MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any
Aug 10 2017, 9:02 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Alexander L. Hoover Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Law Office of Attorney General of Indiana
Christopher G. Walter, P.C.
Andrea E. Rahman
Nappanee, Indiana Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Termination of the Parent- August 10, 2017
Child Relationship of: Court of Appeals Case No.
S.S. (Minor Child), 50A05-1703-JT-658
and Appeal from the Marshall Superior
Court
K.F. (Mother),
The Honorable Curtis D. Palmer,
Appellant-Respondent, Judge
v. Trial Court Cause No.
50C01-1605-JT-1
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Bradford, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Appellant-Respondent K.F. (“Mother”) appeals the juvenile court’s order
terminating her parental rights to S.S. She raises the following restated issue on
appeal: whether the Appellee-Petitioner the Indiana Department of Child
Services (“DCS”) presented sufficient evidence to support termination of her
parental rights to S.S. Specifically Mother contends that DCS did not prove by
clear and convincing evidence that (1) the conditions that resulted in S.S.’s
removal could not be remedied within a reasonable amount of time, (2)
continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the well-being of
S.S., and (3) termination was in S.S.’s best interest. Concluding that the
evidence is sufficient to support the termination order, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Mother is the biological parent of S.S., who was born on July 27, 2011.1 On
November 15, 2013, DCS removed S.S. from the parents’ care on an emergency
basis and placed S.S. in foster care. A Child in Need of Services (“CHINS”)
petition was filed by DCS on November 19, 2013. DCS’s original permanency
plan was reunification with Mother. On November 26, 2013, the juvenile court
entered an order granting the CHINS petition.
1
The biological father’s rights were also terminated, but he does not participate in this appeal.
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[3] On March 5, 2015, the juvenile court held a hearing for a periodic case review,
and on March 6, 2015, the juvenile court issued an order stating that the
permanency plan would continue to be reunification with Mother. On July 2,
2015, a hearing was held on the permanency plan. On July 16, 2015, the
juvenile court issued an amended order changing the permanency plan to
adoption with a concurrent plan for reunification.
[4] On October 7, 2015, the juvenile court issued an order placing S.S. under the
guardianship of his maternal grandmother.2 The CHINS proceeding remained
pending during the guardianship.
[5] On or about January 4, 2016, DCS removed S.S. from his grandmother’s care
and placed him with a foster family. On January 19, 2016, the trial court issued
an order stating that on December 31, 2015, the grandmother said that she
could no longer care for S.S. and asked that he be removed from her care. The
juvenile court affirmed that S.S. should remain the in foster family’s care.
[6] On May 10, 2016, DCS filed a verified petition for involuntary termination of
parental rights. After a permanency hearing on July 7, 2016, on July 25, 2016,
the juvenile court issued an order stating that the permanency plan would be
adoption.
2
The order was issued in cause number 50C01-1508-GU-49.
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[7] On January 31, 2017, a fact-finding hearing was held on DCS’s termination
petition. At the hearing, DCS’s family case manager (“FCM”) and the
psychologist that worked with Mother during the CHINS proceedings, Dr.
Anthony Berardi, testified that termination of parental rights was in the best
interest of S.S. Based upon all of the evidence presented, the juvenile court
issued an order granting DCS’s petition for termination of parental rights on
February 23, 2017. In doing so, the juvenile court made the following pertinent
specific findings:
4. The child, [S.S.], was removed from the parents’ care on
an emergency basis on November 15, 2013, and a CHINS
Petition was filed thereafter on November 19, 2013.
5. The child has now been out of the parents’ care for over
three years.
***
8. The Marshall County DCS became involved with the
family due to a hotline report of November 14, 2013, alleging
numerous bruises on the two-year-old child. The child had earlier
been diagnosed as Failure-to-Thrive due to insufficient feeding by
the mother.
9. An investigation the following day showed the child to
have bruises on his lower back/spine area, above his right eye,
under both left and right eyes, upper rear right thigh, front upper
left thigh, right lower inner arm, lower center left leg and left
inner elbow.
