Filed 7/10/17
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
In re ALBERT C., a Person Coming )
Under the Juvenile Court Law. )
____________________________________)
)
THE PEOPLE, )
) S231315
Plaintiff and Respondent, )
) Ct.App. 2/5 B256480
v. )
) Los Angeles County
ALBERT C., ) Super. Ct. No. MJ21492
)
Defendant and Appellant. )
____________________________________)
Like adults, juveniles have a due process right to be free from indefinite
commitment if found incompetent to stand trial. In an effort to protect this right,
the Presiding Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, Juvenile Division,
issued a protocol addressing the process by which minors are found incompetent
and later found to have attained competency. The protocol limits the detention of
incompetent minors to 120 days. We granted review to decide whether detention
of a minor beyond the protocol‘s 120-day limit without evidence of progress
toward attaining competency violates the right to due process and whether a
violation of the protocol establishes a presumption of due process violation.
Defendant Albert C. contends that detention beyond the protocol‘s 120-day
limit presumptively violates due process, as In re Jesus G. (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th
157, 174 (Jesus G.) held. In this case, the Court of Appeal disagreed with Jesus
G. and held that ―the 120-day limit on detention in the Protocol lacks the force of
law and it therefore does not define due process.‖ We hold that although trial
courts are not barred from adopting such protocols as guidance or as local rules,
the Court of Appeal below was correct that the protocol does not presumptively or
otherwise define due process. Further, we decline to decide whether the length of
detention in this case violated due process and instead hold that any violation was
not prejudicial in light of the juvenile court‘s finding of malingering.
I.
In June 2012, when Albert C. was 14 years old, the Los Angeles County
District Attorney filed a petition to have him declared a ward of the juvenile court
under Welfare and Institutions Code section 602. The petition alleged that Albert
had threatened a public officer at his school in violation of Penal Code section 71.
At a pretrial hearing, the court put the matter over and ordered that Albert remain
in the custody of his mother. But Albert‘s relationship with his mother was
turbulent — Albert had spent about half of his life in foster care due to neglect and
abuse — and shortly after a second continuance, Albert ran away from home.
Neither the probation department nor the department of children and family
services knew where Albert was for the next six months.
On February 13, 2013, after Albert turned 15, he turned himself in to the
Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s Department. The next day, the district attorney
filed a second wardship petition against him. The petition alleged that Albert had
committed assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen.
Code, § 245, subd. (a)(4)), battery with serious bodily injury (id., § 243, subd. (d)),
possession of a firearm by a minor (id., § 29610), and criminal threats (id., § 422,
subd. (a)). The petition stemmed from an incident in December 2012 in which
Albert allegedly strangled his girlfriend until she lost consciousness, threatened
her with a gun, and several days later threatened to kill her.
2
On February 15, 2013, before Albert‘s arraignment on the second petition,
his defense counsel declared a doubt as to his competency. The court, relying on
―behavior in court based on the defense report, and . . . other issues that the court
has seen Albert exhibit,‖ declared a doubt as to Albert‘s competency, ordered the
delinquency proceedings suspended, appointed an expert to evaluate Albert, and
set a competency hearing. In the meantime, Albert was detained.
The expert, Dr. Praveen Kambam, submitted a written report to Albert‘s
attorney dated March 17, 2013. In the report, he found ―with reasonable medical
certainty‖ that Albert was unable to consult with counsel, assist in preparing his
defense, or demonstrate a rational and factual understanding of his delinquency
proceedings. Dr. Kambam also found that Albert could attain competency within
12 months ―with the proper mental health services and education.‖ Two days
later, based on the contents of this report, the court found that Albert was not
presently competent and continued the suspension of proceedings.
Between March 2013 and February 2014, while proceedings were
suspended and as Albert received weekly competency attainment training, the
court ordered Albert detained in juvenile hall on public safety grounds over his
attorney‘s objections. The court acknowledged that the Presiding Judge of the Los
Angeles County Superior Court, Juvenile Division, had issued a memorandum in
January 2012 that said incompetent minors in Los Angeles County ―may not be
held in a juvenile hall to participate in attainment services for more than one
hundred and twenty days.‖ (Nash, P. J., Amended Competency to Stand Trial
Protocol (Jan. 9, 2012) p. 7 [as of July 10, 2017] (Protocol).) But the court found
―good cause to deviate from protocol‖ in Albert‘s case.
