and Dickerson and had violated the Fourth
Amendment.
{¶16} Here, however, the evidence presented at the suppression hearing
demonstrated that Officer Schaible did not exceed the bounds of a permissible Terry
search during his pat-down of Billups and that the seizure of contraband was
warranted under Dickerson. Officer Schaible testified that while patting down the
outside of Billups’s clothing, he felt a large lump as soon as he touched the seat of
Billups’s pants. Based on the location and size of the bulge, and his experience and
knowledge that people often conceal drugs in the seat of their pants, Officer Schaible
testified that it was immediately apparent to him that the bulge contained illegal
drugs.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶17} Billups’s assertion that Officer Schaible needed more information
besides his experience and “plain feel” of the bulge to conclude that it was
contraband is not supported by the case law. In United States v. Walker, 181 F.3d
774, 778 (6th Cir.1999), for instance, the Sixth Circuit upheld the warrantless seizure
of a bag of crack cocaine in the defendant’s crotch area on the basis of the officer’s
plain-feel discovery of the drugs during a Terry pat-down search. Likewise, in State
v. Hinton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25634, 2013-Ohio-3381, ¶ 12 and 38-40, the
Second Appellate District held that a police officer’s belief, which was based on his
experience and his plain feel, that the jagged rocks in defendant’s pants pocket were
contraband, entitled him to search and seize crack cocaine from the defendant’s
pants pockets.
Duration of the Traffic Stop
{¶18} Billups next argues that the police unnecessarily detained him for 13-
14 minutes while waiting for a drug dog in violation of Rodriguez v. United States,
___U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1609, 1615, ___L.Ed.2d ___ (2015).
{¶19} In Rodriguez, the Supreme Court held “that a police stop exceeding
the time needed to handle the matter for which the stop was made violates” a
defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. Id. at 1612. The Supreme Court held that the
tolerable duration of a traffic stop is determined by the seizure’s mission, which is to
address the traffic violation that warranted the stop and to attend to related safety
concerns. Id. Thus, “authority for the seizure ends when the tasks tied to the traffic
infraction,” which include checking the driver’s license, determining if there are
outstanding warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration
and proof of insurance, “are—or reasonably should have been completed.” Id. at
1614, 1616-1617.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶20} Absent “reasonable suspicion of criminal activity,” a police officer
cannot detain a motorist “beyond completion of the traffic infraction investigation”
for a canine sniff of his vehicle. Id. at 1616-1617. The Supreme Court emphasized
that the “critical question [i]s not whether the [canine] sniff occur[red] before or
after the officer issues a ticket, but whether conducting the sniff adds time to the
stop.” Id. at 1616.
{¶21} Here, Officer Schaible’s testimony at the suppression hearing
demonstrated that the stop of Billups’s vehicle was completed within a reasonable time
and did not extend beyond what was necessary to complete the purpose of the traffic
stop. In the 13-14 minutes prior to the Terry pat-down of Billups, Officer Schaible
conducted a reasonable and prompt investigation. He approached Billups’s vehicle,
obtained some information from Billups, and then returned to his cruiser. Officer
Schaible then called for a drug-sniffing dog, ran Billups’s criminal record, and began
working on the traffic citation and contact card. Officer Schaible subsequently exited
from his cruiser with the tintometer and approached Billups’s vehicle a second time to
test the window tint.
{¶22} On his third approach, Officer Schaible testified that he had seen a bulge
in Billups’s pants. When he asked Billups to exit from the car, the drug dog had just
arrived. Prior to that time, Officer Schaible had been investigating the traffic offenses
and completing the paperwork necessary for the traffic stop. Thus, there is no
evidence that Officer Schiable or his partner unreasonably extended the traffic stop
beyond what was necessary to issue the traffic citation to conduct a canine sniff of
Billups’s vehicle. See State v. Reece, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140635, 2016-Ohio-
5017, ¶ 25; State v. Stevens, 4th Dist. Washington No. 15CA30, 2016-Ohio-5017, ¶
27; see also State v. Blatchford, 2016-Ohio-8456, __N.E.3d __, ¶ 26-32 (12th Dist.).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
By the time the police had conducted the canine sniff of Billups’s vehicle, the officers
had already discovered the drugs on Billups’s person through the Terry pat-down.
Probable Cause to Arrest
{¶23} Finally, Billups argues that the police lacked probable cause to arrest
him. “A police officer has reasonable or probable cause to arrest when the events
leading up to the arrest, ‘viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable
police officer amount to’ probable cause.” State v. Steele, 138 Ohio St.3d 1, 2013-
Ohio-2470, 3 N.E.3d 135, ¶ 26, quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696,
116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996). “Probable cause exists when there are facts
and circumstances within the police officer’s knowledge that are sufficient to warrant
a reasonable belief that the suspect is committing or has committed an offense.” Id.,
citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 162, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964). An arrest
made without probable cause is constitutionally invalid. Steele, citing State v.
Timson, 38 Ohio St.2d 122, 127, 311 N.E.2d 16 (1974).
{¶24} When Officer Schaible found contraband on Billups’s person during
the Terry pat-down, he had probable cause to arrest Billups for possession of illegal
drugs. See State v. Williams, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2003-T-0071, 2004-Ohio-
6337, ¶ 18 (holding that officers had probable cause to arrest the defendant where it
was readily apparent to the officers that the bulge in the defendant’s pants was
contraband); see also State v. Farrey, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26703, 2013-Ohio-4263,
¶ 17 (holding that an officer’s discovery of money and marijuana in the defendant’s
pants pocket during a Terry pat-down search provided probable cause to arrest the
defendant for drug possession).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶25} We conclude the trial court properly overruled Billups’s motion to
suppress. We, therefore, overrule Billups’s sole assignment of error and affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
MOCK, P.J., and MILLER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
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