MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing Sep 05 2017, 9:33 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
estoppel, or the law of the case. Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Charles W. Lahey Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Ian McLean
Supervising Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Michael M. Harvey, September 5, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
71A04-1608-CR-1992
v. Appeal from the St. Joseph
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Jenny Pitts Manier,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
71D05-1505-CM-1639
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Following a jury trial in St. Joseph Superior Court, Michael M. Harvey
(“Harvey”) was convicted of Class A misdemeanor theft. Harvey appeals and
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presents two issues, which we reorder and restate as: (1) whether the trial court
improperly limited Harvey’s cross-examination of a witness for the State, and
(2) whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support Harvey’s
conviction for theft.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On February 25, 2015, Harvey was shopping at a Walmart store in South Bend,
Indiana. He had in his shopping cart several items for his daughter’s bed.
Among these items were six pillows and a bedding set that included a large
comforter. Also in the cart was an in-ear baby thermometer. Harvey went to a
self-service checkout machine, which drew the attention of the store’s security
personnel.
[4] Asset Protection employees Tara Lintz (“Lintz”) and Jamie Flores (“Flores”)
were monitoring the store via a system of remote cameras. Video from these
cameras was recorded, including Harvey’s transaction at the self-checkout
machine. Lintz considered bedding sets such as the one Harvey had in his
shopping cart to be high-theft items due to their relatively high price and that
such sets were frequently used to obtain refunds at that store. Accordingly, she
and Flores closely watched Harvey’s transaction at the register.
[5] The self-checkout machines use a three-stage process to allow a customer to pay
for an item. Items that the customer wishes to purchase are first placed to the
right-most area. The customer then moves the item to the scanning area in the
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middle of the machine. There, the machine reads the Universal Product Code
(“UPC”) barcode on the item to determine what the item is and how much it
costs. The customer finally moves the item to the bagging area, where electronic
scales weigh the item placed in the bag, comparing it to the known weight of
the item just scanned. If an item is scanned but not placed on the scales in the
bagging area, the machine will audibly and visibly alert the customer to place
the item in the bagging area. The customer also has an option to press an on-
screen button indicating that they do not plan to bag the item. Once the
customer is finished scanning the items, he may press another on-screen button
to pay for the items, which are listed on screen, as is the total price. The
customer then selects a payment option, pays via the selected method, and
receives a receipt. If the customer has any problem with one of the eight self-
checkout machines, a store employee is stationed nearby to assist the customer.
[6] Harvey took one of the pillows from his cart, scanned it, and then placed it in
the scaled bagging area. He then did the same for four more pillows. The last
pillow, however, he did not scan, and he handed it to his fiancée. 1 Harvey then
took the bedding set and waved it in front of the scanner, but the scanner did
not read the UPC on the bedding set. Harvey claims that he heard the scanner
beep, but Lintz and Flores testified that the machine would beep loudly only if
it had successfully scanned the item. Instead of placing the bedding set in the
1
Harvey testified that he asked his fiancée to return the pillow because it was much more expensive than the
other pillows.
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bagging area, which already contained five pillows, Harvey placed the bedding
set on the floor in front of the bagging area. Had Harvey successfully scanned
the bedding set, the self-checkout machine would have repeatedly informed him
to place the item in the bagging area. Harvey next waved the in-ear
thermometer over the scanner but did so with the back, where the UPC was
located, facing up, so that the thermometer too did not scan. He then placed the
thermometer on top of the bedding set on the floor. During this time, Harvey’s
fiancée placed a candy bar and a bag of M&Ms in the area to the left of the
scanner. These items were never scanned.
[7] Harvey then began to place the pillows into plastic shopping bags and put them
in his shopping cart. He did the same for the thermometer, but did not attempt
to bag the bedding set as it was too bulky to fit into a plastic shopping bag. The
total price for the items Harvey scanned was $19.15. This total was directly
displayed on the self-checkout screen. The bedding set, which did not scan,
alone cost $49.96, and the thermometer, which also did not scan, cost $19.87.
Harvey then used a loadable Walmart debit card to pay $19.87 for the items
that were scanned. Harvey took a receipt from the self-checkout machine, and
began to walk toward the exit of the store. As he did, the security camera
continued to observe and record his actions. At one point, Harvey looked
directly at the receipt as he approached the exit.
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[8] Harvey passed the electronic article surveillance system placed on the inside of
the double doorway leading to the lobby.2 Once he did so, Flores confronted
Harvey and asked to see his receipt. Harvey showed the receipt to Flores, who
then confirmed the discrepancy between the items on the receipt and the items
in Harvey’s shopping cart. Harvey claimed that his failure to pay for these items
was inadvertent and offered to pay for them, but to no avail.
