NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
RICHARD EDWARD NOH, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D15-4264
)
STATE OF FLORIDA, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed November 15, 2017.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pinellas
County; Frank Quesada, Judge.
Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and
Ivy R. Ginsberg, Special Assistant Public
Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Susan M. Shanahan,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.
VILLANTI, Judge.
Richard Noh appeals his conviction for capital sexual battery and the
resulting life sentence, raising four grounds for reversal. We find merit only in Noh's
argument that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the statement he
gave to police after he made a comment that indicated that he did not understand the
Miranda1 warnings that had been given to him. On this basis, we reverse and remand
for a new trial.2
Noh was arrested and charged with capital sexual battery after his former
stepdaughter told her father that Noh had engaged in certain sexual activity with her
when she was nine years old. Noh was subsequently brought to the police station for
an interview. After the investigating detective spoke with Noh for a few minutes, the
following conversation ensued:
DETECTIVE: Okay. All right. I'm just gonna read
you the questions, then I'm gonna have you read them to
yourself, okay? Do you understand you have the right to
remain silent?
NOH: Yes.
DETECTIVE: All right. Do you understand that
anything you say can and will be used against you in a court
of law?
NOH: Yes.
DETECTIVE: Do you understand that you have the
right to speak to a lawyer and have him or her present with
you while you are being questioned?
NOH: Yes.
DETECTIVE: Do you understand that, if you cannot
afford to hire a lawyer, one will be appointed to represent
you before any questioning, if you wish?
NOH: Yes.
DETECTIVE: Do you understand that you can decide
at any time to exercise these rights and not answer any
questions or make any statements?
NOH: Yes.
DETECTIVE: Do you understand each of these
rights I've explained to you?
NOH: Yes.
1
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
2
We have specifically considered and rejected Noh's arguments that the
trial court abused its discretion by admitting the child hearsay testimony, abused its
discretion by excluding alleged reverse Williams rule evidence, and abused its
discretion by denying Noh's request for an instruction on attempted sexual battery.
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DETECTIVE: Having these rights in mind, do you
wish to talk to me now?
NOH: That's fine.
DETECTIVE: Is that a yes?
NOH: Yes.
DETECTIVE: Okay. All right. What I need you to do,
if you would for me, I just want you to read through each one
of these.
NOH: All right.
DETECTIVE: Just –
NOH: It's just kind of funny. You all put it in writing
now where you used to never do it.
DETECTIVE: Yeah. It's just – it's just I wanna make
sure people understand. 'Cause, see –
NOH: I know.
DETECTIVE: – see, here's the thing, Richard. I'm
not here to trick anybody.
NOH: I know.
DETECTIVE: I wanna talk to you. I wanna clear this
stuff up and get you home. That's kind of what I wanna do,
okay. So, um, if –
NOH: Kind of what you wanna do?
DETECTIVE: That's absolutely what I wanna do.
You know, I – I mean I gotta – I gotta do my job. You know
what I mean?
NOH: Okay.
DETECTIVE: So, what I need you to do is I just need
you to read through each one, sign each one, and then just
witness it here for me, if you would.
NOH: Just – just sign each one?
DETECTIVE: Initial each one.
NOH: Oh, okay.
DETECTIVE: Read through each one, initial each
one –
NOH: Right.
DETECTIVE: – and then, uh, sign right there for me
at the bottom. Okay?
NOH: I can't afford a lawyer anyhow.
DETECTIVE: Oops. Sorry.
NOH: Okay. Right here?
(Emphasis added.) At that point, without any further discussion or clarification of the
fact that Noh could have an attorney appointed at no cost to him, the detective began
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questioning Noh about his stepdaughter's allegations, and Noh made several
incriminating statements during the interview.
Prior to trial, Noh moved to suppress his post-Miranda statement, arguing
that the State could not establish that he had knowingly and intelligently waived his
rights because the detective did not clarify, in response to Noh's comment, that Noh
was entitled to have a lawyer appointed at no cost to him if he wanted one. The trial
court denied the motion, concluding that Noh's comment constituted only an ambiguous
request for counsel; hence, Noh's statement was admitted at trial. Noh was
subsequently convicted as charged and sentenced to life in prison.