In May 2013, the court ordered the probation department to consider the
least restrictive placement options for Albert during the suspension of his
3
delinquency proceedings. In June, the probation department indicated that Albert
might be placed at a secure group home under the care of the department of
children and family services, since he was also under dependency jurisdiction, and
the court ordered the probation department and the department of children and
family services to pursue that placement. Despite regular prodding by the court,
the departments never found Albert a place at a secure group home during the 354-
day suspension of proceedings. Albert remained detained in juvenile hall.
In October 2013, the court expressed concern that there was no way to
ensure that Albert was not malingering, and it appointed an expert to reevaluate
Albert‘s competency. In mid-November, the court discovered that Albert‘s
attorney had instructed the appointed expert not to evaluate Albert due to a
conflict, and it appointed another expert. Upon receiving the expert‘s report in
January 2014, the court questioned its conclusion that Albert remained
incompetent, especially since Albert had not been diagnosed with any intellectual
disabilities. The court set the case for an attainment of competency hearing.
On February 4, 2014, the court found ―overwhelming evidence to suggest
that the minor ha[d] been exaggerating his responses‖ and concluded that Albert
had attained competence. On February 20, 2014, Albert admitted to threatening a
public officer (Pen. Code, § 71) and assault by means of force likely to produce
great bodily injury (id., § 245, subd. (a)(4)) pursuant to an agreement with the
prosecution to dismiss the remaining counts. At that time, Albert‘s habeas corpus
petition, which he had filed in September 2013, was denied as moot. On
March 15, 2014, the court declared Albert a ward under Welfare and Institutions
Code section 602 and ordered him removed from juvenile hall and placed in a
secure group home or a specific juvenile camp.
Albert filed a timely appeal challenging the length of his detention on due
process grounds, among other claims. The Court of Appeal rejected each of
4
Albert‘s claims and affirmed the judgment subject to one probation condition
modification. In affirming the judgment, the court disagreed with Jesus G., which
held that a violation of the Protocol‘s 120-day limit on detention created a
rebuttable presumption that the detention violated due process. (Jesus G., supra,
218 Cal.App.4th at p. 174.) We granted review.
II.
―A minor who is the subject of a wardship petition under Welfare and
Institutions Code section 601 or 602 has, like an adult facing criminal prosecution,
a due process right not to be tried while mentally incompetent.‖ (In re R.V. (2015)
61 Cal.4th 181, 185, fn. omitted (R.V.).) Juveniles, like adults, are incompetent if
they do not rationally and factually understand the proceedings against them and
do not have ― ‗sufficient present ability to consult with [their] lawyer with a
reasonable degree of rational understanding.‘ ‖ (Dusky v. United States (1960)
362 U.S. 402 (Dusky).) Under Welfare and Institutions Code section 709,
subdivision (b), a juvenile‘s incompetence may result from ―a mental disorder,
developmental disability, developmental immaturity, or other condition.‖ (See In
re Timothy J. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 847, 860–862.)
In Jackson v. Indiana (1972) 406 U.S. 715, 738 (Jackson), the high court
found that indefinite detention of an incompetent individual violates due process.
At the time of Jackson‘s commitment, ―nothing in the record . . . even point[ed] to
any possibility‖ that he could regain competence. (Id. at p. 726.) Yet ―Jackson
was not afforded any ‗formal commitment proceedings addressed to [his] ability to
function in society,‘ or to society‘s interest in his restraint, or to the State‘s ability
to aid him in attaining competency through custodial care or compulsory
treatment, the ostensible purpose of the commitment. At the least, due process
requires that the nature and duration of commitment bear some reasonable relation
to the purpose for which the individual is committed.‖ (Id. at p. 738, fn. omitted.)
5
Jackson adopted two standards to guide courts in such circumstances.
First, ―a person charged by a State with a criminal offense who is committed
solely on account of . . . incapacity to proceed to trial cannot be held more than the
reasonable period of time necessary to determine whether there is a substantial
probability . . . [of] attain[ing] that capacity in the foreseeable future. If it is
determined that this is not the case, then the State must either institute the
customary civil commitment proceeding that would be required to commit
indefinitely any other citizen, or release the defendant.‖ (Jackson, supra, 406 U.S.
at p. 738, fn. omitted.) Second, ―even if it is determined that the defendant
probably soon will be able to stand trial, [the defendant‘s] continued commitment
must be justified by progress toward that goal.‖ (Ibid.)
