Shakoor v. VXI Global Solutions, Inc.

[Cite as Shakoor v. VXI Global Solutions, Inc., 2017-Ohio-8018.]

STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
SEVENTH DISTRICT

LASHONNA SHAKOOR, et al. )
)
PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS )
) CASE NO. 16 MA 0038
VS. )
) OPINION
VXI GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, INC. )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLEE )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Civil appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio
Case No. 13 CV 3183

JUDGMENT: Affirmed in part, reversed in part and
remanded.
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APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiffs-Appellants Attorney Anthony Lazzaro
920 Rockefeller Building
614 West Superior Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Attorney James Rosenthal
Attorney Jason Bristol
The Hoyt Block Building, Suite 400
700 West St. Clair Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

For Defendant-Appellee Attorney Patrick Madden
925 Fourth Avenue, Suite 2900
Seattle, Washington 98104

Attorney Thomas Lipka
Atrium Level Two
The Commerce Building
201 Commerce Street
Youngstown, Ohio 44503-1641

JUDGES:

Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Carol Ann Robb

Dated: September 27, 2017
[Cite as Shakoor v. VXI Global Solutions, Inc., 2017-Ohio-8018.]
DeGENARO, J.

{¶1} Plaintiffs-Appellants, LaShonna Shakoor and Anzel Milini, appeal the
judgment of the trial court which, pursuant to a remand from this court in Shakoor v.
VXI Global Solutions, Inc., 2015-Ohio-2587, 35 N.E.3d 539 (7th Dist.) (Shakoor I),
concluded the arbitration agreement between Appellants and their employer
Defendant-Appellee, VXI Global Solutions, Inc., did not explicitly permit class
arbitration, and thereby dismissed the action and referred the claims for individual
arbitration.
{¶2} Appellants argue in this second appeal that the trial court erred by:
dismissing the action pending arbitration, rather than staying it; by denying their
motion to stay the action under the doctrine of federal preemption pending resolution
of National Labor Relations Board [NLRB] Case No. 08-CA-133514; and by ruling
that the parties' arbitration agreement prohibits class arbitration.
{¶3} First, the trial court correctly determined that the contract does not
permit class arbitration. However, because a federal circuit split was developing at
the time of the trial court's decision, there is an argument for preemption, which is a
gateway issue that the trial court should address in the first instance. Moreover,
pursuant to R.C. 2711.02(B), the trial court should have stayed the case pending
arbitration instead of dismissing it. Accordingly, the trial court's judgment is affirmed
in part, reversed in part and remanded for the trial court to determine the preemption
issue.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶4} In 2013, Appellants filed a class action complaint against VXI, asserting
that VXI, which operates call centers in Youngstown, Canton and Cincinnati, violated
the Ohio Minimum Fair Wage Standards Act. Specifically, Appellants asserted that
they and other employees of VXI were required to perform certain work before
clocking in, such as starting and logging into VXI's computer system, software
applications, and phone system. Appellants asserted that this unpaid work
constituted a part of their principal activities, requested by VXI and performed for its
benefit.
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{¶5} VXI filed an answer denying the allegations and asserting that
Appellants' claims are not subject to class certification and a class action. As an
affirmative defense, VXI asserted that the complaint is barred, in whole or in part, by
the employment contract which contains an arbitration agreement. Accordingly, VXI
asserted that the complaint must be dismissed or stayed pursuant to R.C. 2711.02.
{¶6} Subsequently, VXI filed an amended answer, which added a
counterclaim asserting that Appellants' claim was subject to the arbitration agreement
and that the arbitration agreement does not provide for class arbitration. Thus, VXI
asked the trial court to compel individual arbitration.
{¶7} Appellants filed a motion to stay pending arbitration pursuant to R.C.
2711.02(B). They asserted it was not until the receipt of VXI's answer that they
recalled signing the arbitration agreement and that they agreed the claim is subject to
arbitration. They filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration
Association.
{¶8} VXI responded to the stay motion, asserting that while the claim is
subject to arbitration, VXI never agreed to class arbitration, which Appellants had
requested in their arbitration demand. VXI argued that the determination of whether
class arbitration is permitted by the arbitration agreement is a question for the court
to decide and the arbitration agreement does not provide for class arbitration; thus,
they moved to compel Appellants to individual arbitration. Appellants countered with
a provision from the arbitration agreement, which they contended means that the
arbitrator has the authority to decide whether the contract allows for class arbitration.
{¶9} After considering the parties' arguments, the trial court sustained the
motion to stay the matter pending arbitration, but denied the motion to compel
individual arbitration. Specifically, the trial court concluded that the claim concerning
Ohio's Minimum Fair Wage Standards Act fell within the parameters of the arbitration
agreement, but determined that the decision of whether the agreement permits class
arbitration is for the arbitrator to decide, not the court.
{¶10} VXI appealed, and in Shakoor I, we held that whether the arbitration
 -3-

