J.D.Z. v. J.M.Z. (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing Sep 26 2017, 7:41 am

the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Darlene R. Seymour
Ciyou & Dixon, P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

J.D.Z., September 26, 2017
Appellant, Court of Appeals Case No.
51A01-1702-DR-226
v. Appeal from the Martin Circuit
Court
J.M.Z., The Honorable Lynne E. Ellis,
Appellee. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
51C01-1309-DR-233

Bailey, Judge.

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 Case Summary
[1] J.D.Z. (“Father”) appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to modify

custody of the parties’ minor child, H.Z. (“the Child”). We affirm.

Issues
[2] Father raises two issues on appeal, namely:

I. Whether the trial court erred in denying his motion to
modify custody.

II. Whether Father was denied a fair and impartial hearing
because of the trial court’s bias against him.

Facts and Procedural History
[3] Father and J.M.Z. (“Mother”) were married, and their four-year-old daughter,

the Child, was born during the parties’ marriage. The parties’ marriage was

dissolved on January 27, 2014, and Mother was awarded sole physical and legal

custody of the Child. The dissolution decree ordered that Father was not

allowed to exercise visitation with the Child but he could “apply or re-petition

the court” on that issue. Appellant’s App. at 15. At some point thereafter,1

Mother moved with her boyfriend, Elvin Vargas (“Vargas”), and the Child to

1
The Chronological Case Summary (CCS) notes “Change of address filed 08-13-2014. Copy to Counsel.”
Appellant’s App. at 7. However, it does not indicate which party filed the change of address or what the new
address was. There is no other evidence in the record regarding the exact date when Mother moved to
Cromwell.

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 Cromwell in Noble County, Indiana. Father remained in Loogootee in Martin

County.

[4] On October 7, 2015, the parties entered into an agreed order under which

parenting time with the Child was modified to allow Mother to have care and

control of the Child for two (2) weeks and allow Father to have care and control

of the Child the following week, with the parties maintaining that alternating

two-week/one-week schedule until further order of the court.

[5] On August 11, 2016, Father filed a petition for emergency modification of

custody of the Child in which he contended that Mother, Vargas, and the Child

were living with a man named Juan Vargas (“Juan”) who had been arrested for

child molesting and was awaiting trial. The petition also alleged that the Child

had “been seen playing outside by herself,” and that there were registered sex

offenders living close to the Child’s home where she played outside

unsupervised. Appellant’s App. at 21. The petition sought sole temporary

physical custody of the Child.

[6] On January 4, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on Father’s petition to modify

custody. At the hearing, Father testified that Mother moves frequently,

although he admitted that she had been residing in her current home for “a year

and a half, two years.” Tr. at 27. Father testified that he did not know that

Mother was moving with the Child to Cromwell until “two days before they

were leaving.” Id. at 19. He testified that he was required to do most of the

transportation for his parenting time with the Child. Father testified that he

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 became worried for the Child’s safety because he learned that the Child “was

seen multiple times out in the yard [of her Mother’s house] playing by herself,”

and that there were child molesters living within 500 feet of the house. Id. at

16. He also testified that he had learned “on Facebook” that Juan was arrested

for child molesting, Id. at 30, and that he believed Juan was living in Mother’s

home “for awhile.” Id. at 17.

[7] Michael Budez (“Budez”), a private investigator, testified that Father had hired

him to find out Mother’s address, with whom she was living, what the living

conditions were like at her home, and what activities she and Vargas “were

involved with.” Id. at 33. Budez did a background check on Juan and

discovered that Juan had pending child molesting charges. Budez testified that,

while surveilling Mother’s home on July 22, 2016, he saw the Child “by herself

at the end of the driveway.” Id. at 34. Budez testified he conducted a search of

the Indiana Sex Offender Registry and discovered that there were four sex

offenders living within a quarter mile of Mother’s home. He also testified that

the outside of Mother’s home was “unkempt,” with one window covered by

cardboard and dog feces on the front porch. Id. at 36.

[8] Vargas testified that he had never allowed the Child or his three other children

outside of the home without adult supervision. He testified that no one lived at

his and Mother’s house in Cromwell besides them and the children. He stated

that Mother had always informed Father before she moved anywhere with the

Child. He testified that the family’s puppy did defecate on the front porch, but

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 that Vargas cleaned up the feces every day. In response to Father’s questioning,

Vargas stated that he was not a United States citizen.

