[Cite as State v. Burns, 2017-Ohio-8248.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 27386
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2016-CR-484
:
LASTARZA A. BURNS : (Criminal Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 20th day of October, 2017.
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MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ALICE B. PETERS, Atty. Reg. No. 0093945, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
HILARY LERMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0029975, 249 Wyoming Street, Dayton, Ohio 45409
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
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TUCKER, J.
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{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Lastarza Burns appeals from his conviction and
sentence for aggravated robbery, kidnapping and two counts of abduction. He contends
that the trial court erred by failing to suppress evidence of a pre-trial identification. He
further contends that the trial court erred in sentencing.
{¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying Burns’ motion to
suppress or by denying his request for merger at sentencing. Accordingly, the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 3} Hope Doss was employed at Moraine Auto Sales located on North Dixie
Drive in Montgomery County. As part of her duties, Doss was involved with car sales as
well as taking in payments on cars. On February 1, 2016, Doss was the only employee
working when a man entered the building and asked her about a car. As Doss was
preparing to escort the man to the assembled cars, she observed him look out to the
parking lot at another man. The first man pulled a gun and the second man, later
identified as Burns, entered the building.
{¶ 4} Burns asked where money could be found while his accomplice forced Doss
into a car seat located in the corner of the business’s front room. While Doss was in the
chair, the gunman used his knee to hit her several times in the chest resulting in a bruise
to her chest. The gunman also hit Doss on her head with the gun several times causing
a bruising and lump over her left eyebrow. After Burns found an envelope containing
$400, the men took Doss down a hallway to the back room of the business. Once in the
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back, they told her to sit down on the floor and to give them her purse. The men
subsequently told her to lie on the floor on her stomach. While on her stomach, Doss
heard the men rummaging around the room. They subsequently tied her up, and she
heard them continue to rummage around. The men took her purse, told her to remain
still and left the building. After the men left, Doss was able to remove her restraints, and,
upon doing so, called 911. When the police arrived, she gave them a folder containing
information on a Chevy Trailblazer she claimed was associated with Burns. Following
an investigation, Burns was arrested.1
{¶ 5} On March 8, 2016, Burns was indicted on one count of aggravated robbery
(deadly weapon) with a firearm specification, one count of kidnapping (felony or flight),
one count of abduction (restrain) and one count of abduction (remove). He filed a motion
to suppress all pre-trial identification evidence.
{¶ 6} At the suppression hearing, Montgomery County Sheriff’s Detective Kent
Saunders testified that he has performed over three hundred photographic array lineups
during his more than 20-year career. He testified that he used the JusticeWeb computer
program to gather photographs for the purpose of creating a photographic lineup for Doss
to view. Saunders testified that he prefers JusticeWeb over another available system
because it uses similar backgrounds for the photographs and because it uses booking
photographs with the individuals in street clothes rather than jail-issued clothing.
{¶ 7} Saunders testified he used Burns’ physical characteristics, such as height,
weight, eye color, race, sex, age and facial hair to generate photographs of men with
1 The record is silent concerning whether Burns’ accomplice was arrested and
prosecuted.
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similar appearances. Saunders testified that it was difficult to create an array because
Burns has a unique tattoo by his left eye. He testified that once pictures were generated
and selected, the computer program randomly arranged five photos onto a page along
with the photo of Burns. He arranged for another detective, Robert Schumacher, to
administer the photo lineup.
{¶ 8} Schumacher testified that he did not have any knowledge of the case or the
suspect, and that Saunders did not inform him which photograph depicted Burns. He
testified that he met with Doss outside of Saunders’ presence. Schumacher testified that
he read, verbatim, the instructions concerning Doss’ review of the photographic lineup.
According to Schumacher, Doss identified Burns within a matter of seconds. Doss
indicated that she was 80% certain that the person she identified was the perpetrator.
{¶ 9} Following the hearing, the trial court found that the all of the men depicted in
the array are African-American with medium to light complexions. Each man is wearing
street clothes. The trial court noted that they all are “broad-shouldered and thick
chested,” and that each man has facial hair on the top lip and along the chin. The court
also found that while none of the tattoos are exact matches, they are not so noticeably
different as to be considered unduly suggestive. The trial court overruled the motion.
{¶ 10} The case proceeded to trial in September 2016. However, the jury was
unable to reach a verdict. The matter was re-tried in November 2016.
