Lathan v. Hospital Authority of Charlton County.

FIRST DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
MCMILLIAN and MERCIER, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

August 16, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A17A1524. LATHAN v. HOSPITAL AUTHORITY OF
CHARLTON COUNTY.

BARNES, Presiding Judge.

Faleshia C. Lathan, as the surviving spouse and personal representative of the

estate of Robert Lathan, Jr., brought this medical malpractice and wrongful death suit

against the Hospital Authority of Charlton County d/b/a Charlton Memorial Hospital

(the “Hospital Authority”) and several other defendants, contending that the suit was

a valid renewal of a prior suit that had been voluntarily dismissed. The Hospital

Authority sought dismissal of the plaintiff’s wrongful death and loss of consortium

claims, arguing that the statute of limitation had expired on those claims, and that the

present suit was not a valid renewal action because service had not been properly

perfected on the Hospital Authority in the prior suit before its voluntary dismissal.

The trial court agreed with the Hospital Authority and dismissed the plaintiff’s

wrongful death and loss of consortium claims with prejudice. The trial court
thereafter entered final judgment in favor of the Hospital Authority on those claims

and subsequently denied the plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration and motion to

amend her complaint. This appeal by the plaintiff followed.

The central question in this appeal is whether service of process was properly

perfected on the Hospital Authority in the prior wrongful death suit brought by the

plaintiff, rendering the present suit a valid renewal action. Resolution of that question

turns on whether the Hospital Authority is the type of corporation that can be served

under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) (A) of the Georgia Civil Practice Act (“Rule 4”), which

authorizes service on the president, other officer, managing agent, or registered agent

of a “corporation incorporated . . . under the laws of this state” or substitute service

on the Secretary of State if those methods of service are unsuccessful. For the reasons

discussed more fully below, we answer that question in the negative and affirm the

trial court.

This case arose out of the care and treatment that Mr. Lathan (“the decedent”)

received at Charlton Memorial Hospital on February 3, 2013. As alleged in the

complaint, on the afternoon of the day in question, the decedent arrived in the

emergency department at Charlton Memorial Hospital with complaints of sharp

epigastric pain. Dr. Ayodele A. Ayedun, an emergency medicine physician, examined

2
the decedent, diagnosed him with gastritis, and discharged him from the hospital. The

next evening, the decedent returned to the emergency room at Charlton Memorial

Hospital in cardiac arrest. He was transported to another hospital, where he remained

an inpatient until his death on February 11, 2013.

Charlton Memorial Hospital was operated by the Hospital Authority, a “public

body corporate and politic” established in 1970 under an ordinance adopted by the

Charlton County Board of Commissioners. In August 2013, several months after the

decedent’s treatment, Charlton Memorial Hospital suspended services and closed its

doors.

On January 20, 2015, the decedent’s wife, acting in her capacities as the

decedent’s surviving spouse and as representative of his estate, commenced a medical

malpractice and wrongful death suit against several defendants, including Dr. Ayedun

and the Hospital Authority (the “original suit”). The plaintiff also asserted a loss of

consortium claim in her capacity as the surviving spouse of the decedent. Among

other allegations, the complaint in the original suit alleged that the decedent had been

misdiagnosed with gastritis in the hospital emergency room on February 3, 2013,

proximately resulting in the decedent suffering catastrophic cardiac injuries and

death.

3
 The day after filing the original suit, the plaintiff sought to perfect service on

the Hospital Authority by serving John Adams, a member of its board who also

served as its legal counsel. The Hospital Authority answered the original suit by

special appearance and raised the defense that it had not been properly served with

process. The plaintiff thereafter voluntarily dismissed the original suit in July 2015.

On January 4, 2016, the plaintiff commenced the current suit against Dr.