[9] On March 7, 2017, the trial court denied the petition to modify custody because

it found that Father had failed to prove that there had been a substantial change

in circumstances. Specifically, the trial court stated that Father had not

provided evidence that Mother’s home was unfit for the Child or that the Child

was in danger. Tr. at 93, 97. However, the trial court stated that it was in the

Child’s best interest to modify the parenting time order to give Father an

additional week with the Child. Therefore, the trial court ordered that Mother

and Father “shall alternate two (2) week periods of time with their child” until

the Child begins regular school activities, at which time the parties were

“encouraged to work out a new parenting time arrangement.” Appellant’s

App. at 12-13. This appeal ensued.

Discussion and Decision
Custody Modification
[10] Father contends that the trial court erred in denying his petition to modify

custody. Mother has not filed an appellee’s brief. Therefore, “the judgment

may be reversed if the appellant’s brief presents a prima facie case of error.”

Van Wieren v. Van Wieren, 858 N.E.2d 216, 221 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Prima

facie error is error at first sight, on first appearance, or on the face of it. Id.

[11] Father had the burden of proof on his petition to modify custody.

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 Where a party who had the burden of proof at trial appeals, he
appeals from a negative judgment and will prevail only if he
establishes that the judgment is contrary to law. Clark v. Crowe,
778 N.E.2d 835, 839 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). A judgment is
contrary to law when the evidence is without conflict and all
reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence lead to only
one conclusion but the trial court reached a different conclusion.
Id.

Helmuth v. Distance Learning Sys. Ind., Inc., 837 N.E.2d 1085, 1089 (Ind. Ct. App.

2005). And when the trial court does not make special findings, as the court did

not here,2 we review its decision as a general judgment. That is,

the judgment will be affirmed if it can be sustained upon any
legal theory consistent with the evidence. See Dierckman v. Area
Planning Comm’n, 752 N.E.2d 99, 103 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans.
denied. In making this determination, we neither reweigh the
evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses. Id. Rather, we
consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment
together with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom.
Id.

Id.

[12] Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-21 governs the modification of a child custody

decree, and states in relevant part:

2
In an action to modify custody, a trial court is not required to make special findings unless requested by a
party. R.A.P. v. C.D.T. (In re Paternity of J.T.), 988 N.E.2d 398, 400 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Here, neither party
requested special findings.

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 (a) The court may not modify a child custody order unless:

(1) the modification is in the best interests of the child; and

(2) there is a substantial change in one (1) or more of the
factors that the court may consider under section 8 . . . of
this chapter.

(b) In making its determination, the court shall consider the
factors listed under section 8 of this chapter.

[13] Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8 provides that the factors relevant to a custody

order are as follows:

(1) The age and sex of the child.

(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.

(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the
child's wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.

(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:

(A) the child’s parent or parents;

(B) the child’s sibling; and

(C) any other person who may significantly affect the
child’s best interests.

(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:

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 (A) home;

(B) school; and

(C) community.

(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.

(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either
parent.

(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto
custodian . . . .

[14] Here, the trial court concluded that there had not been a substantial change in

circumstances justifying modification of custody from Mother to Father. The

evidence most favorable to the trial court’s judgment is consistent with that

determination. Father provided no evidence, other than his own “belief,” that

the Child had at any time lived with a child molester. Tr. at 17. While Father

presented a private investigator’s testimony that some registered sex offenders

lived in Mother’s neighborhood, Vargas testified that he did not let the Child

outside unsupervised. Nor was there any evidence the Mother’s home was

unfit for the Child, or that Mother moved her residence so often that it caused

instability in the Child’s life. Rather, the only evidence related to Mother’s

home was that cardboard covered one window, and the family’s puppy had

defecated on the front porch. And, Father admitted that Mother had been in

the same residence for one and a half to two years, which contradicted his

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 contention that she moved so often that it was harmful to the Child. Taken all

together, the evidence does not show a substantial change in circumstances

justifying a modification of custody. Father’s contentions to the contrary are

merely requests that we reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do. Helmuth,

837 N.E.2d at 1089.

Fair and Impartial Hearing
[15] Father also maintains that he did not receive a fair and impartial hearing as

required under the due process clause of the United States Constitution 3

because the trial judge was biased against him.

