In The Interest Of Z.D. and D.D.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

September 2017 Term
FILED
November 2, 2017
released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
No. 17-0123 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA

In The Interest Of Z.D. and D.D.

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Mercer County

The Honorable Derek C. Swope, Judge

Civil Action Nos. 16-JAT-424-DS and 16-JAT-425-DS

AFFIRMED, IN PART; AND REVERSED, IN PART

Submitted: October 3, 2017

Filed: November 2, 2017

Gerald R. Linkous, Esq. Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Mercer County Public Defenders Corporation Attorney General
Princeton, West Virginia S. L. Evans, Esq.
Counsel for the Petitioner Assistant Attorney General
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for the Respondent
David B. Kelley, Esq. The Department of Health and
The Kelley Law Firm Human Resources
Bluefield, West Virginia
Guardian ad Litem

JUSTICE WORKMAN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
 SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1. “‘When this Court reviews challenges to the findings and conclusions

of the circuit court, a two-prong deferential standard of review is applied. We review the

final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review

the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard.’ Syl.,

McCormick v. Allstate Ins. Co., 197 W. Va. 415, 475 S.E.2d 507 (1996).” Syl. Pt. 1, In re

S.W., 236 W. Va. 309, 779 S.E.2d 577 (2015).

2. “Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question

of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.”

Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995).

3. An indigent litigant is not entitled to court-appointed counsel in a

domestic relations proceeding. Further, upon the filing of an abuse and neglect petition,

which results in appointment of counsel for an indigent litigant, once the abuse and neglect

proceeding is dismissed, the litigant is not entitled to court-appointed counsel in subsequent

domestic relations proceedings.

4. Pursuant to Rule 47 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and

Procedure for Family Court, courts shall not routinely assign guardians ad litem for children

i
in a domestic relations case. Where, however, the court is presented with substantial

allegations of domestic abuse, serious allegations of abuse and neglect, serious issues relating

to the child’s health and safety, or allegations involving disproving a child’s paternity, a

guardian ad litem shall be appointed by the court for the child(ren).

5. Under Rule 47 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and Procedure

for Family Court, the order appointing a guardian ad litem shall specify the terms of the

appointment, including the guardian’s role, duties and scope of authority, the issues to be

investigated, as well as the specific reasons for the appointment and the expectations of the

court for the guardian ad litem’s report, including the date by which the written report is due.

The order appointing a guardian ad litem shall also require the parties to fully cooperate with

the guardian ad litem in terms of the investigation.

6. Before a guardian ad litem may seek payment by this Court, a proper

order that comports with Rule 47 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and Procedure for

Family Court must be entered and there must be compliance with the requirements of West

Virginia Trial Court Rule 21.04 and 21.05.

ii
Workman, Justice:

In this appeal, the Court is asked to determine whether a parent, who had court-

appointed counsel in an abuse and neglect proceeding, is entitled to representation by court-

appointed counsel once the abuse and neglect proceeding is dismissed and further action is

brought in a domestic relations case. The petitioner father, C.D.,1 appeals the Circuit Court

of Mercer County’s order, entered January 18, 2017, determining that once the abuse and

neglect proceeding was dismissed, the petitioner was no longer entitled to court-appointed

counsel to resolve a custody issue within the confines of a subsequent domestic relations

case. Upon review of the parties’ briefs2 and arguments, the appendix record, and all other

matters submitted before the Court, we affirm the circuit court’s ruling on the court-

appointed counsel issue. But we reverse the circuit court’s decision to continue the

appointment of the guardian ad litem for the children in the domestic relations proceeding.

1
Because this case involves sensitive facts, we protect the identities of those involved
by using only the parties’ initials. See State ex rel. W. Va. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Cheryl
M., 177 W. Va. 688, 689 n.1, 356 S.E.2d 181, 182 n.1 (1987); see also W. Va. R. App. P. 40.
2
The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”) and the
children’s guardian ad litem both filed response briefs. Neither the DHHR nor the guardian
ad litem take a position on the petitioner’s request that court-appointed counsel continue. But
the guardian ad litem “contends that it is of the utmost importance that guardian[s] ad
litem[] be appointed to represent minor children in appropriate Rule 6 cases.” See W. Va.
R. P. Child Abuse & Neglect Proc. 6.