10. Caregivers, mother and maternal grandmother, were either
unaware of the bruising or had no explanation for the bruising.
The child was diagnosed with global developmental, cognitive,
social and speech delays (all of which continue to this day).
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11. The child was adjudicated as a Child in Need of Services
on January 16, 2014, and a Dispositional Order was entered on
that same date, awarding wardship to the DCS.
12. The initial permanency plan for the child was
reunification. However, the permanency plan was later amended
to include concurrent plans of adoption and guardianship.
13. An initial termination of parental rights petition was filed
on August 24, 2015, with regard to both parents (50C01-1508-JT-
1 l ). This initial petition was dismissed on October 13, 2015,
following the court approval of a guardianship for the child with
the maternal grandmother.
14. Actual placement of the child through the guardianship
with the maternal grandmother (50C01-1508-GU-49) lasted less
than thirty days until it was terminated by court order (at the
request of the grandmother) on January 6, 2016. The CHINS
cause remained active through the pendency of the guardianship.
15. The mother had also resided with the maternal
grandmother and the child during the pendency of the
guardianship and was the primary care-giver. However, the
maternal grandmother was unable to adequately care for the
child’s special needs, even with the assistance of the mother.
16. Following the dismissal of the guardianship, the child was
returned to the foster home where he had been residing since the
initial detention in November of 2013.
17. The current Petition for Termination of Parental Rights
was filed May 10, 2016.
18. The child has been removed from the parents’ care at least
six months pursuant to the CHINS dispositional decree.
19. The child has been removed from the parents’ care in
excess of fifteen of the most recent twenty-two months pursuant
to the CHINS dispositional decree.
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20. The child has special needs due to autism disorder and
global developmental delays for which he is receiving physical
and occupational therapy services while in foster care.
21. The child requires a special diet which excludes: dairy,
gluten, casein, wheat, corn, bananas, raisins and red dye #40.
22. A number of services were recommended for the mother
which included: a parenting assessment, counseling, visitation
with the child, homemaker services, an RSP3 caseworker and a
psychological evaluation.
23. The counseling, visitation and RSP caseworker services
began in 2014 and have continued through the present time.
24. During the pendency of the CHINS case the mother has
demonstrated an unstable living situation in that she has had
approximately eight different jobs, and is currently unemployed
and selling plasma twice per week for income.
25. During the pendency of the CHINS case the mother has
demonstrated an unstable living situation in that she has moved
residences and changed school districts numerous times.
26. During the pendency of the CHINS case the mother has
demonstrated an unstable living situation in that she has moved
in with three different men whom she refers to as “fiancés.”
27. All service providers, the DCS family case manager, the
foster mother and the CASA all testified that S.S.’s behaviors are
best controlled by a stable lifestyle with routine, structure and a
highly-regulated diet.
28. All service providers, the DCS family case manager, the
foster mother and the CASA all testified that whatever progress
had been made by S.S. when he was first placed in foster care
3
“RSP” stands for Rehabilitation Service Provider.
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was lost in the short time he was placed with his grandmother
and mother in the guardianship. The court finds that the mother
cannot provide the stable lifestyle and routine that S.S.’s special
needs require.
29. The mother’s visits had progressed from fully supervised to
in-home, partially supervised visits until the mother had an
episode of domestic violence with her then fiancé in which she
broke his collarbone and her apartment was found to be infested
with bedbugs.
30. Dr. Berardi, the psychologist who performed the
psychological evaluation, found the mother to have a below
normal intelligence and “a significant personality disorder”
which has, and will continue, to cause her to choose poor
domestic partners.
31. The mother is “overwhelmed easily” and prone to
outbursts of anger when placed in stressful situations. Visit
supervisors reported mother was stressed during supervised visits
and would display anger issues.
32. The mother currently resides with her fiancé, Harry Bobb,
with whom she has had domestic violence issues as recently as
October of 2016. At that time, she received black eyes from an
altercation with him. Mr. Bobb has tested positive for marijuana
on a number of occasions and now refuses any further drug tests
from the DCS. Mother testified that if she obtained custody of
the child, Mr. Bobb would be the caretaker for the child while she
was at work. (Mr. Bobb is home full-time as he receives disability
income.)