agreement permitted an arbitrable claim to proceed through class arbitration was a
gateway issue to be resolved by the judiciary, not the arbitrator. Shakoor I at ¶ 36,
¶ 49 (citing with approval Bachrach v. Cornwell Quality Tools Co., 9th Dist. No.
27113, 2014-Ohio-5778.) Accordingly, we reversed and remanded the matter with
instructions for the trial court to determine whether the parties' contract expressly
permitted class arbitration. Shakoor I at ¶ 50.
{¶11} On remand, the parties were ordered to brief the class arbitration issue,
and deadlines were set accordingly. Instead, Appellants filed a motion to stay
pending determination of National Labor Relations Board Case No. 08-CA-133514,
or alternatively, for enlargement of time to brief the class arbitration issue. Appellants
argued that the question of whether the contract permitted class arbitration was
preempted by the NLRB case and they requested a stay, supported by exhibits from
the NLRB case. The issue in the NLRB case is whether VXI, by maintaining a
position in both state court and arbitration proceedings that the arbitration agreement
precludes class arbitration, has been "interfering with, restraining, and coercing
employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in Section 7 of the [NLRA] in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the [NLRA]." VXI opposed the stay and filed a separate
brief arguing that the contract does not permit class arbitration.
{¶12} Without discussing the preemptive impact of the NLRB case, the trial
court ruled the agreement did not explicitly permit class arbitration, dismissed the
action and referred the claims for individual arbitration.
Interpretation of Arbitration Agreement
{¶13} For clarity of analysis, we will address Appellants' third of three
assignments of error which asserts:

The trial court erred by ruling, as a matter of law, that the parties'
arbitration agreement prohibits class action arbitration when it lacked a
meaningful record on which to base such a conclusion.

{¶14} First, contrary to their assertions, Appellants had the time and
 -4-

opportunity to brief the class arbitration issue and instead decided to brief preemption
first, without asking the trial court for leave to do so. Although they did seek an
enlargement of time to file their class arbitration brief the trial court never specifically
ruled on the motion, thus we can presume it was denied. See State ex rel. Kirin v.
Evans, 7th Dist. No. 15 MA 62, 2015-Ohio-3965, ¶ 13. They next argue that the trial
court's failure to do so creates a due process issue.
{¶15} Although a trial court has discretion under Civ.R. 6(B) to extend the
time for cause shown, here, Appellants failed to specify good cause in their request
for an extension. They simply stated that if the trial court should disagree that a stay
is required under the doctrine of federal preemption, they "request that they be
granted an enlargement of time until 14 days after the denial of the motion for stay to
submit their brief in support of class action arbitration." Appellants made a tactical
choice despite the clear briefing deadlines set by the trial court. Thus, it was well
within the trial court's discretion to proceed to decide the class arbitration issue
absent a brief from Appellants.
{¶16} Turning to the merits, as this is an issue of contract interpretation, we
apply a de novo standard of review. Washington v. Covelli, 2015-Ohio-2928, 35
N.E.3d 578, ¶ 11 (7th Dist.), citing Nationwide Mutual Fire Insurance Company v.
Guman Brothers Farm, 73 Ohio St.3d 107, 652 N.E.2d 684 (1995).
{¶17} Both federal and Ohio courts have held that an arbitration clause does
not authorize class arbitration without an affirmative statement of authority—silence is
not enough. As the Sixth Circuit explained: "The [U.S. Supreme] Court has stated
that 'it cannot be presumed the parties consented to [classwide arbitration] by simply
agreeing to submit their disputes to an arbitrator.' ") Reed Elsevier, Inc. ex rel.
LexisNexis Div. v. Crockett, 734 F.3d 594, 598 (6th Cir.2013), quoting Stolt-Nielsen v.
Animalfeeds Internatl. Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 685, 130 S.Ct. 1758 (2010). See also
Huffman v. Hilltop Companies, LLC, 747 F.3d 391, 398-399 (6th Cir.2014) ("here the
parties' arbitration clause nowhere mentions classwide arbitration. * * * We therefore
conclude that the arbitration clause does not authorize classwide arbitration, and hold
 -5-