{¶ 11} Doss testified that she recognized Burns as a customer who had been in
the business approximately 15 to 18 times in the past to make payments on a maroon
Chevrolet Trailblazer. She testified that the vehicle was repossessed by Moraine Auto
Sales in September of 2015. At the time it was repossessed, Doss had observed Burns
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in the parking lot of the business. She testified that he was “really angry” and yelling at
the business manager, as well as at police who had been called to the scene. She
testified that during the commission of the instant offenses Burns said, “I told you I’d be
back.”
{¶ 12} The manager of Moraine Auto Sales testified that he was involved in the
repossession of the Chevy. He testified that Burns became irate and began to make
threats. Specifically, Burns threatened to “burn the place down.” Burns also stated that
he would be back, and that he would get his money back “one way or the other.”
{¶ 13} Montgomery County Sheriff’s Deputy Kevin Kerschner was on the scene at
the time of the repossession. He verified that Burns was very angry about the
repossession.
{¶ 14} The jury returned a guilty verdict on all charges. A sentencing hearing was
conducted on November 28, 2016. The trial court merged the aggravated robbery and
kidnapping charges and the State elected to proceed on the aggravated robbery charge.
The court sentenced Burns to a mandatory four year prison term for the aggravated
robbery, and to twelve month prison sentences on each of the abduction convictions. All
of these terms were ordered to be served concurrently with each other. The trial court
further sentenced Burns to a mandatory three year prison term for the the firearm
specification and ordered that it be served consecutively to the aggravated robbery
offense for a total prison term of seven years. Burns appeals.
II. Photographic Array Was Not Unduly Suggestive
{¶ 15} The first assignment of error asserted by Burns states:
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THE PHOTO LINEUP USED TO IDENTIFY DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
WAS IMPERMISSIVELY [SIC] SUGGESTIVE
{¶ 16} Burns claims that the photo array was unduly suggestive and thus the trial
court erred in overruling his motion to suppress. Burns’ unduly suggestive argument is
premised upon his contention that no other individual in the array had a facial tattoo similar
to his, thereby causing his photograph to stand out.
{¶ 17} A pre-trial identification derived from inappropriately suggestive procedures
causing a likelihood of misidentification violates a defendant's right to due process. Neil
v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972). Courts apply a two-step
test in determining the admissibility of challenged identification testimony: (1) the
defendant must demonstrate that the identification procedure was unnecessarily
suggestive; and (2) if the defendant meets this burden, the court must consider whether
the procedure, under the totality of the circumstances, was so unduly suggestive that it
created a likelihood of irreparable mistaken identification. State v. Wills, 120 Ohio
App.3d 320, 324, 697 N.E.2d 1072 (8th Dist.1997), citing Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S.
98, 114, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977), and State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49,
61, 656 N.E.2d 623 (1995).
{¶ 18} R.C. 2933.83 governs the administration of photographic lineups and is
aimed at preventing the use of unnecessarily suggestive procedures. The statute
requires specific procedures for conducting photographic array lineups. For example,
the statute provides for the use of a person who does not know the suspect’s identity (a
“blind administrator”) to present the photo array to a witness. R.C. 2933.83(A)(2). The
administrator must inform the witness that the suspect may, or may not, be in the lineup.
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R.C. 2933.83(B)(5). In this case, there is no evidence or claim that the police failed to
comply with R.C. 2933.83. Instead, Burns’ argument hinges upon the fact that his facial
tattoo is unique among the other photos presented in the array.
{¶ 19} The photo array is before us and we have examined it. The array contains
six color photographs of men who appear to be of approximately the same age with the
same hair color and similar complexions. They all have facial hair and some type of
tattoo near the left eye. All of the individuals are wearing different casual attire.
{¶ 20} Upon review of the record, we cannot conclude that the photo lineup is
unduly suggestives. This court has held that a “computerized method of creating
photospreads avoids most potential unfairness and almost any claim that the lineup was
suggestive.” State v. Beckham, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19544, 2003–Ohio–3837, ¶
12, citing State v. Beddow, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 16197 & 16198, 1998 WL 126876
(Mar. 20, 1998). Moreover, “[a] defendant in a lineup need not be surrounded by people
nearly identical in appearance.” State v. Davis, 76 Ohio St.3d 107, 112, 666 N.E.2d 1099
(1996). We agree with the trial court that the difference in the tattoos is not so striking
as to be unduly suggestive. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not err in
finding that the lineup was not suggestive.
{¶ 21} Further, this court has followed the holding of the Supreme Court of Ohio
that “although an identification procedure is suggestive, as long as the identification is
reliable, it is admissible.” State v. Chaffin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24241, 2012–Ohio–
634, ¶ 20, citing State v. Barker, 53 Ohio St.2d 135, 142, 372 N.E.2d 1324 (1978). In
State v. Lathan, 30 Ohio St.2d 92, 99, 282 N.E.2d 574 (1972), the Supreme Court of Ohio
held that when an identification procedure is unduly suggestive the State's burden of proof
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is to establish the reliability of eyewitness testimony by clear and convincing evidence.