Ayedun and the Hospital Authority for medical malpractice, wrongful death, and loss

of consortium (the “current suit”).1 Between the time the original suit was voluntarily

dismissed and the current suit was filed, the two-year statute of limitation had expired

on the plaintiff’s wrongful death and loss of consortium claims brought in her

capacity as the decedent’s surviving spouse (collectively, “the wrongful death

claims”),2 but not on the pre-death medical malpractice claims brought in her capacity

1
The plaintiff named other defendants who were later voluntarily dismissed
from the current suit.
2
The limitation period for a wrongful death claim arising out of medical
malpractice is two years. Wesley Chapel Foot & Ankle Center v. Johnson, 286 Ga.
App. 881, 884-885 (650 SE2d 387) (2007). See OCGA § 9-3-71 (a). Similarly,
“plaintiffs bringing loss of consortium actions which arise out of medical malpractice
have only two years in which to file their claims.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)
Beamon v. Mahadevan, 329 Ga. App. 685, 688 (2) (766 SE2d 98) (2014). See OCGA
§§ 9-3-33; 9-3-34.

4
as the representative of the decedent’s estate.3 The plaintiff sought to perfect service

on the Hospital Authority in the current suit by again serving its board member and

legal representative, Adams. The plaintiff also served the Hospital Authority’s former

and current chief executive officers (“CEO”), who had not been served in the original

suit.

The Hospital Authority filed a special appearance and answer to the current suit

in which it raised several defenses, including a statute-of-limitation defense. The

Hospital Authority also filed a motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s wrongful death claims

on the ground that those claims were barred by the applicable two-year statute of

limitation. Specifically, the Hospital Authority noted that the current suit had been

filed after the limitation period had expired on the wrongful death claims, and it

argued that the current suit could not be treated as a renewal of the original suit

3
It is undisputed that the limitation period for the plaintiff’s pre-death medical
malpractice claims, brought in her capacity as the representative of the decedent’s
estate, had not expired when the current suit was filed because those claims were
tolled until the plaintiff was appointed as the estate’s personal representative. See
OCGA § 9-3-92 (“The time between the death of a person and the commencement of
representation upon his estate . . . shall not be counted against his estate in calculating
any limitation applicable to the bringing of an action, provided that such time shall
not exceed five years. . . .”); Goodman v. Satilla Health Svcs., 290 Ga. App. 6, 7 (658
SE2d 792) (2008) (OCGA § 9-3-92 applies to medical malpractice claims brought by
personal representative of estate).

5
because service had not been properly perfected on the Hospital Authority in the

original suit before that suit was voluntarily dismissed. In this regard, the Hospital

Authority contended that hospital authorities are governmental entities that must be

served in accordance with OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (5) of the Georgia Civil Practice Act,

which requires service on the CEO or clerk of a “public body or organization.”

Because Adams rather than the Hospital Authority’s CEO or clerk had been served

in the original suit before it was voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff, the Hospital

Authority asserted that the original suit was void, and that, as a result, the current suit

could not be treated as a valid renewal action for statute-of-limitation purposes.

Accordingly, the Hospital Authority argued that the plaintiff’s wrongful death claims

asserted in the current suit should be dismissed with prejudice as barred by the statute

of limitation.

Opposing the Hospital Authority’s motion to dismiss the wrongful death

claims, the plaintiff argued that the current suit was a proper renewal of the timely

filed original suit. The plaintiff contended that the Hospital Authority had been

properly served before the original suit was voluntarily dismissed, and that, as a

result, the original suit was not void and was subject to renewal. In arguing that

service was properly perfected on the Hospital Authority in the original suit, the

6
plaintiff maintained that hospital authorities are public corporations formed under

Georgia law and thus can be served under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) (A), which

authorizes service on the president, other officer, managing agent, or registered agent

of a “corporation incorporated . . . under the laws of this state” or substitute service

on the Secretary of State if those methods of service are unsuccessful. According to

the plaintiff, Adams was an officer of the Hospital Authority and thus was properly

served under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) (A) in the original suit.

The trial court agreed with the Hospital Authority, concluding that hospital

authorities are public bodies or organizations that must be served in accordance with

OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (5) rather than OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) (A) and dismissing the

plaintiff’s wrongful death claims with prejudice. Pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-54 (b),4

the trial court thereafter entered final judgment in favor of the Hospital Authority on

the plaintiff’s wrongful death claims. The plaintiff’s claims against Dr. Ayedun, as

well as the plaintiff’s pre-death medical malpractice claims brought against the

4
OCGA § 9-11-54 (b) provides in part:
When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, whether
as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, or when
multiple parties are involved, the court may direct the entry of a final
judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties
only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay
and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. . . .