that the plaintiffs must proceed individually.")
{¶18} Similarly, in Bachrach v. Cornwell Quality Tools, Co., 9th Dist. No.
25444, 2011-Ohio-2498, ¶ 17, cited with approval by this court in Shakoor I, the Ninth
District concluded that "[t]he holding in Stolt-Nielsen was that parties could not be
forced to arbitrate, in a class format, claims pleaded as a class action, as opposed to
arbitrating each claim individually, absent some contractual evidence of an
agreement to arbitrate claims in a class format." See also Taylor v. American Income
Life Ins. Co., N.D.Ohio No. 1:13 CV 31, 2013 WL 2087359, *4 (May 14, 2013),
("Silence on the right to collective arbitration means there is no right to collective
arbitration.")
{¶19} The arbitration agreement in this case is completely silent as to class
arbitration and further makes no mention of the AAA Supplementary Rules for Class
Arbitration. Moreover, contrary to Appellants' interpretation of the contractual
language, the plain language of the agreement also supports this conclusion, using
the words "I" and "me" in reference to the individual employee instead of "we" or "us"
which could refer to employees collectively.
{¶20} Accordingly, the trial court correctly determined that the contract does
not permit class arbitration, and Appellants' third assignment of error is meritless.
Federal Preemption
{¶21} Next, in their second of three assignments of error, Appellants assert:

The trial court erred by failing to rule upon — and thereby effectively
denying — Appellants' motion to stay the action under the doctrine of
federal preemption pending resolution of National Labor Relations
Board Case No. 08-CA-133514.

{¶22} Appellants argue that trial court's determination about whether the
contract permitted class arbitration was preempted by the NLRB case pursuant to
San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236, 244-245, 79 S.Ct. 773,
3 L.E.2d 775, and that a stay is essential to preserving their rights under the NLRA.
 -6-

{¶23} As this court has explained:

The Garmon doctrine is one type of preemption found to be
necessary to implement federal labor policy by precluding state
interference with the NLRB's interpretation and enforcement of the
NLRA [National Labor Relations Act]. Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los
Angeles, 475 U.S. 608, 613, 106 S.Ct. 1395, 89 L.E.2d 616 (1986); San
Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236, 79 S.Ct. 773,
3 L.E.2d 775 (1959). Under Garmon preemption, the NLRB has primary
jurisdiction over (and thus states cannot regulate or judicially remedy)
activity that is protected or arguably protected under § 7 of the NLRA or
arguably constitutes an unfair labor practice and is thus prohibited
under § 8 of the NLRA. Garmon, 359 U.S. at 244–245. See also
Wisconsin Dept. of Indus. v. Gould Inc., 475 U.S. 282, 286, 106 S.Ct.
1057, 89 L.E.2d 223 (1986). So, if a remedy can be sought under the
NLRA, a separate remedy cannot generally be sought in state or
federal court; otherwise conflicts would result. See Garner v.
Teamsters, 346 U.S. 485, 498–499, 74 S.Ct. 161, 98 L.E. 228 (1953);
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 748–749,
105 S.Ct. 2380, 85 L.E.2d 728 (1985), fn.26.