Therefore, the question, assuming the identification procedure in this case was
inappropriately suggestive, is whether the State met its burden of proving, by clear and
convincing evidence, the reliability of the eyewitness identification under the totality of the
circumstances.
{¶ 22} It is beyond dispute that Doss knew Burns prior to the incident. She
informed the police that she had seen him on numerous occasions in the store, including
during the incident when the Chevy was repossessed. She was able to observe him
when he entered the car dealership, and she recognized him. Following the crime, Doss
gave the police the folder with information on the Chevy associated with Burns. She
immediately identified him in the array.
{¶ 23} Therefore, even if the identification procedure utilized was overly
suggestive, the identification made by Doss is sufficiently reliable to overcome any claim
by Burns that his due process rights were denied.
{¶ 24} Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.
III. Abduction Counts Not Allied Offenses of Similar Import
{¶ 25} Burns’ second assignment of error is as follows:
THE ABDUCTION RESTRAIN COUNT AND THE ABDUCTION REMOVAL
COUNT WERE ALLIED OFFENSES OF SIMILAR IMPORT AND NEEDED
TO BE MERGED
{¶ 26} Burns contends that the two abduction convictions should have been
merged for purposes of sentencing. He argues that both offenses were committed as
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part of the same action to “place [Doss] in a position where she could not inform people
of the robbery.”
{¶ 27} R.C. 2941.25, Ohio's allied offense statute, provides that:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute
two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be
convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses of
dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of
the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as
to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such
offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
{¶ 28} In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015–Ohio–995, 34 N.E.3d 892, the
Ohio Supreme Court clarified the applicable standard when determining whether offenses
merge as allied offenses of similar import:
Rather than compare the elements of two offenses to determine
whether they are allied offenses of similar import, the analysis must focus
on the defendant's conduct to determine whether one or more convictions
may result, because an offense may be committed in a variety of ways and
the offenses committed may have different import. No bright-line rule can
govern every situation.
As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied
offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must
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ask three questions when the defendant's conduct supports multiple
offenses: (1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or significance? (2)
Were they committed separately? and (3) Were they committed with
separate animus or motivation? An affirmative answer to any of the above
will permit separate convictions. The conduct, the animus, and the import
must all be considered.
Ruff at ¶ 30–31.
{¶ 29} Burns was convicted of abduction (remove) in violaton of R.C.
2905.02(A)(1) which states in pertinent part:
(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall knowingly do any of the
following:
(1) By force or threat, remove another from the place where the other
person is found[.]
Burns was also convicted of an abduction (restrain) count in violation of R.C.
2905.02(A)(2) which states in pertinent part:
(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall knowingly do any of the
following:
(2) By force or threat, restrain the liberty of another person under
circumstances that create a risk of physical harm to the victim or place the
other person in fear[.]
{¶ 30} A defendant, under R.C. 2941.25, has the burden of establishing his
entitlement to merger. State v. Sullivan, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23948, 2012-Ohio-
4317, ¶ 13; State v. Mughni, 33 Ohio St.3d 65, 67, 514 N.E.2d 870 (1987). Under the
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facts of this case, we conclude that Burns did not meet this burden. He merely argues
that the two acts of abduction were one offense designed to prevent Doss from notifying
anyone of the offenses. It could just as easily be argued that Doss was removed to the
back room in order to search for more money, and that after the search was complete,
she was tied up in order to allow the men time to get away from the scene.
{¶ 31} We conclude that the record supports a finding, as argued by the State, that
the abduction (remove) offense was committed when Burns and his accomplice forced
Doss into the back room of the dealership. Once in the back room, the offense was
completed. The men then made Doss sit on the floor, they took her purse and then they
made her lie on her stomach while they rummaged around the room. The men finally
tied up Doss. We further conclude that the record before us supports a finding, again as
argued by the State, that the abduction (restrain) offense occurred when Burns and his
accomplice forced Doss to the floor culminating in Doss being tied up. The offenses
were committed separately, and, as such, the offenses are not allied offenses of similar
import requiring merger.
{¶ 32} The second assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 33} Both of Burns’ assignments of error being overruled, the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
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HALL, P.J. and DONOVAN, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Alice B. Peters
Hilary Lerman
Hon. Timothy N. O’Connell