2017 IL App (2d) 160909
No. 2-16-0909
Opinion filed August 16, 2017
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
VANGUARD ENERGY SERVICES, L.L.C., ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Du Page County.
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 15-L-940
)
IBRAHIM M. SHIHADEH, d/b/a )
Creative Designs Kitchen and )
Baths, ) Honorable
) Robert G. Kleeman,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Jorgensen and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff, Vanguard Energy Services, L.L.C., is a supplier of natural gas. Defendant,
Ibrahim M. Shihadeh, d/b/a Creative Designs Kitchen and Baths, purchased natural gas from
plaintiff for his business. Plaintiff alleged that, in February 2014, it entered into an agreement
with defendant to supply natural gas for the 2014-15 and 2015-16 winters and that, in June 2014,
the parties agreed that plaintiff would provide additional gas for the same time periods. When
defendant cancelled the gas order with plaintiff, plaintiff filed an amended five-count complaint.
Count I alleged breach of the first agreement, and count II alleged breach of the second
agreement, and they are the only counts at issue on appeal. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
pursuant to section 2-619(a)(7) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(7)
(West 2014)), arguing that the breach-of-contract claims were barred by the statute of frauds
contained in section 2-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (810 ILCS 5/2-201 (West
2014)). The trial court agreed and dismissed the counts. Plaintiff concedes that natural gas is
“goods,” that the price was more than $500, and that therefore, on its face, the statute of frauds
applies. See id. Plaintiff contends, however, that two exceptions to the statute of frauds apply.
We affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Our recitation of the facts is based on the pleadings. Defendant first became a customer
of plaintiff in 2009 and purchased natural gas to heat his building.
¶4 Natural gas can be purchased from plaintiff either on the spot market or at a fixed price.
On the spot market is where the customer purchases gas at the current market rate. When
purchasing gas at a fixed price, the customer agrees to purchase a certain volume of gas, for a
certain time period, at a fixed price in order to protect himself from the fluctuating prices found
on the spot market. Defendant purchased gas from plaintiff both on the spot market and at a
fixed price from 2009 through 2013.
¶5 In February 2014, defendant agreed to purchase 25% of his anticipated natural gas needs
at a fixed price for the 2014-15 and 2015-16 winters. On June 18 and 20, 2014, the February
2014 agreement was confirmed by e-mail without protest (February agreement). On June 27,
2014, the parties agreed that plaintiff would provide defendant an additional 50% of his
anticipated natural gas needs at a fixed price for the same time periods (June agreement).
¶6 On February 2, 2015, plaintiff received a letter from defendant terminating plaintiff’s
services, effective April 30, 2015. Plaintiff warned defendant that, if he insisted on terminating
-2-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
services, plaintiff would be forced to “unwind” defendant’s fixed price positions. Defendant,
however, insisted on terminating, and plaintiff alleged that it incurred damages as a consequence.
Following defendant’s refusal to pay those damages, plaintiff filed suit. Count I alleged breach
of the February agreement, and count II alleged breach of the June agreement. Plaintiff did not
allege the existence of any written confirmation of the June agreement.
¶7 Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the breach-of-contract claims set forth in counts I and
II pursuant to section 2-619(a)(7) of the Code. Defendant argued that the oral agreements
alleged in both counts were barred by the statute of frauds contained in section 2-201(1) of the
UCC. The trial court agreed and dismissed both counts.
¶8 Plaintiff timely appeals, contending that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s
section 2-619(a)(7) motion to dismiss.
¶9 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 10 A. Standard of Review and The UCC Statute of Frauds
¶ 11 “ ‘[A] motion to dismiss, pursuant to section 2-619 *** admits the legal sufficiency of the
*** complaint, but asserts an affirmative defense or *** matter that avoids or defeats the ***
claim.’ ” Eighteen Investments, Inc. v. NationsCredit Financial Services Corp., 376 Ill. App. 3d
527, 532 (2007) (quoting DeLuna v. Burciaga, 223 Ill. 2d 49, 59 (2006)). In considering a
motion to dismiss under section 2-619, a court must interpret all pleadings and supporting
materials in favor of the nonmoving party. In re Chicago Flood Litigation, 176 Ill. 2d 179, 189
(1997).
¶ 12 A statute-of-frauds defense is properly raised under section 2-619(a)(7). 735 ILCS 5/2-
619(a)(7) (West 2014). We review de novo a ruling on a section 2-619 motion. Robinson v.
Toyota Motor Credit Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 403, 418-19 (2002).
-3-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
¶ 13 The UCC’s statute of frauds provides in pertinent part:
“(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Section a contract for the sale of goods for the
price of $500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is some
writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties
and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or
broker.” 810 ILCS 5/2-201(1) (West 2014).
¶ 14 Plaintiff does not dispute that its product, natural gas, is considered “goods” and that, on
its face, section 2-201(1) is applicable because counts I and II relate to oral agreements. Plaintiff
argues, however, that the lack of a writing is not fatal to its claims based on the oral agreements,
because of the “merchant exception” (810 ILCS 5/2-201(2) (West 2014)) and the “specially
manufactured goods exception” (810 ILCS 5/2-201(3)(a) (West 2014)) under the UCC.