Anzevino v. DePasquale, 7th Dist. No. 11 MA 111, 2012-Ohio-1507, ¶ 11.
{¶24} "The party arguing Garmon preemption bears the burden of showing
that the conduct at issue is prohibited or protected by the [NLRA]." Northwestern
Ohio Admrs., Inc. v. Walther & Fox, Inc., 270 F.3d 1018, 1027 (6th Cir.2001). " 'That
is, a party asserting pre-emption must advance an interpretation of the Act that * * *
has not been 'authoritatively rejected' by the courts or the Board.' " United Food &
Commercial Workers Union, Local 1059, AFL-CIO v. Pillsbury Co., 138 Ohio App.3d
427, 431, 741 N.E.2d 579, 582 (10th Dist.2000), quoting International
Longshoremen's Assn., AFL-CIO v. Davis (1986), 476 U.S. 380, 394-395, 106 S.Ct.
 -7-

1904, 90 L.Ed.2d 389 (1986).
{¶25} In support of preemption, Appellants cite Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 361
N.L.R.B. No. 72 (Oct. 28, 2014), where the NLRB affirmed its prior decision in D.R.
Horton that "an employer violates the National Labor Relations Act 'when it requires
employees covered by the Act, as condition of their employment, to sign an
agreement that precludes them from filing joint, class, or collective claims addressing
their wages, hours, or other working conditions against the employer in any forum,
arbitral or judicial.' " Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 361 N.L.R.B. No. 72, at *2, quoting D.R.
Horton, Inc., 357 NLRB No. 184, at 1.
{¶26} In particular, the Board in Murphy Oil found that the employer "violated
Section 8(a)(1) of the [NLRA] by requiring its employees to agree to resolve all
employment-related claims through individual arbitration, and by taking steps to
enforce the unlawful agreements in Federal district court when the Charging Party
and three other employees filed a collective claim against the Respondent under the
Fair Labor Standards Act." Id. at *2.
{¶27} VXI counters that the Board's decision in Murphy Oil was rejected on
appeal to the Fifth Circuit in Murphy Oil USA, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 808 F.3d 1013, 1015
(5th Cir.2015), following D.R. Horton, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 737 F.3d 344, 358 (5th Cir.
2013). VXI further notes that the federal circuit courts addressing the issue held that
an agreement requiring an employee to arbitrate claims against an employer on an
individual basis is enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act and does not violate
the NLRA. See Sutherland v. Ernst & Young LLP, 726 F.3d 290, 297, n.8 (2d
Cir.2013); Owen v. Bristol Care, Inc., 702 F.3d 1050, 1053-1054 (8th Cir.2013) (an
agreement requiring an employee to arbitrate claims against an employer on an
individual basis is enforceable under the FAA and does not violate the NLRA).
{¶28} However, prior to the trial court's decision on the class arbitration issue,
the Seventh Circuit held the opposite. In Lewis v. Epic Systems Corp., 823 F.3d 1147
(7th Cir.2016), that court held class action waivers in arbitration agreements are
unenforceable under the NLRA, notwithstanding the FAA. Thus, at the time the
 -8-

preemption issue was before the trial court, there was a split in the federal circuits
developing.1
{¶29} Nevertheless, VXI argues that the class arbitration issue before the trial
court on remand from Shakoor I is distinct from that in Appellant Milini's NLRB action.
VXI contends the trial court had to decide a straightforward matter of contract: i.e.,
whether the parties agreed that arbitration would include class arbitration.
{¶30} While it is true that the NLRB case would not necessarily prohibit or
preempt the trial court from deciding whether the parties' agreement permits class
arbitration, once the trial court made the decision that it does not, the issue of
Garmon preemption still needs to be resolved.
{¶31} Under "Garmon preemption, the NLRB has primary jurisdiction over
(and thus states cannot regulate or judicially remedy) activity that is protected or
arguably protected under § 7 of the NLRA or arguably constitutes an unfair labor
practice and is thus prohibited under § 8 of the NLRA." (Emphasis added.) Anzevino
at ¶ 11, citing Garmon, 359 U.S. at 244–245.
{¶32} The issue making its way through the federal courts, and at the heart of
Appellant Milini's NLRB action, is whether arbitration agreements with individual
employees that bar them from pursuing work-related claims on a class basis are
prohibited as an unfair labor practice under the NLRA. Thus, once it determined the
contract in this case does not permit class arbitration, the trial court should have
proceeded to determine the preemption issue.
{¶33} First, this issue falls within the scope of our remand in Shakoor I; it is
intertwined with the question of whether the agreement permits class arbitration.
Second, Appellants raised the preemption at the earliest time they could have in the
trial court. Appellant Milini instituted her NLRB case while Shakoor I was pending in