33. Dr. Berardi also opined that the mother does not function
well in stressful situations and that financial pressures, her
numerous job changes, residence changes and romantic partner
changes created stress for her. He also noted that caring for a
special needs child is a stress creator. He advised the DCS that
reunification with the mother should not be pursued.
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34. Mother was provided a Bowen Center RSP who worked
within the home on financial budgeting and other stress
management issues. This service was not successful as the
mother ordered the RSP caseworker not to return to her home or
she would call the police and have the RSP caseworker arrested
for trespassing.
35. All service providers, the DCS family case manager, the
foster mother and the CASA all testified the child needs
continuous “line of sight” supervision in order to remain safe. In
the past, he has exhibited self-harming behaviors of eating non-
food items that will fit in his mouth, banging his head on solid
objects and picking his nose with the intent to cause bleeding. He
also ‘‘bolts” from caregivers unexpectedly and can run into roads
or out of the house if not watched carefully. A harness is used on
him at times when out in public. A special bed is required that
keeps him fully contained at night so he cannot get out and hurt
himself. He will be six years old this summer and is not potty
trained. He has only recently begun to use words, but cannot
form even simple sentences.
36. During physical and occupational therapy, he has tried to
escape the therapy facility. The therapists noted that the child’s
behaviors in therapy sessions were much more controlled when
he is subject to routine structure and a regulated diet. On one
occasion, when the child was brought to therapy by the mother
(during the maternal grandmother guardianship period) it was
obvious that he was out of his routine and/or off of his diet as his
behaviors were out of control. He head-butted one his therapists,
breaking her nose.
37. The foster mother, who has had the child in her home for
the past three years, has considered adopting him. However, she
has four older children of her own who help provide supervision
for the child and when those children are grown she is unsure she
can provide the child the constant supervision he needs without
their assistance.
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38. Despite three years of instruction through the visitation
supervisors, DCS personnel, counseling and therapy
professionals, the mother (although she has made some progress)
has been unable to demonstrate the ability to understand or
ability to implement the tools necessary to take care of the child’s
special needs.
39. The CASA volunteer, Ms. Kinney, believes the mother is
incapable of prioritizing the child’s special needs over her other
life issues and that termination of parental rights is in the child’s
best interests.
40. The mother has concerns that someday the child will be
bigger and stronger than her and she will not be able to physically
control him.
41. The court finds that the mother is (and will continue to be)
unable to meet the special needs of the child caused by his autism
spectrum disorder and global developmental delays.
42. The court further finds that there is a reasonable
probability that the conditions which resulted in the removal
from the parents’ home and placement outside the home will not
be remedied because the mother’s low intellectual functioning
and personality disorder result in her inability to meet the child’s
special needs.
43. The court further finds that termination of the parent-child
relationship is in the best interests of the child and there is a
reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child
relationship threatens the well-being of the child.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 11-14.
[8] S.S. has been placed in a stable home with a foster family. He has been living
with the foster mother for over three years, and she testified that she would be
able to continue caring for him.
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Discussion and Decision
[9] This court has long had a highly deferential standard of review in cases
concerning the termination of parental rights. In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832, 836
(Ind. Ct. App. 2001). When reviewing a termination of parental rights case, we
will consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that are most
favorable to the judgment. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App.
2004), trans. denied. Thus, we will not reweigh the evidence or judge the
credibility of the witnesses. Id. We will only set aside the court judgment
terminating a parent-child relationship if it is clearly erroneous. In re B.J., 879
N.E.2d 7, 14 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).
[10] The traditional right of a parent to establish a home and raise her children is
protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family and Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 145 (Ind. 2005).
