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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-11448
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 3:16-cr-00222-WKW-WC-2
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
DENNIS MICHAEL ELDER,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
________________________
(July 17, 2017)
Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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The government appeals Dennis Elder’s 90-day sentence for a firearm
possession offense as procedurally unreasonable. Upon review of the record and
the parties’ briefs, we affirm.
I
In 2013, Mr. Elder was arrested for his involvement in a drug-trafficking
operation. After his arrest, Mr. Elder immediately accepted responsibility for his
actions and began cooperating with the government. He was charged in 2016 and
pled guilty to one count of possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking crime in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), which carries a mandatory minimum sentence
of 60 months’ imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4; PSI at ¶ 44.
Because of Mr. Elder’s cooperation, the government moved for a substantial
assistance departure under both U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e). The
government recommended a fifty percent reduction—to 30 months’
imprisonment—in Mr. Elder’s sentence.
At sentencing, the district court followed a three-step process.
First, the district court consulted the presentence investigation report, which
indicated that Mr. Elder had no criminal history, but faced a five-year mandatory
minimum sentence for the firearm offense. The district court then calculated an
initial sentence of 60 months’ imprisonment.
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Second, the district court held a sidebar conference to hear testimony from
the government on its substantial assistance motion. Following a task force agent’s
testimony about Mr. Elder’s assistance, the district court granted the government’s
motion and set his post-departure guidelines range at 30 months’ imprisonment. 1
Third, after announcing the post-departure range and returning to open court,
the district court heard from Mr. Elder and his counsel, considered the sentencing
factors found in § 3553(a), and imposed a sentence of 90 days’ imprisonment, to
be followed by five years of supervised release. In pertinent part, the district court
referenced Mr. Elder’s history and relevant characteristics, the seriousness of the
offense, the need to promote respect for the law, the need for deterrence, and the
need to avoid sentencing disparities. See §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(A)-(B), (a)(6).
The government objected to Mr. Elder’s sentence as both procedurally and
substantively unreasonable. The district court overruled the government’s
objections, and this appeal followed.
II
We review the procedural reasonableness of a sentence, see United States
v. Gibson, 708 F.3d 1256, 1275 (11th Cir. 2013), and the extent of a substantial
1
We will not discuss the specifics of the sidebar discussion because portions of the sentencing
transcript have been sealed. The district court agreed with the government’s assessment of
Mr. Elder’s assistance because it set the post-departure range at 30 months, just as the
government had recommended.
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assistance departure, see United States v. McVay, 447 F.3d 1348, 1353 (11th Cir.
2006), for abuse of discretion. 2
III
When the government files a substantial assistance motion under § 5K1.1
and § 3553(e), our precedent sets out various principles. In deciding whether to
grant a § 5K1.1 motion to depart below an advisory guidelines range, a district
court is only permitted to consider factors related to a defendant’s assistance. See
United States v. Crisp, 454 F.3d 1285, 1289 (11th Cir. 2006) (explaining that,
although the list of factors in § 5K1.1 is not exhaustive, a “sentence reduction
[under § 5K1.1] may be based only on factors related to the defendant’s substantial
assistance”). Similarly, the extent of a departure below a statutory minimum under
§ 3553(e) “should be based solely on a defendant’s assistance to law enforcement.”
United States v. Mangaroo, 504 F.3d 1350, 1355 (11th Cir. 2007) (emphasis in
original).
When the government moves for a downward departure, however, it “has no
control over whether and to what extent the district court will depart from the
[advisory] [g]uidelines.” United States v. Livesay, 525 F.3d 1081, 1091 (11th Cir.
2008). And, “after [a district court] has decided the length of departure warranted
by the substantial assistance motion, [it] is then obliged to take into account the
2
The government does not contend that Mr. Elder’s sentence is substantively unreasonable on
appeal and has therefore abandoned that argument. See United States v. Levy, 379 F.3d 1241,
1243 (11th Cir. 2004) (noting that issues not briefed on appeal “are deemed abandoned”).