1 The Sixth Circuit has not ruled on this issue. Notably, the Sixth Circuit would not necessarily hear an
appeal from Appellants' NLRB case because federal law permits the parties to forum-shop to a
degree. See 29 U.S.C 160(f) ("Any person aggrieved by a final order of the Board * * * may obtain a
review of such order in any United States court of appeals * * * wherein such person resides or
transacts business[.]"); see also Brentwood at Hobart v. N.L.R.B., 675 F.3d 999, 1004-1005 (6th
Cir.2012).
 -9-

this court, and Appellants filed their motion regarding preemption once the case was
remanded to the trial court and returned to the active docket there.
{¶34} Third, preemption is a "gateway issue" and thus one properly decided
by the trial court and not the arbitrator. As this court explained in Shakoor I: "Gateway
issues are typically issues for the court unless the contract provides otherwise.
Subsidiary issues are typically issues that the arbitrator is to decide. Subsidiary
issues have been defined as questions that 'grow of the dispute and bear on its final
disposition.' [Reed Elsevier, Inc. ex rel. LexisNexis Div. v.] Crockett, 734 F.3d [594,]
597 [(6th Cir.2013)]" Shakoor I at ¶ 27. A gateway or "threshold question is a 'narrow
circumstance where contracting parties would likely have expected a court to have
decided the [ ] matter.' " Shakoor I at ¶ 27, citing Bachrach at ¶ 10, quoting Howsam
v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 83-84 (2002). The parties would expect a
court, not an arbitrator to decide a federal preemption issue.
{¶35} As a federal circuit split was developing at the time of the trial court's
decision, there is an argument for preemption, which is a gateway issue that the trial
court should address in the first instance.2 Thus, Appellants' second assignment of
error is meritorious in part.
Dismissal of Action instead of a Stay
{¶36} Finally, in their first assignment of error, Appellants assert:

The trial court erred by dismissing the action pending arbitration, rather
than staying it, as required by Ohio's Arbitration Act, R.C. 2711.02(B).

2
Notably, following the trial court's decision in this case, the circuit split widened, with the Ninth
Circuit joining the Seventh Circuit in Lewis to hold that class action waivers in arbitration agreements
are unenforceable under the NLRA, notwithstanding the FAA. Morris v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 834 F.3d
975 (9th Cir.2016).
Additionally, since appellate briefing in the present matter concluded, the United States
Supreme Court granted certiorari in Murphy Oil, Lewis, and Morris and consolidated the cases for
decision. See N.L.R.B. v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., --- S.Ct. ----, 2017 WL 125666, (Jan. 13, 2017); Epic
Systems Corp. v. Lewis, --- S.Ct. ----, 2017 WL 125664 (Jan. 13, 2017); Ernst & Young, LLP v. Morris,
--- S.Ct. ----, 2017 WL 125665 (Jan. 13, 2017). According to the online docket, the case will be heard
in October, 2017. Thus, on remand, it is for the trial court to determine whether or not to stay its
decision on preemption until the Supreme Court issues its decision.
 - 10 -

{¶37} R.C. 2711.02(B) provides:

If any action is brought upon any issue referable to arbitration under an
agreement in writing for arbitration, the court in which the action is
pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in the action is
referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for arbitration,
shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until
the arbitration of the issue has been had in accordance with the
agreement, provided the applicant for the stay is not in default in
proceeding with arbitration.