Furthermore, we acknowledge that the parent-child relationship is “one of the
most valued relationships of our culture.” Id. However, parental rights are not
absolute and the law allows for the termination of such rights when a parent is
unable or unwilling to meet her responsibilities as a parent. In re T.F., 743
N.E.2d 766, 773 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans denied. The purpose of terminating
parental rights is to protect the child, not to punish the parent. Id. The juvenile
court may terminate the parental rights if the child’s emotional and physical
development is threatened. Id. The juvenile court need not wait until the child
has suffered from irreversible harm. Id.
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[11] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, DCS is
required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that:
(A) one (1) of the following exists:
(i) the child has been removed from the parent for at least
six (6) months under a dispositional decree;
(ii) a court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that
reasonable efforts for family preservation or reunification
are not required, including a description of the court’s
finding, the date of the finding, and the manner in which
the finding was made; or
(iii) the child has been removed from the parent and has
been under the supervision of a county office of family and
children or probation department for at least fifteen (15)
months of the most recent twenty-two (22) months,
beginning with the date the child is removed from the
home as a result of the child being alleged to be a child in
need of services or a delinquent child;
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the
child.
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Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS’s burden of proof for establishing these
allegations in a termination case is one of “clear and convincing evidence.” In
re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009).
I. Conditions Resulting in Removal Not Likely to Be
Remedied
[12] “We begin by emphasizing that a trial court need not wait until a child is
irreversibly influenced by a deficient lifestyle such that his or her physical,
mental, and social growth is permanently impaired before terminating the
parent-child relationship.” Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d
367, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “When the evidence shows that the emotional
and physical development of a child in need of services is threatened,
termination of the parent-child relationship is appropriate.” In re L.S., 717
N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).
[13] When determining whether there is a reasonable probability that a parent will
remedy the conditions resulting in their child’s removal from the home, a trial
court engages in a two-step inquiry. First the trial court “must ascertain what
conditions led to their placement and retention in foster care.” In re K.T.K., 989
N.E.2d 1225, 1231 (Ind. 2013). Second, the trial court must determine
“whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will not be
remedied.” Id. The statute does not simply focus on the initial reason or
reasons for removal, “but also those bases resulting in continued placement
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outside the home.” In re A.I. v. Vanderburgh Cnty. OFC, 825 N.E.2d 798, 806
(Ind. Ct. App. 2005).
[14] Mother argues that the evidence does not support the finding that there is a
reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in S.S.’s removal will
not be remedied because the initial reason S.S. was removed was the bruising
found on his body. Mother further argues that the trial court focused on
Mother’s inability to care for S.S., which was not a factor in his original
removal. Mother, however, is misreading the statute. Under Indiana Code
section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i), DCS must show a “reasonable probability that the
conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside of the home of the parents will not be remedied.” (emphasis added).
“[I]t is not just the basis for the initial removal of the child that may be
considered for purposes of determining whether a parent’s rights should be
terminated, but also those bases resulting in the continued placement outside of
the home.” In re A.I., 934 N.E.2d at 806. As DCS and the juvenile court noted,
S.S. continued to remain outside of his Mother’s care due to her inability to
properly supervise and care for him.
[15] The juvenile court made numerous thoughtful findings regarding Mother’s
instability, lack of consistent housing and employment, unstable and sometimes
violent relationships with her three different fiancés, psychological issues,
inability to manage stress, drug use, and inability to meet S.S.’s special needs
notwithstanding the myriad of services that were designated to address her
issues throughout the underlying CHINS and instant termination proceedings.
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Specifically, the record reveals that during the underlying CHINS proceeding
Mother has had at least eight jobs, has moved numerous times, has had three
different live-in and unemployed fiancés, and is incapable of understanding and
addressing S.S.’s special needs and dietary restrictions. Despite the extensive
services provided to Mother over the course of several years, the juvenile court
determined, at the time of the termination hearing, that Mother was incapable
of providing S.S. with a safe and stable environment nor is she capable of
meeting S.S.’s special needs caused by his autism spectrum disorder, global
development delays, and special dietary needs. Based upon the ample evidence
that Mother is “unable to demonstrate the ability to understand and the ability
to implement the tools necessary to take care of [S.S.’s] special needs,” and her
inability to maintain stable employment and housing, we conclude that Mother
has not sustained her burden to show that the juvenile court’s determination in
this regard was clearly erroneous. Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 14.