In In re Davis (1973) 8 Cal.3d 798 (Davis), we ―adopt[ed] the rule of the
Jackson case that no person charged with a criminal offense and committed to a
state hospital solely on account of his incapacity to proceed to trial may be so
confined more than a reasonable period of time necessary to determine whether
there is a substantial likelihood that he will recover that capacity in the foreseeable
future.‖ (Id. at p. 801.) Davis involved the indefinite commitment of three
incompetent adults during the suspension of their criminal proceedings. Because
the petitioners had already ―been confined in state hospitals for several months,‖
we asked the hospitals to ―report without undue delay regarding the current status
of petitioners‘ progress toward competence.‖ (Id. at p. 806.) If one of those
reports was ―optimistic regarding the person‘s probable recovery, the court should
continue his commitment and require the hospital authorities to furnish, within a
reasonable time, additional periodic reports regarding the person‘s progress.‖ (Id.
at p. 807, fn. omitted.) Upon examining these additional reports, ―trial court[s]
necessarily must exercise sound discretion in deciding whether, in a particular
case, sufficient progress is being made to justify continued commitment pending
6
trial.‖ (Ibid.) We encouraged trial courts to ―consider, among other things, the
nature of the offense charged, the likely penalty or range of punishment for the
offense, and the length of time the person has already been confined.‖ (Ibid. [―if a
defendant is charged only with a minor misdemeanor a lengthy commitment to
state hospital normally would be unjustified‖].) ―Although the matter must rest in
the discretion of the trial court, in the ordinary case such additional reports should
be furnished no less often than every six months.‖ (Id. at p. 807, fn. 7.)
We have not had occasion to consider whether the rule of reasonableness
articulated in Jackson and Davis applies to the detention of juveniles. But the
Courts of Appeal have held or assumed that Jackson and Davis apply in such
situations. (See Jesus G., supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 171 [―We conclude that the
guidelines of the Protocol are in line with constitutional requirements of due
process as set forth in Jackson and Davis inasmuch as they address the problem of
an indefinite commitment and the necessity of making a prognosis as to the
likelihood of attaining competence.‖]; In re Mary T. (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 38,
42–44 [citing Jackson and Davis, and noting that ―juveniles have all of the due
process protections afforded to any person referred for possible involuntary civil
commitment‖].) The Court of Appeal below likewise assumed the applicability of
Jackson and Davis, and the Attorney General does not argue otherwise. Because
minors in delinquency proceedings must receive the ― ‗essentials of due process
and fair treatment‘ ‖ (In re Gault (1967) 387 U.S. 1, 30), and because Jackson‘s
and Davis‘s protections against indefinite detention qualify as ― ‗essentials of due
process‘ ‖ (ibid.), we find their holdings applicable to the detention of minors
found incompetent to stand trial.
The Legislature has adopted comprehensive procedures to ensure that the
commitment of incompetent adults is reasonably related to their attainment of
competency and justified by progress toward that competency, as understood in
7
Jackson and Davis. Under Penal Code section 1370, if a criminal defendant is
found incompetent, a court must order him or her committed to a state hospital,
treatment facility, or outpatient program. (Pen. Code, § 1370, subd. (a)(1)(B)(i).)
Within the first 90 days of commitment, the medical director of the facility must
report to the court ―concerning the defendant‘s progress toward recovery of mental
competence.‖ (Id., § 1370, subd. (b)(1); see In re Mille (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th
635, 649–650 [this section requires timely transportation to a treatment facility to
ensure that a defendant may be evaluated and begin treatment before the
expiration of the first 90 days]; In re Newmann (1976) 65 Cal.App.3d 57, 64–65
[90-day evaluation period applies with equal force for individuals with intellectual
disabilities].) ―If the report indicates that there is no substantial likelihood that the
defendant will regain mental competence in the foreseeable future, the committing
court shall order the defendant be returned to the court . . . no later than 10 days
following receipt of the report‖ for potential initiation of conservatorship
proceedings. (Pen. Code, § 1370, subd. (b)(1)(A).) If ―the report discloses a
substantial likelihood that the defendant will regain mental competence in the
foreseeable future,‖ the defendant is to remain in treatment, and the relevant
medical director is to report the defendant‘s progress toward attaining competence
―at six-month intervals or until the defendant becomes mentally competent.‖ (Id.,
§ 1370, subd. (b)(1).) A defendant making progress toward attaining competency
may be committed under this provision for three years or the length of the
maximum term of imprisonment for the most serious charged offense, whichever
is shorter. (Id., § 1370, subd. (c)(1).)