¶ 15 B. Merchant Exception
¶ 16 The statute of frauds exempts contracts between merchants under the following limited
circumstances:
“[I]f within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the contract and sufficient
against the sender is received and the party receiving it has reason to know its contents, it
satisfies the requirements of subsection (1) [(requiring a contract for a sale of goods for
$500 or more to be in writing)] against such party unless written notice of objection to its
contents is given within 10 days after it is received.” 810 ILCS 5/2-201(2) (West 2014).
¶ 17 Plaintiff contends that plaintiff and defendant are merchants and that, because the e-mail
confirmation it sent with respect to the February 2014 agreement set forth in count I was not
objected to within 10 days, it was exempt from memorializing the agreement in writing.
-4-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
¶ 18 The question we must determine first is whether defendant is a merchant. The term
“merchant” is defined in the UCC as “a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by
his occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods
involved in the transaction.” 810 ILCS 5/2-104(1) (West 2014). The trial court followed the
interpretation of this definition set forth in Forms World of Illinois, Inc. v. Magna Bank, N.A.,
334 Ill. App. 3d 1107 (2002), in which the appellate court held that a mere consumer of goods
who does not resell the goods cannot be considered a merchant. Id. at 1112-13.
¶ 19 Citing comment 2 of the UCC comments to section 2-104 (810 ILCS Ann. 2-104,
Uniform Commercial Code Comment 2, at 106 (Smith-Hurd 2009)) and Traxys North America
LLC v. Evraz Claymont Steel, Inc., No. 09-684, 2011 WL 1322780 (D. Del. Apr. 4, 2011), an
unreported federal decision, plaintiff does not argue that defendant has knowledge or skill in the
goods sold as part of the transaction. Rather, plaintiff asserts that defendant is a merchant
because defendant, “as a person engaged in business, has the knowledge or skill to engage in
business communications.” In its reply brief, plaintiff notes that comment 2 “involves the non-
specialized practice of answering mail, something everyone in the business world is expected to
be able to do.” Plaintiff highlights the e-mail confirmation sent to defendant’s agent, which
plaintiff believes “demonstrates Defendant’s ability to engage in business communications.” In
other words, plaintiff appears to argue that, because defendant is engaged in business activities,
he has the knowledge or skill peculiar to the “practices” involved in the transaction (810 ILCS
5/2-104(1) (West 2014)).
¶ 20 The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation, to which all other rules are subordinate, is to
ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. People v. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336, 348
(2001). In determining the legislative intent, a court should first consider the statutory language.
-5-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
This is the best means of determining the legislative intent. Id. The language of the statute must
be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning. People v. Diggins, 235 Ill. 2d 48, 54 (2009). It is
never proper for a court to depart from plain language by reading into the statute exceptions,
limitations, or conditions that conflict with the clearly expressed legislative intent. People v.
Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443 (2005). If the plain language reveals the legislative intent, we will
give that intent effect without resorting to other interpretive aids, such as committee comments.
Solon v. Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d 433, 440 (2010); People v. Hari, 218 Ill. 2d
275, 295 (2006).
¶ 21 Plaintiff ignores the plain language of the statute, which clearly and unambiguously
expresses the legislature’s intent. In defining the term merchant, the legislature intended that the
knowledge or skill of the purchaser is specifically related to the “knowledge or skill peculiar to
the practices or goods involved in the transaction.” (Emphasis added.) 810 ILCS 5/2-104(1)
(West 2014). Here, the transaction involved the purchase of natural gas to heat defendant’s
building. Plaintiff makes no allegation that defendant has any knowledge or skill specifically
related to the natural gas industry. Had the legislature intended to include all business persons in
this exception, as the UCC comment intimates, it certainly could have said as much.
¶ 22 In Forms World, the plaintiff, a seller of business forms, sued the defendant, Magna
Bank, alleging breach of contract after Magna Bank allegedly agreed to purchase forms pursuant
to the plaintiff’s written proposal letter. The plaintiff argued that a written contract was not
required, because both parties were “merchants” under section 2-201(2) of the UCC. Citing the
definition of “merchant” in section 2-104(1) of the UCC, the Fifth District Appellate Court found
it clear that, because the plaintiff’s business was selling forms and providing printing needs,
Magna Bank could not be deemed a merchant in that arena. It found that “Magna Bank, in its
-6-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
banking functions, is a mere consumer of forms and printing. Magna Bank does not resell these
forms or hold itself out as a copy service to the general public.” Forms World, 334 Ill. App. 3d
at 1112-13.
¶ 23 Even if we were to reject the broad language in Forms World, i.e., that to be considered a
merchant the purchaser must resell the product that was purchased, the definition of merchant
should not be expanded to include a purchaser who is simply the end user or ultimate consumer
of the goods. In Forms World, the court did not consider Magna Bank a merchant when it
purchased forms it used in conducting its business. The court stated that “[t]he purchase of
office supplies for ultimate use by Magna Bank is not sufficient to treat Magna Bank as a
merchant in the sales of forms and copies.” Id. at 1113. Similarly, here, defendant was an
ultimate consumer and we do not conclude that he was a merchant when he purchased natural
gas to heat his building.
