[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
-------------------------------------------U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 04-14066 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
NOVEMBER 18, 2005
Non-Argument Calendar
THOMAS K. KAHN
-------------------------------------------- CLERK
BIA Nos. A79-508-419 & A79-508-420
CARLOS HUMBERTO ARIAS,
MARIA PATRICIA LIBREROS,
et al.,
Petitioners,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
----------------------------------------------------------------
(November 18, 2005)
Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, ANDERSON and BARKETT, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Petitioners Carlos Humberto Arias (“Carlos”), his wife, Maria Patricia
Libreros (“Maria”), and their children, Carlos Humberto Arias-Libreros (“Carlos
Jr.”) and Paula Andrea Arias (“Paula”), natives and citizens of Colombia, petition
for review of the final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which
affirmed the immigration judge’s denial of asylum and withholding of removal.
Removal proceedings commenced after 1 April 1997; the permanent provisions of
the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by the Illegal Immigration
Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat.
3009 (1996), govern this petition. We deny the petition.
Petitioners argue that they established past persecution and a well-founded
fear of future persecution on account of Carlos’s membership in the Colombian
Conservative Party. Petitioners point to Carlos’s June 2000 alleged kidnaping by
members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a telephone
conversation Carlos had in August 2000 with a FARC commander, an instance
two weeks later where Carlos was car-jacked, and a subsequent phone call
informing Carlos that he could retrieve his car from a guerilla-controlled region.
Petitioners also mention a June 2002 incident where their oldest daughter, Lina
2
Marcel Arias-Libreros, was “run down by armed men riding a motorcycle.”1
Petitioners argue that Carlos established that his assailants may have had “mixed
motives” for persecuting him, namely, threatening him on account of his political
beliefs while stealing his car. Petitioners also challenge the IJ’s adverse credibility
determination as based on minor irregularities between Carlos’s testimony and the
asylum application.
The BIA here adopted the IJ’s decision and made its own observations: we
review the IJ’s decision as well as the decision of the BIA. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft,
257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). We review factual determinations under
the “substantial evidence” test: we must affirm the decision “if it is supported by
reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a
whole.” Id. at 1283-84 (citation omitted). We may not reverse the IJ’s fact
findings unless “the record not only supports reversal, but compels it.” Mendoza
v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). We also review the
IJ’s credibility determinations under the “substantial evidence” test. D-Muhumed
v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2004). And on credibility
determinations, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the IJ. Id.
1
The incident with Lina occurred after Carlos and Maria were in the United States seeking
asylum. Lina had remained in Colombia to pursue her studies.
3
An alien may obtain asylum if he is a “refugee”: a person unwilling to return
to his country of nationality “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of,” among other things, political opinion. 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(a)(1), (b)(1). The asylum applicant bears the burden of
proving statutory “refugee” status with specific and credible evidence. Al Najjar,
257 F.3d at 1284, 1287.
Susbtantial evidence supports the determination that Petitioners failed to
show that they suffered past persecution or had a well-founded fear of persecution
on account of Carlos’s purported membership in the Conservative Party. First,
substantial evidence supports the IJ’s decision that Carlos’s testimony on his
alleged persecution lacked credibility.2 Many inconsistencies existed between
Carlos’s testimony and his asylum application, in particular about the time line of
the trips that he and his family made to the United States.
Carlos testified that he came to the United States in June 1999 for vacation,
but he indicated in the notice to appear that he was admitted for business. Carlos
stated that Maria, who owned a business in Zarzal, Colombia, had left Colombia in
January 1999 because she was being threatened by other business owners. But
Maria was admitted to the United States as a visitor for pleasure; and Carlos did
2
The other family members did not testify at the hearing.
4
not mention Maria’s problems in his asylum application. Carlos testified that,
during his five-month stay in the United States beginning in June 1999, he and his
wife decided to escape the “dangerous situation” in Colombia. But Maria stayed
in the United States after her visa expired on 29 July 1999, long before Carlos’s
alleged troubles with FARC began on 10 June 2000.3 Similarly, Carlos testified
that Carlos Jr. and Paula did not intend to remain in the United States when
admitted in November 1999, but that, due to Carlos’s troubles with the guerillas
and the violence in Colombia, Carlos and Maria decided to keep the children in
the United States after their visas expired. The children, however, overstayed their
visa even before Carlos’s problems with FARC began on 10 June 2000.
Moreover, despite Carlos and Maria’s concern over the general violence in
Colombia, Carlos’s children remained until November 1999 in Colombia with
Maria’s mother in Zarzal, the site of Maria’s business problems that purportedly
caused her to leave the country. And despite concerns over conditions in
Colombia and the threats to his wife, Carlos returned to Colombia after his 1999
visit to the United States.
3
The IJ also questioned Carlos on why his wife took out a lease on an apartment in Miami in 1999
if, as Carlos testified, they originally were going to be in the United States only temporarily for a
vacation.
5
The IJ also pointed to inconsistencies about Carlos’s university studies, his
address in Cali, Colombia, the dates and circumstances of his employment in
Colombia, and the date when he began living at his current Florida residence.
Further, the record is inconsistent about who was present with Lina when she
allegedly was run down by armed motorcyclists in June 2002: Carlos testified that
her aunt was with her during the attack, but Lina’s statement indicated that her
uncle was with her. And during the asylum hearing, Maria was in the courtroom
but was asked to leave after making several gestures and responses under her
breath while Carlos was cross-examined. The cumulative effect of the minor and
major inconsistencies between Carlos’s testimony and Petitioners’ asylum
applications are such that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s reservations about
Carlos’s credibility. See Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 703-04 (6th Cir. 2004)
(opining that “cumulative effect” of three major and a few minor inconsistencies
constituted substantial evidence to affirm adverse credibility determination).
And as the IJ determined, the supporting documents Carlos submitted are
unreliable. See Forgue v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1287 (11th Cir.
2005) (stating that, where IJ makes adverse credibility determination, IJ also must
consider other evidence produced by asylum applicant). Carlos failed to include
Lina in his initial asylum application: Lina’s undated, unsigned, and unsworn
6
statement about the June 2002 attack only was submitted in a later supplement.
Carlos provided only a vague explanation on (1) why he obtained a letter in April
1999 from a community activist, Luis Fernando Villalobos, stating that Carlos was
a community leader involved in the “political movement” of Carlos Holguin Sardi,
but (2) why Carlos did not have this letter notarized until February 2002. Other
letters from acquaintances of Petitioners contained only vague and general
references to Carlos’s political activity and his alleged troubles with the guerrillas.
And Carlos did not submit a statement from the Conservative Party leader to
whom Carlos allegedly reported the June and August 2000 incidents.
Substantial evidence supports the determination that Petitioners did not
prove -- with specific and credible evidence -- that they were persecuted on the
basis of Carlos’s membership in the Colombian Conservative Party. See Al
Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. In other words, the evidence does not compel us to
reverse the IJ’s determination that the facts that Carlos presented were “designed
to provide grounds for the asylum claim.” Consequently, we uphold the IJ’s and
the BIA’s determination that Petitioners were not entitled to asylum.4
PETITION DENIED.
4
Because Petitioners have failed to establish a claim of asylum on the merits, they necessarily fail
to establish eligibility for withholding of removal. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1288 n.4.
7