There is no analogous comprehensive statutory scheme implementing
Jackson and Davis for incompetent minors. Welfare and Institutions Code section
709, subdivision (c), provides that wardship proceedings shall be suspended for
incompetent minors ―for a period of time that is no longer than reasonably
8
necessary to determine whether there is a substantial probability that the minor
will attain competency in the foreseeable future, or the court no longer retains
jurisdiction.‖ During this period of time, ―the court may make orders that it deems
appropriate for services . . . that may assist the minor in attaining competency.‖
(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 709, subd. (c).) But there is no clear statutory authority
governing placement of an incompetent minor in an appropriate treatment facility,
review of a minor‘s progress toward attaining competency, or maximum periods
of commitment for a minor. The author of the bill enacting section 709
acknowledged as much. (See Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Assem.
Bill No. 2212 (2009–2010 Reg. Sess.) as amended Apr. 8, 2010, p. 10 [―[T]his bill
codifies the constitutional requirements for determining juvenile competency.
However, it begs the question: assuming a juvenile is found not competent to
stand trial, then what? If a juvenile offender is found not competent and the court
stays the criminal proceeding, it is unclear what path the minor follows.‖].)
III.
Relying on Jesus G., Albert argues that the Protocol‘s 120-day limit on
provision of competency attainment services for detained minors establishes a
rebuttable presumption that an incompetent minor‘s detention violates due process
under Jackson and Davis whenever it exceeds 120 days. (See Jesus G., supra, 218
Cal.App.4th at pp. 170–171, 174.) Although the parties dispute whether there was
evidence of progress toward attaining competency during the first 120 days of
Albert‘s detention, the Protocol simply limits detention to 120 days, and Albert
contends that any detention beyond that limit presumptively violates due process.
Like this case, Jesus G. involved a wardship petition filed in Los Angeles
County Superior Court. The juvenile court found Jesus incompetent, and over the
course of the proceedings, he was detained for more than a year. (Jesus G., supra,
218 Cal.App.4th at pp. 164, 166–167.) The Court of Appeal found that the
9
juvenile court violated several provisions of the same Protocol relevant to Albert‘s
case. (Id. at pp. 171–174.) Jesus G. held that the Protocol implemented Welfare
and Institutions Code section 709 as well as the requirements of Jackson and
Davis, and found that ―a violation of the Protocol is presumptively a violation of
constitutional rights‖ that is ―rebuttable based on the facts of a given case.‖ (Jesus
G., at p. 174.) Because the case had been mooted by Jesus‘s release from
detention, the court did not decide whether the presumption had been rebutted
under the circumstances. (Id. at p. 175.)
The Protocol may serve as useful guidance concerning the placement,
detention, and treatment of minors found incompetent in delinquency proceedings.
But it does not independently give rise to any claim for relief because it does not
by itself have any binding force of law. The Protocol was not adopted as a local
rule. (See Code Civ. Proc., §§ 575.1, 575.2; Gov. Code, § 68070; In re Gray
(2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 1189, 1201 [―In the absence of a valid local rule of court,
we find no authority for a superior court to adopt . . . a [filing] requirement merely
by publishing it on a Web site‖]; Hall v. Superior Court (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th
908, 916 [finding a supervising judge‘s memo to be an improperly adopted local
rule].) Nor was it authorized by any state statute. (See, e.g., Welf. & Inst. Code,
§ 241.1.) And it was not adopted by the trial court in Albert‘s case as an exercise
of its inherent authority to control the proceedings. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 128;
Elkins v. Superior Court (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1337, 1351 [establishing the
boundaries of trial courts‘ inherent authority]; James H. v. Superior Court (1978)
77 Cal.App.3d 169, 175–176 [juvenile courts have inherent power to create
constitutionally adequate competency procedures in the absence of legislative
guidance].) Because the Protocol was not adopted pursuant to any mechanism
vesting it with legal authority, a violation of the Protocol does not, in and of itself,
constitute grounds for relief.