1

 I. Facts and Procedural History

The petitioner and A.D.,3 filed for divorce in the Family Court of Mercer

County. In 2012, as part of the domestic relations proceeding, the parents entered into a

“Mediated Parenting Plan” concerning their two children, Z.D. and D.D.4 At the time this

plan was adopted by the family court, the petitioner was pro se.

On April 26, 2016, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition against both

parents, alleging that the children were neglected as a result of their excessive absenteeism

from school. The filing of the abuse and neglect proceeding by the DHHR caused the matter

to be transferred to the jurisdiction of the circuit court.5 The circuit court appointed a

guardian ad litem for the children and counsel for each of the parents.

On July 18, 2016, the circuit court conducted an adjudicatory hearing and by

order entered August 2, 2016, the circuit court accepted the DHHR’s recommendation that

the parents be placed on a preadjudicatory improvement period. On December 12, 2016, the

3
A.D. (“the mother”) is the petitioner’s former wife and the children’s mother. She
is not a party to this appeal.
4
Z.D. and D.D. were ages eight and ten, respectively.
5
See W. Va. R. Prac. & Proc. for Fam. Ct. 48 (“The family court shall retain full
jurisdiction of proceedings until an abuse or neglect petition is filed.”); see also W. Va. R.
P. Child Abuse & Neglect Proc. 6 (providing for maintaining an abuse and neglect
proceeding on the circuit court’s docket unless certain limited conditions occur).

2

circuit court held another hearing on the DHHR’s motion to dismiss6 the case as the parents

had successfully completed the preadjudicatory improvement period by resolving the truancy

concerns involving their children. According to the transcript of that hearing, the circuit

court noted at the beginning of the hearing that the mother had just filed a motion for custody

of the children.7 The circuit court indicated that it was granting DHHR’s motion to dismiss

and would retain jurisdiction over the domestic relations case. The circuit court, however,

stated that it was giving the parents one shot to resolve the mother’s motion for custody at

a Multi-Disciplinary Treatment Team (“MDT”) meeting “on the State’s nickel. I’m going

to dismiss it [referring to the abuse and neglect case] but with one more MDT on the State’s

nickel and the purpose of that is to discuss this Motion for Custody.” After the MDT

meeting, the circuit court informed the petitioner and the mother that they were no longer

entitled to court-appointed counsel as the abuse and neglect case was over.8

6
The motion to dismiss was not made part of the record on appeal.
7
The petitioner did not provide the Court with a copy of the motion filed by the
mother, but the Court, on its own motion, obtained a copy from the Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Mercer County and ordered that the record be supplemented with it. The motion is
stamped as being filed December 12, 2016, the same day as the above-mentioned hearing.
8
Further, the circuit court continued the appointment of the guardian ad litem for the
children in the domestic relations proceeding and instructed him to bill the West Virginia
Supreme Court under its guidelines for domestic cases after the abuse and neglect case was
dismissed.

3

 In a January 18, 2017, order, the circuit court memorialized what occurred at

the December 12, 2016, hearing. Specifically, the circuit court found that a motion for

custody had been filed; that the DHHR requested that the matter be dismissed; that after one

more MDT meeting, scheduled for January 5, 2017, the circuit court was dismissing and

removing the abuse and neglect case from its docket; that thereafter the case was a domestic

case; that the petitioner and the mother were “not entitled to counsel dealing with a custody

issue[;]” and that the guardian ad litem for the infant children “will bill under the Supreme

Court guidelines for domestic cases.” It is from this order that the petitioner appeals.

II. Standard of review

This Court has held that

“When this Court reviews challenges to the findings and
conclusions of the circuit court, a two-prong deferential standard
of review is applied. We review the final order and the ultimate
disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review
the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly
erroneous standard.” Syl., McCormick v. Allstate Ins. Co., 197
W.Va. 415, 475 S.E.2d 507 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re S.W., 236 W. Va. 309, 779 S.E.2d 577 (2015). Further, “[w]here the issue

on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation

of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.” Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie

A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995). It is under these standards that the Court

addresses the issues before it.

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 III. Discussion

A. Court-appointed Counsel

The main issue before the Court is whether an individual is entitled to court-

appointed counsel in a domestic relations case. The petitioner argues that the circuit court

erred in ordering that he was no longer entitled to court-appointed counsel in the domestic

relations proceeding once the abuse and neglect case was dismissed. We disagree.