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advisory [g]uidelines range and the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) in fashioning a reasonable sentence.” McVay, 447 F.3d at 1356.
The government’s primary argument is that the district court committed
procedural error under McVay and Mangaroo by considering non-assistance
factors before granting its motion and calculating Mr. Elder’s post-departure range.
We disagree and conclude that those cases are distinguishable.
In McVay, 447 F.3d at 1355, the district court erred as a matter of law by
considering non-assistance factors—like the defendant’s “exemplary record” and
“relationship with this daughter”—in deciding whether to grant the government’s
substantial assistance motion. Moreover, the record in that case “contain[ed] no
indication that the sentencing judge considered any of the § 5K1.1(a) factors” or
the government’s assessment of the defendant’s assistance. Id. at 1356 (emphasis
in original).
Similarly, in Mangaroo, 504 F.3d at 1355, the district court made vague
references to “cooperation” but did not consider any assistance factors in its
decision to impose a sentence below the statutory minimum under § 3553(e).
Instead, the district court referenced the defendants’ criminal history, participation
in the charged offenses, ages, and acceptance of responsibility. See id. The district
court also erred in Mangaroo by giving each of the defendants a sentence of
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probation, in violation of the firearm statute at issue, which expressly required a
term of imprisonment. See id. at 1354.
Here, even though the district court did not expressly discuss the § 5K1.1(a)
factors, the record as a whole shows that the district court only considered the
government’s pre-sentencing motion and the task force agent’s testimony at the
hearing (which referenced Mr. Elder’s assistance and nothing more) before
granting the government’s substantial assistance motion. On this record, there is
no indication that the district court relied on any inappropriate statutory or
non-statutory factors before deciding to depart below the statutory minimum and
calculating Mr. Elder’s post-departure range at 30 months.
We can also infer that the district court agreed with the government’s
assessment of Mr. Elder’s assistance because, although not required to do so, see
Livesay, 525 F.3d at 1091, the district court followed the government’s
recommendation and set the post-departure range at 30 months. Indeed, before the
district court turned to the non-assistance factors in § 3553(a) in order to calculate
Mr. Elder’s final sentence, see McVay, 447 F.3d at 1356, the government expressly
“request[ed] a sentence at the bottom of the range calculated by the [c]ourt in light
of granting the [§ 5K1.1] and [§] 3553(e) motion.” D.E. 180 at 15.3
3
This case is also different than Mangaroo because Mr. Elder was given a 90-day term of
imprisonment rather than probation for his firearm offense. And, as noted earlier, the
government has abandoned any argument that the district court’s assessment of the § 3553(a)
factors led to a substantively unreasonable sentence.
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IV
Because the district court followed the guidance given in McVay, 447 F.3d
at 1356—that is, to consider the § 3553(a) factors after deciding whether and to
what extent to depart based on Mr. Elder’s assistance to the government—we
conclude that the district court did not commit procedural error constituting an
abuse of discretion. 4
AFFIRMED.
4
We have not squarely addressed whether a district court is permitted to use the § 3553(a)
factors in order to impose a sentence below a previously-adjusted range based on a defendant’s
substantial assistance. Compare United States v. Jackson, 577 F.3d 1032, 1036 (9th Cir. 2009)
(explaining that a “court may increase a sentence on the basis of the § 3553(a) factors, but may
not reduce the sentence further” after granting a § 3553(e) departure), with United States v. Allen,
450 F.3d 565, 570 n.5 (4th Cir. 2006) (highlighting that “[i]f the resulting departure range [under
§ 3553(e)] still does not serve the factors set forth in § 3553(a), [a] court may then elect to
impose a non-guideline [variance] sentence”). Given that the government argues that a district
court is only permitted to increase a sentence using § 3553(a) factors after granting a substantial
assistance motion for the first time in its reply brief, we exercise our discretion not to address
that issue here. See generally United States v. Nealy, 232 F.3d 825, 830 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating
that “[p]arties must submit all issues on appeal in their initial briefs”).
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