10
Nor does the Protocol by its own force establish a constitutional rule of
decision, as Jesus G. seemed to suggest. We have welcomed legislative efforts to
enact statutes that are ― ‗supplementary to and a construction of‘ ‖ constitutional
guarantees. (People v. Martinez (2000) 22 Cal.4th 750, 766, citing People v.
Godlewski (1943) 22 Cal.2d 677, 682 [addressing speedy trial rights].) And often
―judicial interpretations have resulted in aligning the meaning of the constitutional
provision[s] with statutory provisions in those situations wherein the Legislature
has made specific rules.‖ (Crockett v. Superior Court (1975) 14 Cal.3d 433, 438.)
For example, we have relied on statutory rules to inform the breadth of
constitutional rights in the context of juvenile pretrial detention (Alfredo A. v.
Superior Court (1994) 6 Cal.4th 1212, 1231–1232), detention of incompetent
adults (Davis, supra, 8 Cal.3d at pp. 806, fn. 5, 807, fn. 7), and speedy trial
guarantees (Crockett, supra, at pp. 438–440). Moreover, in some situations, a
governmental entity‘s disregard of its internal procedures may have implications
for whether the entity complied with due process. (See, e.g., In re Johnson (1995)
35 Cal.App.4th 160, 170–172.) But neither a statute nor a local protocol can
supplant the duty and prerogative of courts to independently interpret
constitutional principles. The court in Jesus G. reasoned: ―The Protocol complies
with constitutional requirements. As a result, a violation of the Protocol is
presumptively a violation of constitutional rights.‖ (Jesus G., supra, 218
Cal.App.4th at p. 174, italics added.) We disapprove Jesus G., supra, 218
Cal.App.4th 157, 174, to the extent this reasoning treats the Protocol not merely as
an effort to implement constitutional guarantees, but as a presumptive definition of
the substantive scope of those guarantees. The Court of Appeal in this case was
correct that ―the 120-day limit on detention in the Protocol lacks the force of law
and it therefore does not define due process.‖
11
At the same time, we hold that the Court of Appeal erred in concluding that
the Protocol‘s limit on detention ―conflicts with‖ with the holding in Jackson and
the language of Welfare and Institutions Code section 709, subdivision (c), which
says that ―all proceedings shall remain suspended for a period of time that is no
longer than reasonably necessary to determine whether there is a substantial
probability that the minor will attain competency in the foreseeable future.‖
Jackson and Davis set constitutional limits defining when a detention
becomes so lengthy or unjustified as to violate due process. But neither Jackson
nor Davis requires any court to make the reasonableness determination strictly on
a case-by-case basis, with no presumption, time limit, or general guidance. A
protocol, local rule, or state statute may adopt a detention policy that is more
protective of a juvenile‘s rights than Jackson and Davis; neither case requires any
jurisdiction to detain an incompetent minor at all.
Indeed, neither Jackson nor Davis rejected statutory time limits,
presumptions, or flexible guidance concerning detention as unconstitutional.
Jackson did not adopt any constitutional time limits ―[i]n light of differing state
facilities and procedures and a lack of evidence in [the] record‖ (Jackson, supra,
406 U.S. at p. 738), and Davis suggested that progress reports ―should be
furnished no less often than every six months‖ and acknowledged that trial courts
must exercise discretion (Davis, supra, 8 Cal.3d at p. 807, fn. 7). Just as these
cases do not preclude the Legislature from establishing time limits for the
commitment of incompetent adults (see Pen. Code, § 1370), they do not preclude
trial courts from establishing time limits, presumptions, or guidance concerning
the detention of incompetent minors, the violation of which may have whatever
consequences attend the violation of a local protocol or rule (see Super. Ct. Fresno
County, Local Rules, rule 6.9, par. F.7. [―Under no circumstances shall a minor be
held in a custodial setting in excess of one hundred fifty (150) days after the
12
determination of incompetency has been made on the case which is the subject of
the competency proceedings.‖]; Judicial Council of Cal., Delinquency: Local
Court Activities and Documents (2016) [as of July 10, 2017]).