(Emphasis added.)
{¶38} Appellants argue that the trial court, upon referring the claims for
individual arbitration, had no authority under this statute to dismiss the case; they
assert that a stay is required. As the parties note, there is a split in authority,
regarding whether dismissal is proper when a trial court refers the matter to
arbitration.
{¶39} There are a number of Ohio courts that cite to the plain language of the
R.C. 2711.02(B), as quoted above—which only mentions a stay, not dismissal, and
uses the word "shall"—to conclude that trial courts should stay cases pending
arbitration. See, e.g., U.S. Bank Natl. Assn. v. Allen, 2016-Ohio-2766, 52 N.E.3d
1237, ¶ 42 (3d Dist.) ("As is apparent from the language of the statute, when a trial
court determines that certain claims are subject to arbitration, it must stay the entire
proceeding until those claims have been arbitrated, even though the action may
involve both arbitrable and non-arbitrable claims. The statute does not appear to
confer any discretion to the trial court regarding the stay."). Several districts conclude
that dismissal of a case is proper where all of the claims are referred to arbitration.
See, e.g., Hermes v. Prudential Ins, and Financial Servs., 109 Ohio App.3d 309, 311,
671 N.E.2d 1384 (12th Dist.1996) ("if there are no issues pending that are not
referable to arbitration then the case may be dismissed in its entirety by the trial
 - 11 -

court.").
{¶40} This District has decided in favor of staying the trial court proceedings.
In Taylor Winfield Corp. v. Winner Steel, Inc., 7th Dist. No. 05MA191, 2006-Ohio-
4608, ¶ 14, we held that the trial court should have stayed proceedings pending
arbitration, rather than dismissing for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to
Civ.R. 12(B)(1). Id. The only caveat with relying on this case to conclude dismissal is
not permitted, is that procedurally, the case arose pursuant to a motion to dismiss for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. However, it still stands for the proposition that a
stay, rather than dismissal, is the proper course, when the matter is referred to
arbitration. The panel noted that "[i]f there are issues in an action which are subject to
arbitration, a party can move that the trial court stay trial and refer those issues to
arbitration. This is the procedure which should have been followed in this case." Id. at
¶ 1.
{¶41} Further, there are valid policy reasons supporting staying the case
rather than dismissing it. R.C. 2711.06 covers subpoenas of witnesses for arbitration
proceedings and provides, in pertinent part:

* * *If any person so subpoenaed to testify refuses or neglects to obey
such subpoena, upon petition, the court of common pleas in the county
in which such arbitrators, or a majority of them, are sitting may compel
the attendance of such person before said arbitrators, or punish said
person for contempt in the same manner provided for securing the
attendance of witnesses or their punishment for neglect or refusal to
attend in such court.

{¶42} The statute permits the parties to return to the trial court during the
course of arbitration to resolve some disputes. Then, after an arbitration award is
rendered, a party is entitled to seek an order from the common pleas court
confirming, vacating or modifying the award. R.C. 2711.09-2711.14. If the plaintiff's
case is dismissed pending arbitration rather than stayed, the parties would in theory
 - 12 -

have to file a new action each time the common pleas court's assistance is required,
with the attendant risk of having their case assigned to a new judge. On the other
hand, if the trial court enters a stay of the action and retains jurisdiction, then
proceedings may be expedited, as the parties may simply return to the same judge
presiding over the plaintiff's case.
{¶43} Accordingly, Appellants' first assignment of error is meritorious; the trial
court should have stayed the matter pending arbitration, rather than dismissing it.
Conclusion
{¶44} For the above reasons, Appellants' third assignment of error is
meritless; the trial court correctly determined the contract does not permit class
arbitration. Appellants' second assignment of error is meritorious in part; because a
federal circuit split was developing at the time of the trial court's decision, there is an
argument for preemption, which is a gateway issue that the trial court should address
in the first instance. Finally, Appellants' first assignment of error is meritorious.
Pursuant to R.C. 2711.02(B), the trial court should have stayed the case pending
arbitration instead of dismissing it. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's judgment in
part, reverse in part and remand for the trial court to determine the preemption issue.

Donofrio, J., concurs.

Robb, P. J., concurs.