[9] On May 28, 2015, the State charged Harvey with Class A misdemeanor theft. A
jury trial was held on May 12, 2016. During Harvey’s cross-examination of
Lintz,3 Harvey’s counsel engaged in the following exchange with Lintz:
Q. Okay. These eight [self-checkout] machines, you indicated
that they’re all in a similar area, they’re all close by?
A. Yes.
Q. And they all make loud beeps when someone scans; is that
true?
A. Yes.
Q. Is it -- is it always inherently clear whose machine is
beeping?
A. I don’t -- what do you mean?
Q. Well, I guess is it possible that when you have eight
machines, they’re all operating, they’re all beeping, could a
customer think they’ve successfully scanned an item
2
This detector system is used to detect high-price items, such a consumer electronics, that have a special tag
that must be deactivated upon purchase. If such a specially tagged item is not paid for, or if the special tag is
not deactivated, an alarm will sound if the item is taken past the detectors.
3
At the conclusion of the State’s case-in-chief, Harvey moved for a directed verdict. The trial court granted
the directed verdict to the extent the State alleged that Harvey had stolen the candy and a bottle of soda pop
that was also found among the items in Harvey’s shopping cart. Tr. p. 93.
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because they hear a beep, only to find out that was the
beep at the exchange nearby?
Tr. pp. 42-43.
[10] At this point, the prosecuting attorney objected, arguing that the question called
for improper speculation. The trial court sustained the objection, and the cross-
examination continued as follows:
Q. Miss Lintz, let me just ask you just a little bit of a different
way for clarification. The eight [self-checkout] machines
are in close proximity; true?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. When items are successfully scanned they beep?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. What noise do they make if a person unsuccessfully
scanned an item or has been placed on the scale? You
describe another noise.
A. When an item did not -- does not actually scan but is then
placed in on the scale -- on the scale?
Q. Or under the scale because the scale is full.
A. You’re asking -- you’re asking me two different questions.
I’m sorry.
Q. Okay. You’re right. I am. Okay. First question is, what
noise does the machine make when someone places an
item on the scale that was unsuccessfully scanned?
A. The screen will prompt that there is an unknown item in
the bagging area.
Q. Okay, okay. And the customer gets that message and the
cashier [overseeing the self-checkout machines] gets that
message?
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A. Yes.
Q. Okay. What happens when a customer observed their
scale is full, they attempt to scan an item and they place it
underneath the scale? What noise, if any, is made then?
A. If they -- if a customer scans an item --
Q. I’m sorry. A customer attempts to scan an item.
A. That’s not a clear question.
Q. If -- if a customer takes the item, makes a motion in an
effort to scan but the item does not successfully scan.
A. There would be nothing, if their item did not actually scan.
Q. Okay. So then placing the item underneath a scale loaded
with other things is not going to trigger any message.
A. If nothing gets scanned and then it gets placed not on the
scale, then nothing should happen.
Tr. pp. 44-45.
[11] At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Harvey guilty as charged. On
June 1, 2016, the trial court imposed no incarceration but ordered Harvey to
pay a $300 fine within ninety days. Harvey’s previously posted bond of $250
was applied toward the fine. Harvey now appeals.
I. Limitation of Cross-Examination
[12] A trial court's rulings on the admission of evidence are generally accorded a
great deal of deference on appeal. Hall v. State, 36 N.E.3d 459, 466 (Ind. 2015),
reh’g denied. As the trial court is best able to weigh the evidence and assess
witness credibility, we review its rulings on admissibility only for an abuse of
discretion. Id. Accordingly, we will reverse only if the trial court’s evidentiary
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ruling is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances and
the error affects a party’s substantial rights. Id.
[13] Harvey argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it sustained the
State’s objection to his questioning of Lintz regarding the beeps the self-
checkout machines made and whether a customer could be confused by the
beeps. He contends that whether the beeps from different machines were clearly
distinguishable “was intensely relevant to mens rea.” Appellant’s Br. at 10. He
further claims that the trial court’s limitation of his questioning of Lintz denied
the defense “its only opportunity to present an explanation for Harvey’s
perception of hearing a beep.” Id. We disagree.
[14] As set forth above, Harvey asked Lintz, “could a customer think they’ve
successfully scanned an item because they hear a beep, only to find out that was
the beep at the exchange nearby?” Tr. p. 43. The State objected on grounds that
the question called for speculation and repeats this argument on appeal. We
agree. An answer to a question of a witness that calls for speculation and
conjecture is not admissible. Kubsch v. State, 784 N.E.2d 905, 926 (Ind. 2003).