Nor does Welfare and Institutions Code section 709 foreclose the adoption
of such a protocol or local rule. The statute may be amended in the future; the
Judicial Council‘s Family and Juvenile Law Advisory Committee has
recommended changes to the law (Assem. Com. on Appropriations, Analysis of
Assem. Bill No. 2695 (2015–2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended Apr. 19, 2016, p. 2),
and the parties have informed us of two bills introduced in the current legislative
session that would amend it (Assem. Bill No. 689 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess); Assem.
Bill No. 935 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.)). But, as currently written, section 709
requires suspension of proceedings ―[i]f the court finds substantial evidence raises
a doubt as to the minor‘s competency‖ (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 709, subd. (a)) and
authorizes the court to order appropriate services for the minor during the
suspension of proceedings (id., § 709, subd. (c)). The statute sets forth only one
time limitation: ―all proceedings shall remain suspended for a period of time that
is no longer than reasonably necessary to determine whether there is a substantial
probability that the minor will attain competency in the foreseeable future. . . .‖
(Ibid.) Section 709 does not authorize, restrict, set limits on, or even mention
detention. A statute that requires suspension of proceedings for ―a period of time
that is no longer than reasonably necessary‖ (ibid.) does not preempt a local rule
or protocol that constrains detention to a period of time shorter than what is
―reasonably necessary‖ within the meaning of that statute. Indeed, the statute sets
forth no detention authorization, prohibition, or scheme with which a local rule or
protocol could be inconsistent. (Cf. R.V., supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 195.)
13
IV.
Separate and apart from the significance of the Protocol, Albert and the
Attorney General disagree on whether the record shows sufficient evidence of
progress toward attaining competency and, in view of that evidence, whether the
length of Albert‘s detention violated due process under Jackson and Davis. But
we need not decide whether the length of Albert‘s detention violated due process
because any violation would not warrant reversal of his wardship adjudication in
light of the juvenile court‘s finding of malingering. This finding is not within the
scope of our review, and we may assume the Court of Appeal correctly determined
the juvenile court did not err in finding that Albert was competent on the evidence
before it under Dusky, supra, 362 U.S. 402. The juvenile court suspended
proceedings upon the expression of a doubt as to Albert‘s competence; reinstated
proceedings upon a showing that Albert was malingering and that he could consult
with counsel and understand the proceedings against him; and complied with
Albert‘s right not to be adjudicated a ward while incompetent, even as Albert
feigned incompetence. The court then accepted Albert‘s voluntary admission as to
two counts of the petition pursuant to a plea agreement and adjudicated him a
ward of the court. The due process violation Albert alleges could not have
prejudiced his admission, adjudication, or disposition in these circumstances. (See
Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
In light of this conclusion, we do not decide whether the nature of Albert‘s
detention bore a sufficiently reasonable relation to the purpose of his detention.
(Jackson, supra, 406 U.S. at p. 738.) Nor do we address whether Albert‘s
placement in juvenile hall was reasonably related to the purpose of helping him
attain competency. We also do not address whether the competency training
Albert received was closely related to the purpose of his attaining competency.
14
CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.
LIU, J.
WE CONCUR:
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
CUÉLLAR, J.
KRUGER, J.
15
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion In re Albert C.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 241 Cal.App.4th 1436
Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No. S231315
Date Filed: July 10, 2017
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court: Superior
County: Los Angeles
Judge: Denise M. McLaughlin-Bennett
__________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel:
Laini Millar Melnick, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.
Susan L. Burrell; L. Richard Braucher; Rourke F. Stacy and Robert Lu, Deputy Public Defenders (Los
Angeles) for Pacific Juvenile Defender Center, First District Appellate Project and Los Angeles County
Public Defender as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Edward C. DuMont, State Solicitor General,
Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General,
Michael R. Johnsen, Deputy Attorney General, Michael J. Mongan, Deputy Solicitor General, Victoria B.
Wilson, Scott A. Taryle and Theresa A. Patterson, Deputy Attorneys General, and Kathleen Vermazen
Radez, Associate Deputy State Solicitor General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Laini Millar Melnick
1187 Coast Village Road, Suite 1-573
Santa Barbara, CA 93108
(805) 770-7624
Susan L. Burrell
Pacific Juvenile Defender Center
P.O. Box 1556
Mill Valley, CA 94942
(415) 389-9027
Michael J. Mongan
Deputy Solicitor General
455 Golden Gate Avenue, Suite 11000
San Francisco, CA 94102-7004
(415) 703-2548