¶ 24 Plaintiff argues that the conclusion in Forms World is at odds with comment 2 of the
UCC comments and that “this conclusion has, unsurprisingly, been criticized by the Traxys
court.” First, as comment 2 is at odds with the plain language of the statute, we reject this
argument. Second, Traxys, 1 and the cases cited therein, can be reconciled with the plain
language of the merchant definition. In Traxys, the buyer purchased raw material used in
making steel. Traxys, 2011 WL 1322780, at *1. In Jame Fine Chemicals Co. v. Hi-Tech
Pharmacal Co., Inc., 44 Fed. App’x 602, 603-04 (3d Cir. 2002), the buyer purchased a raw
ingredient it used in making cough syrup. In American Plastic Equipment, Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 886
1
Federal district court decisions are neither binding nor precedential. This is especially
true when a decision is unreported. County of Du Page v. Lake Street Spa, Inc., 395 Ill. App. 3d
110, 122 (2009).
-7-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
F. 2d 521, 523 (2d Cir. 1989), the buyer purchased “inactive” molds for use in producing plastic
products. Finally, in Leonard Pevar Co. v. Evans Products Co., 524 F. Supp. 546, 547 (D. Del.
1981), the buyer purchased plywood it used in constructing buildings. In all of those cases, the
buyers could be seen as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the transactions when they
purchased goods directly related to the production of goods they were engaged in manufacturing.
Those buyers were not the end users or ultimate consumers of the goods purchased.
¶ 25 Accordingly, because we determine that defendant is not a merchant, the exception is
inapplicable.
¶ 26 B. Specially Manufactured Goods Exception
¶ 27 A contract that does not satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds in section 2-
201(1), but that is valid in other respects, is enforceable under the UCC:
“(a) if the goods are to be specially manufactured for the buyer and are not
suitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller’s business and the seller,
before notice of repudiation is received and under circumstances which reasonably
indicate that the goods are for the buyer, has made either a substantial beginning of their
manufacture or commitments for their procurement[.]” 810 ILCS 5/2-201(3)(a) (West
2014).
Plaintiff argues that the gas, which was the subject of both counts I and II, was specially
manufactured for defendant, and therefore, under section 2-201(3)(a), no written contract was
required.
¶ 28 In order to determine whether a product was specially manufactured, we look to four
distinct criteria: “(1) the goods must be specially made for the buyer; (2) the goods must be
unsuitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller’s business; (3) the seller must
-8-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
have substantially begun to have manufactured the goods or to have made a commitment for
their procurement; and (4) the manufacture or commitment must have been commenced under
circumstances reasonably indicating that the goods are for the buyer and prior to the seller’s
receipt of notification of contractual repudiation.” Colorado Carpet Installation, Inc. v.
Palermo, 668 P.2d 1384, 1389 (Colo. 1983). “In determining whether goods are specially
manufactured, courts have traditionally looked to the goods themselves. The term ‘specially
manufactured,’ therefore, refers to the nature of the particular goods in question and not to
whether the goods were made in an unusual, as opposed to the regular, business operation or
manufacturing process of the seller.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Webcor Packaging
Corp. v. Autozone, Inc., 158 F.3d 354, 357 (6th Cir. 1998). Therefore, “the proponent must
convince the court that the goods themselves have some feature that makes the product
marketable only to the buyer.” Id.
¶ 29 Plaintiff claims that the natural gas was specifically set aside for defendant for a
particular time period, in a particular volume, and at a particular price. In order to sell the fixed-
price gas to another customer, plaintiff asserts, it would have to find someone who needed the
same volume of gas for the same time period and who was willing to pay more than market rate,
as gas prices had declined. At oral argument, plaintiff outlined how the gas was sold when
defendant did not purchase it at the purportedly agreed fixed price. Plaintiff explained that it was
able to salvage the sale on the open market but took a loss due to the higher rate defendant
allegedly agreed to.
¶ 30 Plaintiff’s explanation demonstrates that there was no feature of the gas itself that made it
unmarketable for others. “ ‘[T]he unsalable quality of the goods presumably must be found in
their characteristics of special manufacture and not in such tests as lost markets, passed seasons,
-9-
2017 IL App (2d) 160909
or the objective inability of the particular seller to dispose of the goods for reasons unrelated to
their nature as prescribed by the buyer.’ ” Colorado Carpet, 668 P.2d at 1390 (quoting 2 R.
Duesenberg & L. King, Uniform Commercial Code Service (MB) § 2.02[4], at 2-32 (1982)).
Plaintiff’s complaints about time, volume, and price fit directly into the language quoted in
Colorado Carpet. As such, we find that the gas was not specially manufactured for defendant
and that neither of the purported agreements falls within that exception to the statute of frauds.
¶ 31 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 32 Based on the preceding, the judgment of the trial court granting defendant’s section 2-
619(a)(7) motion to dismiss counts I and II of plaintiff’s amended complaint is affirmed.
¶ 33 Affirmed.
- 10 -