7
Hospital Authority in her capacity as representative of the decedent’s estate, remain

pending.

After the entry of final judgment on the wrongful death claims, the plaintiff

filed a motion for reconsideration and to amend the complaint. The plaintiff sought

to amend her complaint to reinstate the same wrongful death claims, but under a

different legal theory as to why they were not barred by the applicable statute of

limitation. The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration and to amend the

complaint, leading to this appeal by the plaintiff.

1. The plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in dismissing with prejudice her

wrongful death claims as barred by the two-year statute of limitation because the

current suit was a properly filed renewal action of the voluntarily dismissed original

suit, such that the wrongful death claims remained viable even though the limitation

period had expired in the interim between the current and original suit. We are

unpersuaded.

“As we have held, a properly filed renewal action stands on the same footing

as the original action with respect to statutes of limitation,” and, therefore, if the

“renewal action is properly filed within six months after dismissal of the original

action, it remains viable even though the statute of limitation may have expired.”

8
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Blier v. Greene, 263 Ga. App. 35, 36 (1) (a) (587

SE2d 190) (2003). See OCGA § 9-2-61 (a). The plaintiff’s current suit was filed

within six months of the voluntary dismissal of the original suit. That, however, does

not end our inquiry.

[T]o show the right to renew the suit within six months after the
dismissal of a prior suit on the same cause of action, when such right is
relied upon to relieve the plaintiff of the bar of the statute of limitation,
it is necessary for the renewal petition to show affirmatively that the
former petition was not a void suit[.]

(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Belcher v. Folsom, 258 Ga. App. 191, 192 (573

SE2d 447) (2002). See Whitesell v. Ga. Power Co., __ Ga. App. __ (1) (Case No.

A17A0590, decided April 20, 2017). The original suit was void if service was never

properly perfected, “and a void lawsuit cannot be renewed outside the period of

limitation.” Coles v. Reese, 316 Ga. App. 545, 546 (730 SE2d 33) (2012). See Hobbs

v. Arthur, 264 Ga. 359, 360 (444 SE2d 322) (1994) (“The original suit is void if

service was never perfected, since the filing of a complaint without perfecting service

does not constitute a pending suit.”).

As previously noted, the plaintiff served Adams, one of the Hospital

Authority’s board members and its legal representative, in the original suit. The

9
plaintiff does not dispute that Adams was neither the CEO nor the clerk of the

Hospital Authority, and thus service undisputedly was not perfected on the Hospital

Authority in accordance with OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (5),which requires service on the

CEO or clerk of a “public body or organization.”5 The plaintiff, however, argues that

the Hospital Authority is a public corporation which can alternatively be served under

OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) (A) (“Rule 4 (e) (1) (A)”),6 and that service on Adams in the

original suit therefore was proper because Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) authorized service on

any “officer” of the Hospital Authority. We disagree with the plaintiff because the

plain language of Rule 4 (e) (1) (A), read in pari materia with other relevant statutory

provisions, reflects that its mode of service does not apply to the Hospital Authority.

5
OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (5) provides:
Service shall be made by delivering a copy of the summons attached to
a copy of the complaint as follows: . . . If against a county, municipality,
city, or town, to the chairman of the board of commissioners, president
of the council of trustees, mayor or city manager of the city, or to an
agent authorized by appointment to receive service of process. If against
any other public body or organization subject to an action, to the chief
executive officer or clerk thereof.
(Emphasis supplied.)
6
The methods of service set forth in OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) are cumulative. See
OCGA § 9-11-4 (j) (“The methods of service provided in this Code section are
cumulative and may be utilized with, after, or independently of other methods of
service. . . .”).

10
 In determining the scope and meaning of Rule 4 (e) (1) (A), we apply certain

well-established rules of statutory construction.

