In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
____________________
NO. 09-17-00047-CR
____________________
KIMBERLY ANN CATALDO, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 16-316072
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Kimberly Ann Cataldo was charged by information with the offense of driving
while intoxicated. Cataldo filed a motion to suppress, arguing that her warrantless
arrest was unsupported by probable cause. After a hearing, the trial court denied the
motion. Thereafter, Cataldo pleaded guilty. The trial court convicted Cataldo and
assessed punishment at three days in jail and imposed a $750 fine. Cataldo now
appeals, challenging the trial court’s order denying her motion to suppress. We
affirm.
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Suppression Hearing
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the State stipulated that Cataldo’s
arrest was made without a warrant, after which the court noted that “[t]he burden
shifts to the State.” The State called Kyle Jones to testify, who explained that he is a
“firefighter paramedic.” Jones testified that, on the evening of July 31, 2016, he
observed a black Cadillac Sedan “driving erratically” while going northbound on
Six Pines Drive in The Woodlands. Jones described the traffic on the road that day
as “pretty heavy. Moderate to heavy.” According to Jones, he first noticed the
Cadillac when it veered into the lane in which Jones was driving and the Cadillac
nearly hit Jones’s vehicle. Jones testified that he honked his horn, after which the
Cadillac overcorrected and almost hit the curb. According to Jones, over the next
quarter-to-half-mile, the driver of the Cadillac never regained complete control of
the vehicle. Jones explained that, at one point, the Cadillac “stayed over the middle
stripe for . . . at least 75 yards or so.” Jones testified that he observed the Cadillac
accelerate from forty to fifty miles per hour, the Cadillac’s brakes locked up, and
Jones observed the Cadillac nearly hit a marked student-driver vehicle. Jones
explained that he decided to stop the Cadillac “to prevent injury from her and others
around her[],” and he pulled his vehicle in front of the Cadillac in order to block it.
In Jones’s opinion, the driving he witnessed was reckless.
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Jones testified that after he pulled his vehicle in front of the Cadillac, he got
out of his own vehicle, approached the driver’s door of the Cadillac, and tapped on
the window. Jones explained that the driver rolled down her window and asked him
“[d]o you need something?” after which he told her “[y]ou’re driving all over the
place. You almost hit a couple of people. Are you feeling okay?” At the hearing,
Jones identified Cataldo as the person who was driving the Cadillac.
According to Jones, when he first observed how the Cadillac was being
driven, he “didn’t know if it was a medical emergency or what was going on[]” but
he “assumed it was an intoxicated driver[]” because in his line of work, “more often
than not, it is an intoxicated subject.” Jones also testified that, after he first spoke
with Cataldo, he could smell “positive ETOH, [the] alcohol smell that you smell on,
I guess, drunk people.” Jones explained that “ETOH” refers to alcoholic beverages
and that he recognized the smell because he encounters it “at least ten times a month
minimum” during the course of his work. Jones testified concerning his impression
of Cataldo:
She seemed kind of erratic. She was, like I got to go. Why are
you doing this to me? Just kind of, I don’t know, out of sorts. She had
a glazed-over look in her eyes. I could tell right away that she wasn’t
alert and oriented, not completely.
Jones explained that he reached into the Cadillac and put it in park, because he did
not want her to leave or to pull forward and hit another vehicle. According to Jones,
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he told Cataldo he had called the police, after which Cataldo asked Jones to drive
her home. Jones also testified that Cataldo told Jones that she was not drunk although
she had had “a couple of glasses of wine[.]” Jones testified that after a few minutes,
Cataldo put the Cadillac into drive and hit the gas, so he reached in and put the car
back into park because, if Cataldo had driven forward, Jones thought she would have
hit his vehicle with his family inside. Jones explained that he saw no keys in the
Cadillac, and he assumed the electronic key was in Cataldo’s purse, so he took her
purse out of the Cadillac and placed the purse on the ground in an attempt to prevent
her from driving away.
Jones agreed that it was “[a]bsolutely[]” necessary for him to stop Cataldo and
to take her purse out of the car to prevent injury or death to Cataldo or to others
around her. On cross-examination, when asked whether he was making a citizen’s
arrest that night, Jones replied “I wouldn’t say that. I was just trying to help out.” He
explained that he understood a citizen’s arrest to be “where a civilian actually detains
or approaches someone and calls the police officer and, hopefully, they’re
apprehended at that point.” Jones testified that he called the police to investigate the
situation. When asked again on cross-examination whether he was making a
citizen’s arrest, Jones replied “Sure. If you want to put it like that, yes, sir.”