II. Continuation of the Parent-Child Relationship
Posed a Threat to the Child’s Well-being
[16] Next we address Mother’s claim that DCS failed to show by clear and
convincing evidence that the continuation of the parent-child relationship
would be detrimental to S.S. Under Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B),
DCS need only prove that “[t]here is a reasonable probability that the
conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for the placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied,” that “[t]here is a
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reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship
poses a threat to the well-being of the child,” or that the child has been
adjudicated as CHINS on two separate occasions. As discussed above, DCS
presented ample evidence for the juvenile court to conclude that there was not a
reasonable probability that the reasons for continued placement outside of the
parent’s home would not be remedied. Because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-
4(b)(2(B) is written in the disjunctive, and in light of our conclusion relating to
the probability that the conditions leading to continued placement outside of
the parent’s home would not be remedied, we need not consider Mother’s claim
as to whether the evidence is sufficient to prove that the parent-child
relationship posed a threat to the S.S.’s well-being.
III. The Child’s Best Interest
[17] Finally, we address Mother’s claim that DCS failed to prove that termination of
her parental rights was in S.S.’s best interest. When reviewing such claims, we
are mindful of the fact that the juvenile court is required to look beyond the
factors identified by DCS and consider the totality of the circumstances.
McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2003). In doing so, this court must subordinate the interest of the parent
of the child involved. Id.
[18] In addressing whether continuation of the parent-child relationship is in S.S.’s
best interest, we note that the DCS case manager and the psychologist, Dr.
Berardi, testified that termination was in S.S.’s best interest. Such testimony is
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sufficient to support the juvenile court’s conclusion in this regard. See In re A.B.,
887 N.E.2d 158, 170 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). However, additional evidence
further supports the juvenile court’s conclusion. S.S. has autism spectrum
disorder and global developmental delays. Consequently, S.S. requires a
special diet, a calm environment, and a routine schedule. If he does not receive
these things, S.S. is likely to have tantrums during which he will throw himself
to the ground, throw things, head-butt objects or people until he bleeds, or pick
his nose until he bleeds.
[19] Furthermore, during the CHINS proceedings Mother lived in at least eight
different residences in multiple school districts, held at least eight different jobs,
and had three unemployed and live-in fiancés. Mother also has a personality
disorder that causes her to enter into volatile romantic relationships. Mother
has broken the collarbone of one of her ex-fiancés, and her current fiancé has
hit her on at least one occasion. Despite the violence, Mother has no plans to
end the relationship. In fact, Mother expects the current fiancé to help her care
for S.S. This is clear evidence that Mother is likely to continue engaging in a
very tumultuous and violent lifestyle. It is likely that exposing S.S. to such a
negative environment would cause him to engage in behavior that is harmful to
himself and others.
[20] The testimony from service providers established that Mother has not “shown
that she understands, and can meet his needs, based on his diagnosis and his
behavior and the special requirements that he has.” Tr. pp. 52-53. Dr. Berardi
opined that Mother is “[p]reoccupied with her emotional neediness” and she
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“clearly put[s] her own needs before her son’s needs for a stable mother and
home life.” Ex. p. 14. Dr. Berardi further opined that Mother’s psychological
issues make it unlikely that she will reach a level of stability that would allow
her to care for her son. Consequently, Dr. Berardi recommended that DCS
seek alternative permanency plans for S.S.
[21] In sum, Mother’s history of instability, and psychological issues, as well as her
lack of understanding of how to meet S.S.’s special needs, support the juvenile
court’s decision to terminate her parental rights. We decline her invitation to
reweigh and reassess the evidence related to the challenged findings. We
therefore conclude that the juvenile court did not clearly err in terminating
Mother’s parental rights with S.S.
[22] We affirm the judgment of the juvenile court.
May, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
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