In an abuse and neglect proceeding, the West Virginia and United States

Constitutions require that indigent parents and custodians be represented by court-appointed

counsel.9 The petitioner, therefore, was entitled to (and received) a court-appointed attorney

during the pendency of the abuse and neglect proceeding that was brought against him and

9
See Syl. Pt. 7, In re Lindsey C., 196 W. Va. 395, 473 S.E.2d 110 (1995) (“‘In child
neglect proceedings which may result in the termination of parental rights to the custody of
natural children, indigent parents are entitled to the assistance of counsel because of the
requirements of the Due Process clauses of the West Virginia and United States
Constitutions.’ Syllabus point 1, State ex rel. LeMaster v. Oakley, 157 W. Va. 590, 203
S.E.2d 140 (1974).”); Syl. Pt. 8, In re Lindsey C., 196 W. Va. at 397, 473 S.E.2d at 112
(“Circuit courts should appoint counsel for parents and custodians required to be named as
respondents in abuse and neglect proceedings incident to the filing of each abuse and neglect
petition. Upon the appearance of such persons before the court, evidence should be promptly
taken, by affidavit and otherwise, to ascertain whether the parties for whom counsel has been
appointed are or are not able to pay for counsel. In those cases in which the evidence rebuts
the presumption of inability to pay as to one or more of the parents or custodians, the
appointment of counsel for any such party should be promptly terminated upon the
substitution of other counsel or the knowing, intelligent waiver of the right to counsel.
Counsel appointed in these circumstances are entitled to compensation as permitted by
law.”); see also W. Va. Code § 49-4-601(f)(2015) (providing for appointment of counsel in
abuse and neglect cases).

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the children’s mother. But the circuit court later determined that the abuse and neglect

proceeding ended and dismissed the action from its docket. The only pending action that

remained on the circuit court’s docket was a separate domestic relations case that has never

been dismissed; it was simply transferred to the jurisdiction of the circuit court due to the

filing of the abuse and neglect petition.

Pursuant to Rule 6 of the West Virginia Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse

and Neglect, once a case is transferred from family court to circuit court due to an abuse and

neglect petition being filed, the circuit court “retains exclusive jurisdiction over placement

of the child while the case is pending, as well as over any subsequent requests for

modification, including, but not limited to, changes in permanent placement or visitation[.]”

Id. There are two exceptions to the rule that allow the case to be returned to family court:

(1) if the petition is dismissed for failure to state a claim under
Chapter 49 of the W. Va. Code, or (2) if the petition is
dismissed, and the child is thereby ordered placed in the legal
and physical custody of both of his/her cohabitating parents
without any visitation or child support provisions, then any
future child custody, visitation, and/or child support proceedings
between the parents may be brought in family court.

W. Va. R. P. Child Abuse & Neglect Proc. 6; see generally In re J.L., 234 W. Va. 116, 763

S.E.2d 654 (2014). Because neither of the exceptions that would allow the case, or part of

the case, to be returned to family court had been met in the instant case, the circuit court

retained jurisdiction over the domestic relations proceeding. Contrary to the petitioner’s

6

position, when an abuse and neglect proceeding is instituted, which results in the transfer of

a domestic relations case to circuit court, that transfer does not forever transform a

subsequent domestic relations proceeding to an abuse and neglect proceeding once the abuse

and neglect proceeding is dismissed. Rather, if the abuse and neglect is dismissed by the

circuit court, but it retains jurisdiction over the case under Rule 6, the proceeding reverts

back to a domestic relations proceeding. Thus, the circuit court was correct in deciding that

it had continuing jurisdiction over the case and that the pending motion for custody would

be resolved in the context of the domestic relations proceeding.10

Unlike in the abuse and neglect area, an indigent litigant has no right to counsel

in a domestic relations case.11 The only case where this Court touched upon the issue was

in Quesinberry v. Quesinberry, 191 W. Va. 65, 443 S.E.2d 222 (1994), a case involving two

10
The Court rejects the petitioner’s argument that “[p]rocedurally, A.C.’s Motion for
Custody should have been treated as a Motion to Modify Disposition[]” under West Virginia
Code § 49-4-606 (2015) (providing for modification of dispositional orders). A review of
the mother’s motion for custody does not indicate, in any way, that it is being filed in
accordance with the provisions of West Virginia Code § 49-4-606. Also, there simply is no
basis for the lower court or this Court to construe the mother’s motion in such a manner as
there had been no disposition or dispositional order entered at the time the mother’s motion
was filed. This case was dismissed below without any adjudication of abuse or neglect due
to the parents’ successful completion of a preadjudicatory improvement period. See W. Va.
Code § 49-4-604 (2015 & Supp. 2017) (indicating that court must find child to be abused or
neglected before proceeding to disposition.).
11
But see W. Va. R. Civ. P. 17(c) (providing for appointment of guardian ad litem for
convict); W. Va. Trial Ct. R. 21.04 and 21.05 (providing for a court-appointed guardian ad
litem for incarcerated persons who are indigent).