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At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, and after reviewing the evidence
and relevant law, the court announced that it would deny the motion to suppress
“finding that this was a lawful citizen’s arrest.” The trial court denied the motion
without issuing findings of fact and conclusions of law, and neither party requested
findings of fact and conclusions of law. Cataldo pleaded guilty, and the court
convicted her for driving while intoxicated and assessed punishment at three days in
jail and imposed a fine of $750. Cataldo timely appealed from the order denying her
motion to suppress.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated
standard of review. Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447-48 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010). We review the trial court’s factual findings for an abuse of discretion, and we
review the trial court’s application of the law to the facts de novo. Turrubiate v.
State, 399 S.W.3d 147, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). At a suppression hearing, the
trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight to be given their testimony, and a trial court may choose to believe or to
disbelieve all or any part of a witness’s testimony. Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 447;
Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting State v.
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Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d
853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
In reviewing a trial court’s ruling, the appellate court does not engage in its
own factual review. St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007). We give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical
facts, “especially if those are based on an assessment of credibility and demeanor.”
Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We give the same
deference to the trial court’s conclusions with respect to mixed questions of law and
fact that turn on credibility or demeanor. State v. Ortiz, 382 S.W.3d 367, 372 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012). We review purely legal questions de novo as well as mixed
questions of law and fact that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. State v.
Woodard, 341 S.W.3d 404, 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Crain, 315 S.W.3d at 48.
In the absence of any findings of fact, either because none were requested or
none were spontaneously made by the trial court, an appellate court must presume
that the trial court implicitly resolved all issues of historical fact and witness
credibility in the light most favorable to its ultimate ruling. State v. Elias, 339 S.W.3d
667, 674 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856); see also Aguirre
v. State, 402 S.W.3d 664, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (Cochran, J., concurring) (“in
the absence of specific findings, an appellate court’s hands are tied, giving it little
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choice but to ‘view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling
and assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling
as long as those findings are supported by the record’”) (quoting Ross, 32 S.W.3d at
855). We afford the prevailing party the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence. State v. Duran,
396 S.W.3d 563, 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). We will uphold the trial court’s ruling
if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law
applicable to the case. State v. Story, 445 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014);
Arguellez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 662-63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Ross, 32
S.W.3d at 855.
“Citizen’s Arrest”
Texas law expressly provides that a peace officer or “any other person” may
arrest an offender under certain circumstances, but the right to make a so-called
“citizen’s arrest” is not unfettered.1 See Miles v. State, 241 S.W.3d 28, 39 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007). Article 14.01(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that
“[a] peace officer or any other person, may, without a warrant, arrest an offender
when the offense is committed in his presence or within his view, if the offense is
1
The term “citizen’s arrest” refers to “an arrest of a private person by another
private person[.]” See Citizen’s Arrest, Black’s Law Dictionary 116 (8th ed. 1999).
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one classed as a felony or as an offense against the public peace.” Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 14.01(a) (West 2015) (emphasis added); Miles, 214 S.W.3d at 39. In
order to satisfy the requirement that the offense be “‘committed in [the citizen’s]
presence or within his view,’” what the individual observes must be enough to
establish probable cause that a crime is being committed. See Morris v. State, No.
02-16-00196-CR, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 1367, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb.
16, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (quoting Garner v.
State, 779 S.W.2d 498, 501 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1989, pet. ref’d)); McGuire v.
State, 847 S.W.2d 684, 686 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no pet.).
Private persons who are not peace officers may make an arrest only for a
felony or for a misdemeanor that is “an offense against the public peace.” Miles, 241
S.W.3d at 40. The Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that “a citizen may make
a warrantless arrest of a person who commits a misdemeanor within the citizen’s
presence or view if the evidence shows that the person’s conduct poses a threat of
continuing violence or harm to himself or the public.” Id. at 42. Whether the
circumstances constitute a breach of the peace will be determined on a case-by-case
basis, looking to the facts and circumstances surrounding the act. Kunkel v. State, 46
S.W.3d 328, 331 (Tex. App.—Houston 14th Dist. 2001, pet. ref’d) (citing Turner v.