The law presumes that a trial judge is unbiased. Carter v. Knox
Cty. Office of Family & Children, 761 N.E.2d 431, 435 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2001). To overcome that presumption, the party asserting
bias must establish that the trial judge has a personal prejudice
for or against a party. Id. Clear bias or prejudice exists only where
there is an undisputed claim or the judge has expressed an opinion on the
merits of the controversy before him or her. Id. “Adverse rulings and
findings by the trial judge do not constitute bias per se. Instead,
prejudice must be shown by the judge’s trial conduct; it cannot be
inferred from his [or her] subjective views.” Id. (citations
omitted). Said differently, a party “must show that the trial
judge’s action and demeanor crossed the barrier of impartiality
and prejudiced” that party’s case. Flowers v. State, 738 N.E.2d
1051, 1061 (Ind. 2000).

3
Father does not say under what constitution he brings his due process claim, however, the case he cites in
support of his claim relates to the due process clause of the federal constitution. M.K. v. Marion Cty. Dep’t of
Child Services (In re J.K.), 30 N.E.3d 695, 698 (Ind. 2015).

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 Richardson v. Richardson, 34 N.E.3d 696, 703-04 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (emphasis

added); see also Ind. Judicial Conduct Canon 2 (requiring a judge to perform the

duties of judicial office impartially, competently, and diligently). We will

tolerate a trial court’s “crusty” demeanor towards litigants so long as it is

applied even-handedly. In re J.K., 30 N.E.3d at 698. Thus, “[e]xpressions of

impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger do not [alone] establish

bias or partiality.” Rondeau v. State, 48 N.E.3d 907, 913 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016)

(citing Harrison v. State, 707 N.E.2d 767, 790 (Ind. 1999)), trans. denied. Further,

“[a] judge does not show bias by recognizing the emotional, human elements of

a case.” Lambert v. State, 743 N.E.2d 719, 729 n.8 (Ind. 2001).

[16] Father bases his bias contention on several statements the trial judge made

during the January 4, 2017 hearing. However, we note at the outset that Father

did not object to any of these comments at the hearing. Where a defendant fails

to object to comments a trial judge makes during trial, the issue of the propriety

of the comments is waived for review. Flowers, 738 N.E.2d at 1061.

[17] Waiver notwithstanding, Father has not overcome the presumption that the

trial court was impartial. Father asserts that the trial court showed its bias

against him and its advocacy for Mother by stating that the parties 4 were “mud-

slinging,” Tr. at 94, 95, teaching the Child “hatred and bigotry,” Tr. at 101, and

not treating each other as they would like to be treated. However, these were

4
Father maintains that these statements related only to him, but a review of the transcript shows that they
were directed at both parties.

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 not statements regarding the merits of the controversy and, therefore, they are

not evidence of bias. Richardson, 34 N.E.3d at 703. Rather the trial court made

these comments within the context of admonishing both parties to try to

cooperate with each other, thus showing even-handedness. In re J.K., 30

N.E.3d at 698.

[18] Father also maintains that the trial court was advocating for Mother when it

pointed out that Juan was innocent until proven guilty of child molesting.

However, that was not a statement in Mother’s favor but a correct statement of

the law. Father also asserts the trial court advocated for Mother when it stated

that it was “not here to deal with citizenship,” Tr. at 60, and “it would not sit

well with [the court]” if Father or his family reported Vargas’ citizenship status

to immigration officials. Tr. at 101. But the trial court made those comments

within the context of stating that Vargas’ immigration status was irrelevant to

the proceedings, not in order to “advocate” for anyone. Father has failed to

show that the trial court was biased against him.5

[19] Moreover, even if we assumed—which we do not—that the judge’s comments

were improper, Father has shown no prejudice as a result of any of the trial

court’s statements. “[N]ot all untoward remarks by a judge constitute reversible

error.” A.N. v. K.G., 3 N.E.3d 989, 996 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Cook v. State,

734 N.E.2d 563, 566 (Ind. 2000)). Rather, the complaining party must show

5
In fact, we note that the trial court actually doubled Father’s parenting time with the Child, in effect giving
the parties equal time with the Child until she begins school.

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 that the remarks harmed him or interfered with his right to a fair trial. Id.

Father has made no such showing.

Conclusion
[20] The trial court did not err in denying Father’s petition to modify custody. And,

by not objecting to the trial court’s allegedly biased statements, Father waived

his right to appeal on the basis of those statements. Waiver notwithstanding,

Father failed to overcome the presumption that the trial court was impartial.

[21] Affirmed.

Riley, J., and Robb, J., concur.

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