[I]f an enactment is plain and unambiguous, we must give its words their
plain and ordinary meaning, except for words which are terms of art or
have a particular meaning in a specific context. We must seek to give
meaning to each part of the statute and to avoid constructions which
render a portion of the statute mere surplusage. A statute must be
construed in relation to other statutes of which it is a part, and all
statutes relating to the same subject-matter, briefly called statutes “in
pari materia,” are construed together, and harmonized wherever
possible, so as to ascertain the legislative intendment and give effect
thereto. Finally, it is a basic rule of construction that a statute . . . should
be construed to make all its parts harmonize and to give a sensible and
intelligent effect to each part, as it is not presumed that the legislature
intended that any part would be without meaning.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) City of Buchanan v. Pope, 222 Ga. App. 716,

717 (1) (476 SE2d 53) (1996).

Mindful of these interpretive principles, we turn to Rule 4 (e) (1) (A), which

establishes methods for serving certain corporations with process:

Service shall be made by delivering a copy of the summons attached to
a copy of the complaint as follows: . . . If the action is against a
corporation incorporated or domesticated under the laws of this state or
a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in this state, to the

11
president or other officer of such corporation or foreign corporation, a
managing agent thereof, or a registered agent thereof, provided that
when for any reason service cannot be had in such manner, the Secretary
of State shall be an agent of such corporation or foreign corporation
upon whom any process, notice, or demand may be served. Service on
the Secretary of State of any such process, notice, or demand shall be
made by delivering to and leaving with him or her or with any other
person or persons designated by the Secretary of State to receive such
service a copy of such process, notice, or demand, along with a copy of
the affidavit to be submitted to the court pursuant to this Code section.
The plaintiff or the plaintiff’s attorney shall certify in writing to the
Secretary of State that he or she has forwarded by registered mail or
statutory overnight delivery such process, service, or demand to the last
registered office or registered agent listed on the records of the Secretary
of State, that service cannot be effected at such office, and that it
therefore appears that such corporation or foreign corporation has failed
either to maintain a registered office or to appoint a registered agent in
this state. Further, if it appears from such certification that there is a last
known address of a known officer of such corporation or foreign
corporation outside this state, the plaintiff shall, in addition to and after
such service upon the Secretary of State, mail or cause to be mailed to
the known officer at the address by registered or certified mail or
statutory overnight delivery a copy of the summons and a copy of the
complaint. Any such service by certification to the Secretary of State
shall be answerable not more than 30 days from the date the Secretary
of State receives such certification.

12
OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) (A).

By its plain and unambiguous language, Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) applies only to

corporations that are “incorporated or domesticated under the laws of this state” or

to foreign corporations that are “authorized to transact business in this state.”

Domestication is a procedure formerly available to foreign corporations that is now

addressed by OCGA § 14-2-1540 and has no bearing here. See 1 Kaplan’s Nadler,

Georgia Corporations, Limited Partnerships & Limited Liability Companies § 3:34

(Oct. 2016 Update); Image Mills v. Vora, 146 Ga. App. 196, 198-199 (1) (245 SE2d

882) (1978). Nor is the Hospital Authority a foreign corporation authorized to

transact business in Georgia. The relevant question in the present case therefore is

whether the Hospital Authority is a corporation “incorporated . . . under the laws of

this state” for purposes of Rule 4 (e) (1) (A). We conclude that it is not.

Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) does not define what it means for a corporation to be

“incorporated . . . under the laws of this state” for purposes of service of process

under the rule. Incorporation can refer to the delivery of articles of incorporation or

other organizational documents to the Secretary of State of Georgia, who then files

those documents, as occurs, for example, with the formation of for-profit and

nonprofit corporations under Title 14 of the Georgia Code. See OCGA §§ 14-2-201

13
to 14-2-207; 14-3-201 to 14-3-207. Incorporation also can refer more generally to the

formation of a corporation by any legal means. See Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed.

2014) (“incorporate” means “[t]o form a legal corporation”). We conclude that the

more narrow definition of incorporation applies here.

When Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) is read as a whole and in pari materia with other

related statutory provisions, it is clear that the rule was intended by the legislature to

refer to Georgia corporations formed by the delivery and filing of articles of

incorporation or other similar organizational documents with the Secretary of State.