7

consolidated domestic relations proceedings, in which we discussed the circuit court’s power

to appoint attorneys, who were acting as guardians ad litem, for indigent litigants.12 We

noted in Quesinberry that compensation for court-appointed counsel to represent indigent

litigants

is properly provided by the legislature in a substantial number of
cases, specifically, those involving a potential deprivation of a
substantial liberty interest. These actions include criminal,
probation, and parole charges that may result in incarceration;
juvenile proceedings; contempt of court; child abuse and neglect
proceedings that may result in termination of parental rights;
mental hygiene commitment proceedings; paternity proceedings;
extradition proceedings; and appeals and post-conviction
challenges to a judgment in any of these actions. See W. Va.
Code 29-21-1 et seq.13

191 W. Va. at 71 n.3, 443 S.E.2d at 228 n.3 (footnote added).

Consequently, an indigent litigant is not entitled to court-appointed counsel in

a domestic relations proceeding. Further, upon the filing of an abuse and neglect petition,

which results in appointment of counsel for an indigent litigant, once the abuse and neglect

proceeding is dismissed, the litigant is not entitled to court-appointed counsel in subsequent

domestic relations proceedings

12
See W. Va. Trial Ct. R. 21 (providing for eligible guardian ad litem appointments
in circuit court, family court and magistrate court).
13
W. Va. Code § 29-21-1 to -21 (2013) (providing legal assistance to indigent persons
who are litigants in eligible proceedings).

8

 In the instant case, the circuit court correctly determined that because it had

dismissed the abuse and neglect proceeding, the petitioner was no longer entitled to court-

appointed counsel in order to resolve the motion for custody, as the proceeding was a

domestic relations case. We, therefore, affirm the circuit court’s ruling on this issue.

B. Guardian ad Litem

As an ancillary matter, the Court finds it important to address the issue of the

circuit court’s continued appointment of the guardian ad litem for the custody matter that

remains pending in the domestic relations proceeding. The guardian ad litem has filed a brief

before the Court wherein he has taken the position that his appointment should continue.

According to Appendix B to Rule 47 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice

and Procedure for Family Court,14 “[c]ourts shall not routinely assign guardians ad litem

14
Rule 47 was recently amended by the Court with the amendments effective April 25,
2017. The amendments, for the most part, moved portions of Appendix B into Rule 47 with
minor rewording within the sections of the rule to comport with the statutes and the Court’s
case law. The instant case was decided under the former version of rule. W. Va. R. Prac.
& P. Fam. Ct. 47 (2012).

Under the newly amended rule, the language quoted above in the body of the opinion
is set forth as follows:

(a) Appointment of Guardian Ad Litem. Courts shall not
routinely assign guardians ad litem for children in a domestic
relations case. Where, however, the court is presented with
substantial allegations of domestic abuse, serious allegations of
abuse and neglect, serious issues relating to the child’s health
(continued...)

9

for children or require court-ordered investigations unless the court has reasonable

cause to suspect the parenting issues involve a child’s safety or the best interest of the

child warrants further investigation by the court.” Rule 47(b) also required that an order

of appointment shall “specify the terms of the appointment, including the guardian’s role,

duties and scope of authority, as well as the specific reasons for the appointment and the

expectations of the court for the guardian ad litem’s report, including the date by which the

written report is due. . . .” Id.; see also former Appendix B to W. Va. R. Prac. & P. Fam. Ct.

47 (providing that “The Order appointing the guardian ad litem shall state the specific

reasons for the appointment; require the parties to fully cooperate with the guardian ad litem

in terms of the investigation; and the expectations of the court for the guardian ad litem,

including but not limited to the issues to be investigated and the date by which the written

report is due.”).15

14
(...continued)
and safety, or allegations involving disproving a child’s
paternity, a guardian ad litem shall be appointed by the court for
the child(ren).