In this appeal, as he did below, Noh argues that his motion to suppress
should have been granted because the transcript does not establish that he knowingly
and intelligently waived his Miranda rights before speaking with the detective. We
agree.
This case is quite similar factually to that of Chavers v. State, 115 So. 3d
1017 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013). There, the defendant was suspected of shooting a teenager
following a confrontation. Id. at 1018. As the officer was reading Chavers his Miranda
right concerning the appointment of an attorney, Chavers said, "I don't even have no
money to call a lawyer." Id. The officer responded, "Okay. But, understand, you know,
you could have one, but—do you have any questions about these?" Id. (emphasis
omitted). When Chavers did not ask any other questions, the officer went forward with
the interrogation, and Chavers made a number of incriminating statements. Id.
Chavers filed a pretrial motion to suppress the statements, which was denied. Id. at
1018-19. Chavers was subsequently convicted as charged. Id. at 1019.
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On appeal, the First District reversed the order denying suppression,
concluding that the State had not established that Chavers had validly waived his
Miranda rights. Id. The court first noted that the State carries "a heavy burden . . . to
demonstrate that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his privilege against
self-incrimination and his right to retained or appointed counsel." Id. (quoting United
States v. Rodriguez, 518 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 2008)). Further, "[a]n ambiguous
waiver must be clarified before initial questioning." Id. (quoting Alvarez v. State, 15 So.
3d 738, 745 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009)); see also Rodriguez, 518 F.3d at 1080 (holding that
the interrogating officer has a duty to clarify any ambiguity before beginning an
interrogation). Hence, because the officer did not make it clear to Chavers that he had
the right to appointed counsel even if he could not afford one, the State did not establish
that Chavers' waiver of his rights was knowingly and intelligently made. Chavers, 115
So. 3d at 1019.
Here, as in Chavers, Noh commented while the detective was still reading
him his Miranda rights that he could not afford an attorney. Rather than attempting to
ensure that Noh understood that he had the right to have counsel appointed even if he
couldn't afford one, the detective encouraged Noh to finish signing the Miranda waiver
form, took the signed form from Noh, and began questioning him. But an officer cannot
simply ignore a comment by a suspect that indicates that the suspect does not fully
understand his or her Miranda rights and assume that a waiver predicated on that
misunderstanding will be valid. Thus, because the detective never clarified for Noh that
he had the right to appointed counsel at no cost, the State did not establish that Noh's
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waiver of his right to counsel was knowingly and intelligently made.3 And faced with, at
best, an ambiguity as to whether Noh understood the rights he was waiving, the trial
court should have suppressed Noh's statement to the detective.
Moreover, on this record, we cannot say that the error was harmless. We
recognize, as the State points out, that Noh also made certain admissions during a
controlled telephone call between himself and his stepdaughter and that a recording of
that telephone call was admitted into evidence. However, the admissions made during
that call were not as clear as those he made to the detective post-Miranda. During the
controlled call, Noh repeatedly said that he would admit to doing the things his
stepdaughter claimed had happened if his admission would "help her heal." The tenor
of Noh's comments during that call was, "If that's what you say I did and if it will help you
heal, then I will say I did it." But for the most part, he denied the conduct alleged by his
stepdaughter. In light of the nature and entire context of those comments, the State
cannot show beyond a reasonable doubt that the admission of Noh's more incriminating
statement to the detective did not contribute to the jury's verdict. See State v. DiGuilio,
491 So. 2d 1129, 1139 (Fla. 1986) (noting that the test for harmless error is whether
there is a reasonable possibility that the error affected the verdict). Accordingly, we
reverse Noh's conviction and sentence, quash the order denying Noh's motion to
suppress, and remand for a new trial without the suppressed statements.
3
We note that this error was compounded by the fact that the detective
never told Noh that counsel would be appointed at no cost to him. When the detective
was reading Noh his rights, he asked Noh only whether he understood "that, if you
cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be appointed to represent you before any
questioning." Nowhere during any of the detective's statements did he advise Noh that
such an appointment would be made without any cost to Noh.
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Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
KHOUZAM and SLEET, JJ., Concur.
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