“Because it is axiomatic that a ruling or a verdict should not be based upon
‘evidence which is conjectural,’ ‘[t]o require a witness to answer hypothetical
questions based upon facts not established would invite speculation.”’ Id.
(quoting Lindsey v. State, 485 N.E.2d 102, 106-07 (Ind. 1985) (alteration in
original).
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[15] Harvey’s question to Lintz called for her to speculate as to what a customer
might have been able to hear and whether that might have been confusing. The
trial court’s decision to sustain this question as calling for speculation was not
an abuse of the trial court’s considerable discretion.
[16] We further reject Harvey’s claims that the trial court’s evidentiary ruling
deprived him of his constitutional right to present a defense. The trial court did
not deprive Harvey of his ability to question witnesses about the number of self-
checkout machines in operation or whether these machines also made beeping
sounds. And he was free to, and did, argue that this “beeping cacophony,”
Appellant’s Br. at 10, confused him and made him believe that he had scanned
the items he did not pay for. As noted by the State, Lintz testified that she did
not know precisely how many self-checkout machines were operating at the
time Harvey was checking out. Harvey was not deprived of an opportunity to
call other witnesses who may have been able to testify as to the number of
registers in use and the amount of “beeps” that could be heard at the time. In
fact, Harvey testified on his own behalf that other customers were using the
other self-checkout registers at the time and that he heard two beeps causing
him to think he scanned the bedding set and thermometer.
[17] All the trial court did here was sustain an objection based on the grounds that
the question called for a speculative answer. Evidence to support the
defendant’s theory must comply with applicable evidentiary rules. Kubsch, 784
N.E.2d at 926. The trial court did not prevent Harvey from presenting his
defense, i.e., that a beep from another self-checkout register caused him to
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believe, incorrectly, that he had successfully scanned the bedding set and
thermometer. See id. (holding that trial court did not improperly deny
defendants’ right to present his defense when the court merely sustained the
State’s objection to defendant’s question to a witness improperly calling for
speculation and conjecture).
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[18] Harvey also claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
for theft. When reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence to sustain a
conviction, we consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences
supporting the verdict. Meehan v. State, 7 N.E.3d 255, 257 (Ind. 2014). It is the
jury’s role, not ours, to assess witness credibility and weigh the evidence to
determine whether it is sufficient to support a conviction. Id. We will affirm the
conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could have found the elements of
the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. It is therefore not necessary
that the evidence overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Id. But a
reasonable inference of guilt must be more than a mere suspicion, conjecture,
conclusion, guess, opportunity, or scintilla. Id.
[19] To convict Harvey of Class A misdemeanor theft, the State was required to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Harvey knowingly exerted unauthorized
control over the property of another person with the intent to deprive that
person of any part of the property’s value or use. Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2(a).
Harvey does not deny that he did not pay for the bedding set or thermometer.
He claims only that the State did not prove that he knowingly did so. That is,
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he claims, as he did at trial, that he mistakenly thought he had scanned the
items and mistakenly thought he had paid for them. Were we sitting as the trier
of fact, we might give some credit to Harvey’s claims. But this is not our role as
an appellate court. On appeal, we are obliged to consider only the evidence that
supports the jury’s verdict.4
[20] Here, the jury could reasonably conclude that Harvey only feigned his attempt
to scan the bedding set and thermometer. Indeed, the video clearly shows him
attempting to scan the thermometer with the back side, containing the UPC
code the scanner reads, upside down. Moreover, Harvey clearly looked at the
checkout screen which listed the amount he owed. The total was under $20,
whereas he admitted that he knew the thermometer and bedding individually
cost more than that. It was for the jury, not us, to determine whether Harvey
was being truthful and whether he knowingly took the items without paying for
them or whether he was merely mistaken by the confusing nature of the self-
checkout machines. We therefore conclude that the State presented sufficient
evidence to support Harvey’s conviction for Class A misdemeanor theft.
4
We also decline Harvey’s request that we consider an article that he did not submit to the trial court. See
Self-Checkout Technology, Human-use Experience Analysis, available at:
web.mit.edu/2.744/www/Project/Assignments/humanUse/aychen/problems-bagging.html. Nor do we
consider this the sort of source worthy of judicial notice. Cf. Ind. Evidence Rule 201(a)(1) (providing that a
court may take judicial notice of “a fact that: (A) is not subject to reasonable dispute because it is generally
known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction, or (B) can be accurately and readily determined from
sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”).
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Conclusion
[21] The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the State’s objection to
Harvey’s question to a witness that called for speculation, nor did this
evidentiary ruling deny Harvey the right to present his defense. And the State
presented evidence sufficient to support Harvey’s conviction for Class A
misdemeanor theft.
[22] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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