State, 901 S.W.2d 767, 770 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d)). The
8
Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that a citizen’s arrest of another driver who
is driving in a reckless manner may provide sufficient circumstances of a breach of
the peace to support an arrest by a private person where a motorist’s conduct
suggests the driver is driving while intoxicated. See Miles, 241 S.W.3d at 42-44
(explaining that a citizen’s arrest for reckless driving while intoxicated is proper
under article 14.01(a)); Romo v. State, 577 S.W.2d 251 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)
(citizen’s arrest of a motorist was proper under article 14.01(a) where motorist drove
erratically at a high rate of speed and, after the stop, the citizen noticed the motorist
smelled strongly of alcohol); McEathron v. State, 294 S.W.2d 822, 823-24 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1956) (upholding citizen’s arrest for driving while intoxicated when
citizen saw defendant drive at a high rate of speed, drink from a bottle while driving,
strike the esplanade three times, and run red lights); see also Kunkel, 46 S.W.3d at
331-32 (citizen’s arrest was supported by defendant’s “series of moving violations
accompanied by prolonged erratic driving” that created a “very real[]” threat of
danger); Ruiz v. State, 907 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, no
pet.) (where a citizen arrested a motorist he observed driving the wrong way at high
speed and citizen believed the motorist was a drunk driver, the court concluded the
motorist was committing a breach of peace and the citizen was authorized to stop
him); McGuire, 847 S.W.2d at 686 (upholding citizen’s arrest as supported by
9
citizen’s direct observation of commission of the crime and explaining that
“[d]riving while intoxicated and failing to stop and give information are offenses
against the public peace[]”). A citizen may not arrest a motorist for misdemeanor
moving violations. See Pierce v. State, 32 S.W.3d 247, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Nevertheless, whether an arrest is made by a private person or by a peace
officer, if the arrest is unlawful, evidence obtained as a result of the unlawful arrest
is subject to suppression in accordance with the exclusionary rule. See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (West 2005) (excluding evidence unlawfully obtained
“by an officer or other person”); Miles, 241 S.W.3d at 36; Jenschke v. State, 147
S.W.3d 398, 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
Analysis
Cataldo argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress
because the State failed to present testimony of the arresting officer and, therefore,
there was no evidence that the arresting officer had probable cause to support the
arrest. Cataldo argues that “[n]ot only did the Texas Peace Officer that arrested the
Appellant without [a] warrant not testify, he or she is never identified in either the
Clerk’s record or the Reporter’s Record.” Cataldo also argues that Jones provided
no testimony at the suppression hearing regarding what he told to the arresting
10
officer. Cataldo’s brief argues that “[a] detention by a citizen is merely a temporary
detention that may lead to an arrest by a licensed peace officer.”
In this case, however, the trial court explained on the record that it found that
Jones had made “a lawful citizen’s arrest.” Jones testified that he personally
observed Cataldo driving erratically and nearly hit both his own vehicle as well as a
marked student-driver vehicle. Jones personally observed Cataldo to have “a glazed-
over look in her eyes[]” and not to appear alert or oriented. Jones testified that he
smelled alcohol on Cataldo and that Cataldo told him she had been drinking. As a
paramedic, Jones had regular professional experience with intoxicated persons.
Jones explained that he blocked Cataldo’s car, put her car in park, and took her purse
to prevent her from hurting herself, Jones’s family, or any other nearby persons.
Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that Jones made a
warrantless citizen’s arrest of Cataldo and that such was lawful because Jones
personally observed Cataldo commit a misdemeanor within his presence or view that
was “an offense against the public peace.” See Miles, 241 S.W.3d at 42-44; Romo,
577 S.W.2d 251. The evidence at the hearing established that Cataldo’s conduct
posed a threat of continuing violence or harm to herself or the public. See Miles, 241
S.W.3d at 42; see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 14.01(a).
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Article 14.01(a) states that “[a] peace office or any other person[]” may arrest
a person without a warrant for a felony or an offense against the public peace
provided offense is committed in the presence or view of the person making the
arrest. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 14.01(a) (emphasis added). Because we agree
with the trial court that Jones made a lawful citizen’s arrest, we need not determine
whether any peace officer had probable cause to arrest Cataldo. See Tex. R. App. P.
47.1. We find no error by the trial court in denying the motion to suppress. We
overrule Cataldo’s issues on appeal, and we affirm the trial court’s order and
judgment of conviction.
AFFIRMED.
_________________________
LEANNE JOHNSON
Justice
Submitted on July 11, 2017
Opinion Delivered August 2, 2017
Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton, and Johnson, JJ.
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