Rule 4 (e) (1) (A), after providing that it applies to corporations incorporated under

Georgia law, further provides that “the Secretary of State shall be an agent of such

corporation” where the other service methods have failed, upon the plaintiff making

certain certifications to the Secretary. (Emphasis supplied.) And one of the

certifications that must be made by the plaintiff is “that he or she has forwarded by

registered mail or statutory overnight delivery such process, service, or demand to the

last registered office or registered agent listed on the records of the Secretary of

State.” (Emphasis supplied.) Read as a whole so as not to render any of its language

mere surplusage, Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) contemplates that a “corporation incorporated .

14
. . under the laws of this state” would have been required to submit information

regarding its registered office and registered agent to the Secretary of State.

Notably, under Georgia law, the articles of incorporation submitted to the

Secretary of State by for-profit and nonprofit corporations must identify a registered

office and registered agent for the corporation. See OCGA §§ 14-2-202 (a) (3); 14-3-

202 (a) (2).7 Hence, when Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) is read in conjunction with other

statutory provisions pertaining to the incorporation of Georgia corporations, a

“corporation incorporated . . . under the laws of this state” in Rule 4 (e) (1) (A) must

refer to a corporation formed through incorporation procedures involving the

submission of documents identifying a registered office and registered agent to the

Secretary of State, which would include corporations formed through the delivery and

filing of articles or incorporation or other similar organizational documents with the

Secretary. The Hospital Authority, however, is not such a corporation.

Hospital authorities have been described as both governmental

instrumentalities and as public corporations, and they have characteristics of both

types of entities. See Crosby v. Hosp. Auth. of Valdosta & Lowndes County, 93 F3d

7
For-profit and nonprofit corporations thereafter may change their registered
offices or registered agents through an amendment to their annual registration
delivered to the Secretary of State. See OCGA §§ 14-2-502 (a); 14-3-502 (a).

15
1515, 1524 (II) (B) (11th Cir. 1996) (noting that “Georgia public purpose authorities

[such as hospital authorities] are unique entities, lying somewhere between a local,

general-purpose governing body (such as a city or county) and a corporation”).8

However, hospital authorities are not formed in the same manner as for-profit or

nonprofit corporations organized under Chapter 14 of the Georgia Code. Rather, the

8
See, e.g., OCGA §§ 31-7-71 (1) (defining “hospital authority” as “any public
corporation created by this article”); 31-7-75 (stating that “[e]very hospital authority
shall be deemed to exercise public and essential governmental functions” and listing
several powers of hospital authorities, including the power in subsection (21) “[t]o
exercise any or all powers now or hereafter possessed by private corporations
performing similar functions”); Martin v. Hosp. Auth. of Clarke County, 264 Ga. 626,
626 (449 SE2d 827) (1994) (describing a hospital authority as a “governmental
entity”); Cox Enterprises v. Carroll City/County Hosp. Auth., 247 Ga. 39, 45-46 (273
SE2d 841) (1981) (determining that a hospital authority is a “governmental entity”);
Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth. v. Gaither, 241 Ga. 572, 575 (247 SE2d 89) (1978)
(hospital authorities “are public corporations having for their object the
administration of a portion of the powers of government delegated to it, and are not
business corporations”); Kendall v. Griffin-Spalding County Hosp. Auth., 242 Ga.
App. 821, 822-823 (2) (531 SE2d 396) (2000) (“The functions and powers of a
hospital authority are established in OCGA § 31-7-75, which vests an authority with
27 specific grants of power that permit it to act as a corporation by, for example,
entering into contracts, buying or selling property, and selecting officers.”); Dept. of
Human Resources v. Northeast Ga. Primary Care, 228 Ga. App. 130, 132 (1) (491
SE2d 201) (1997) (noting that a hospital authority has been described as a
“governmental instrumentality” that, at the same time, “is not an agency or
department of either the state or county because it is a public, non-profit
corporation”).