W. Va. R. Prac. & P. Fam. Ct. 47 (2017).
15
See W. Va. R. Prac. & P. Fam. Ct. 47(b) (2017) (providing “[t]he order appointing
a guardian ad litem shall specify the terms of the appointment, including the guardian’s role,
duties and scope of authority, the issues to be investigated, as well as the specific reasons for
the appointment and the expectations of the court for the guardian ad litem’s report,
including the date by which the written report is due. The order appointing a guardian ad
litem shall also require the parties to fully cooperate with the guardian ad litem in terms of
the investigation.)

10

 In the case sub judice, there is no indication in the record before the Court that

a guardian ad litem had been involved in this action prior to the abuse and neglect

proceeding. When the abuse and neglect matter ended and the case reverted back to one

sounding only in domestic relations, the provisions of Rule 47 governing the appointment

of guardians ad litem for children controlled. In the context of the domestic relations case,

there was no evidence before the circuit court to support the appointment of the guardian ad

litem. See id. At the time of the appointment, the only issue pending was that of determining

a motion for modification of custody in the context of a routine domestic relations

proceeding. Further, the circuit court failed to make any findings to support the need for a

guardian ad litem; the circuit court merely found that “David Kelley is appointed as guardian

ad litem for the infant children, and he will bill under the Supreme Court guidelines for

domestic cases.16 This is now a domestic relations case not an abuse and neglect case under

16
West Virginia Trial Court Rule 21.05 has also been amended, effective April 25,
2017, and now provides that

in a domestic relations case the cost of a guardian ad litem for
a party and/or an infant(s) of the parties may be ordered to be
paid by a non-indigent party or if otherwise qualified, by the
Supreme Court when the appointment is nondiscretionary,
provided the order appointing the guardian ad litem complies
with the requirements of Rule 47 of the Rules of Practice and
Procedure for Family Court. The compensation payable by the
Supreme Court is limited to the amounts set forth in Trial Court
Rule 21.06.

A nondiscretionary appointment “means when substantial allegations of domestic abuse have
(continued...)

11

Rule 6.” (Footnote added). See W. Va. R. Prac. & P. Fam. Ct. 47(b).

Given that the Court has seen a rather haphazard approach taken by both family

and circuit courts in this State concerning the appointment of guardians ad litem in domestic

relations cases, we are compelled to now hold that pursuant to Rule 47 of the West Virginia

Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Court, courts shall not routinely assign guardians

ad litem for children in a domestic relations case. Where, however, the court is presented

with substantial allegations of domestic abuse, serious allegations of abuse and neglect,

serious issues relating to the child’s health and safety, or allegations involving disproving a

child’s paternity, a guardian ad litem shall be appointed by the court for the child(ren).

We further hold that under Rule 47 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and

Procedure for Family Court, the order appointing a guardian ad litem shall specify the terms

of the appointment, including the guardian’s role, duties and scope of authority, the issues

to be investigated, as well as the specific reasons for the appointment and the expectations

of the court for the guardian ad litem’s report, including the date by which the written report

is due. The order appointing a guardian ad litem shall also require the parties to fully

16
(...continued)
been made, when serious allegations of abuse and neglect have been made, when there are
serious issues relating to the child’s health or safety, or in cases involving disproving a
child’s paternity.” W. Va. Trial Ct. R. 21.04(e).

12

cooperate with the guardian ad litem in terms of the investigation.

In this case, the circuit court’s appointment of the guardian ad litem in the

domestic relations proceeding was in error. The only issue pending in the domestic relations

proceeding is the mother’s motion for modification of custody. Child custody issues in a

routine domestic relations case do not require the appointment of a guardian ad litem for the

child(ren). Moreover, for the guardian ad litem to have been properly appointed required the

entry of an order that comports with the requisite findings set forth in Rule 47. Finally,

before a guardian ad litem may seek payment by this Court, a proper order that comports with

Rule 47 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Court must be

entered and there must be compliance with the requirements of West Virginia Trial Court

Rule 21.04 and 21.05.17 The circuit court failed to follow the applicable rules of this Court

and the appointment of the guardian ad litem by the circuit court is reversed.

IV. Conclusion

Based upon the foregoing, the decision of the Circuit Court of Mercer County

is affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part.

Affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part.

17
See supra note16.

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