16
formation of a hospital authority for each county is governed by OCGA § 31-7-72,

which provides in relevant part:

There is created in and for each county and municipal corporation of the
state a public body corporate and politic to be known as the “hospital
authority” of such county or city, which shall consist of a board of not
less than five nor more than nine members to be appointed by the
governing body of the county or municipal corporation of the area of
operation for staggered terms as specified by resolution of the governing
body. . . . No authority created under this Code section shall transact any
business or exercise any powers under this Code section until the
governing body of the area of operation shall, by proper resolution,
declare that there is need for an authority to function in such county or
municipal corporation. . . .

OCGA § 31-7-72 (a). Accordingly, even if a hospital authority is formed as a public

corporation and is construed as such a corporation, OCGA § 31-7-72 (a) makes plain

that its formation does not require the submission of articles of incorporation or other

organizational documents to the Secretary of State. A hospital authority therefore is

not a corporation “incorporated . . . under the laws of this state” as that phrase is used

in Rule 4 (e) (1) (A), and the service provisions set out in that rule are inapplicable.

See Foskey v. Vidalia City School, 258 Ga. App. 298, 301-303 (b) (574 SE2d 367)

(2002) (describing city school district as a “corporate body subject to suit,” but

17
holding that district should have been served in accordance with OCGA § 9-11-4 (e)

(5), the service provision applicable to public bodies or organizations). Cf. In re

Hosp. Auth. of Charlton County, No. 12-50305, 2012 WL 2905796, at *4-9 (Bankr.

S.D. Ga. July 3, 2012) (hospital authority was not a corporation eligible for relief

under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code); Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 241 Ga. at

574-575 (although hospital authority was a public corporation, provisions of

Worker’s Compensation Act applied more narrowly to for-profit business

corporations).

For these combined reasons, the trial court committed no error in concluding

that service could not be perfected on the Hospital Authority under OCGA § 9-11-4

(e) (1) (A). It follows that service was never properly perfected on the Hospital

Authority in the original suit brought by the plaintiff, rendering that suit void. See

Coles, 316 Ga. App. at 546. Because a void suit cannot be renewed outside the period

of limitation, see id., the current suit was not a proper renewal suit, and the plaintiff’s

wrongful death claims brought against the Hospital Authority therefore were barred

by the applicable two-year statute of limitation. Consequently, the trial court did not

err in dismissing the plaintiff’s wrongful death claims with prejudice.

18
 2. The plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred in entering final

judgment on the wrongful death claims and in denying her motion for

reconsideration. We disagree for the same reasons discussed supra in Division 1.

3. As previously noted, after the trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s wrongful

death claims with prejudice and entered final judgment on those claims pursuant to

OCGA § 9-11-54 (b), the plaintiff filed a motion to amend her complaint to reinstate

the same wrongful death claims, but under a different legal theory as to why they

were not barred by the applicable statute of limitation. The trial court denied the

plaintiff’s motion to amend her complaint to reinstate the wrongful death claims, and

the plaintiff now contends on appeal that the trial court erred in denying her motion.

We are unpersuaded.

“A party may amend his pleading as a matter of course and without leave of

court at any time before the entry of a pretrial order.” OCGA § 9-11-15 (a). However,

“[w]hile the right to amend is very broad, it may not be exercised after the case has

been tried and judgment rendered therein.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Duffy

v. Landings Assoc., 254 Ga. App. 506, 509-510 (2) (563 SE2d 174) (2002). “The

provisions of [OCGA § 9-11-15] cannot be extended to allow an amendment after a

judgment has been rendered thereon which judgment has not been reversed or set

19
aside.” Christopher v. McGehee, 124 Ga. App. 310, 312 (2) (183 SE2d 624), aff’d,

228 Ga. 466 (186 SE2d 97) (1971).9 Hence, the plaintiff was not entitled to amend

her complaint to reinstate her wrongful death claims under a different legal theory

after the trial court entered final judgment on those same claims under OCGA § 9-11-

54 (b), where that judgment has not been reversed or set aside. The trial court thus

committed no error in denying the plaintiff’s motion to amend her complaint.

Judgment affirmed. McMillian and Mercier, JJ., concur.

9
A pleading may be amended after judgment to conform to the evidence under
certain circumstances, see OCGA § 9-11-15 (b), but that clearly was not the basis for
the amendment sought by the plaintiff here.

20