State of Florida v. Raymond Morrison, Jr.

Supreme Court of Florida
____________

No. SC15-1880
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STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellant,
Cross-Appellee,

vs.

RAYMOND MORRISON, JR.,
Appellee,
Cross-Appellant.

[November 16, 2017]

PER CURIAM.

This is an appeal from an order entered on Raymond Morrison, Jr.’s,

postconviction motion to vacate his conviction of first-degree murder and sentence

of death, and related convictions and sentences, filed under Florida Rule of

Criminal Procedure 3.851. The State appeals the postconviction court’s order to

the extent that it granted Morrison a new guilt phase and penalty phase based on

ineffective assistance of counsel. Morrison cross-appeals the postconviction

court’s order to the extent that it denied four of his postconviction claims and

declined to conduct a cumulative error analysis. We have jurisdiction. See art. V,
§ 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. We reverse the portion of the postconviction court’s order

granting Morrison a new guilt phase, but we affirm the portions of the

postconviction court’s order granting Morrison a new penalty phase and denying

Morrison’s other asserted grounds for postconviction relief. We also reject

Morrison’s claim of guilt phase cumulative error.

I. BACKGROUND

In 1998, Morrison was convicted of “first-degree murder for the January 8,

1997, killing of Albert Dwelle, which occurred during the course of a robbery upon

Dwelle in his apartment in Duval County,” and “armed robbery with a deadly

weapon and burglary of a dwelling with intent to commit a battery, with an assault

or battery on Dwelle.” Morrison v. State, 818 So. 2d 432, 437 (Fla. 2002). On

direct appeal, this Court set out the facts of the crimes:

On January 9, 1997, the dead body of eighty-two-year-old Dwelle was
found on the floor of his bedroom by service personnel from Meals on
Wheels. An autopsy revealed numerous injuries on the body of
Dwelle, including contusions and abrasions to the head, chest, arms,
and hand. According to the medical examiner, Dwelle died from loss
of blood due to two lethal knife wounds to the throat. One was a
stab wound to the left side of the neck which penetrated to the depth
of almost five inches, perforating the esophagus and nicking the
cervical vertebrae. A second wound to the neck was described as
an incised wound across the front of the throat. As a consequence,
Dwelle aspirated the blood caused by the knife wounds to his neck.
Dwelle was disabled for many years, having suffered a stroke
during a bout of typhoid fever at age six or seven. He could not use
his left hand or arm, he could hardly stand up and walk, and he needed
assistance to bathe, dress, and cook. Meals on Wheels delivered his
meals once a day.

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 Investigation by police revealed that Morrison had visited his
girlfriend, Sandra Brown, on January 8, 1997. Brown lived at the
Ramona Apartments in an upstairs apartment directly across from
Dwelle’s apartment. Morrison spent the afternoon of January 8, 1997,
socializing with Brown and her uncle at Brown’s apartment. At some
point in the late afternoon or early evening, Brown and Morrison
walked to the local convenience store to buy some beer. Brown paid
for the beer with money she had just received for babysitting. To her
knowledge, Morrison did not have any money. They returned to
Brown’s apartment where they drank the beer with Brown’s uncle.
Brown’s uncle later left to return to his own home. At about 9 p.m.,
Morrison prepared two steaks and placed them in the oven to cook.
He then told Brown that he was going to take the trash out. He did
not return to Brown’s apartment and was not seen again by Brown
until the next day at a different location. On that occasion, Morrison
apparently avoided contact with Brown, who was attempting to talk to
him to find out why he had left so abruptly the previous night.
Morrison was arrested on January 10, 1997, [at approximately
3:30 p.m.] by Officer Anthony Richardson, on a warrant for failure to
pay child support. Immediately upon arrest, Morrison asked
Richardson if “this [his arrest] was about that old man.” Richardson
told him that he was being arrested for failure to pay child support but
that some homicide detectives also wanted to talk to him, so
Richardson was taking him to the homicide office of the Jacksonville
Sheriff’s Office. Richardson then advised Morrison of his
constitutional rights. Morrison learned that Richardson, in addition to
being a police officer, was also a pastor in a local church. On the way
to the police station, Morrison and Richardson discussed religion and
Morrison’s need to get his life in order. Richardson then turned
Morrison over to homicide detectives Terry Short and T.C. Davis.
During a lengthy interview about the Dwelle murder, Morrison
told Short that he wanted to talk to Richardson again. Short paged
Richardson and Richardson returned to the police station to talk with
Morrison. On the morning of January 11, 1997, and following a
discussion with Richardson, Morrison gave a written statement [at
approximately 1:30 a.m.] detailing his involvement in the death of
Albert Dwelle. The text of Morrison’s written statement seen by
jurors is as follows:
On Wednesday 01-08-97 at approximately 9:00 PM I had
been smoking crack with Big Man. I ran out of crack and

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 had no money. I went to Apt. 68 and sat on the steps. I
was drinking a beer. I wanted a cigar. I knocked on the
door of Apt. # 64. The man came to the door and I ask
him for a cigar. He started telling me he couldn’t let me
come in. I ask for a light for the cigar he gave me. He
went back into his bed room to get me a light. I follow
him to the bed room. He reached into his shirt pocket
hanging on a chair by the bed and handed me a light. I
put the lighter back on the chair. I saw money in the shirt
pocket. I reached over and grabbed a few bills out of his
shirt pocket. He saw me take the money. He got a knife
from somewhere and began swinging it at me. I tried to
grab him to defend myself and also not to hurt him. I
grabbed him by the arm and turned him around so he was
facing away from me. He was thrusting the knife back
over his shoulders at me. I was holding his right arm and
he was still thrashing the knife trying to cut me. While
he was trying to cut me the knife accidentally cut across
his throat. I didn’t know at the time that it had cut him. I
was still holding him and he got even wilder thrusting the
knife and I guess he got cut again. That’s when I saw he
was cut.
I laid him down on the floor and picked up the
knife. I left the apartment and went to another part of the
complex where I hid the knife under a brick.
I then went to Big Mans house and got him to take
me to the Chevron. We got gas and he took me to
Marietta. When we got to Marietta I bought some drugs
with the money I took from the old man. I then went
back to Ramona Park where Big Man dropped me off
and he went home. I saw my uncle Cap and I got in the
car with him. I stayed with Cap until Friday morning and
continued smoking dope and drinking till then. Police
picked me up Friday after noon.
Morrison also said he took the victim’s money and spent it on
drugs and prostitutes. In addition, Morrison was seen shortly after the
murder attempting to sell silver coins, similar in size and appearance
to coins owned by Dwelle and missing from Dwelle’s apartment after
the murder. Finally, Morrison led the detectives to the knife that he
said he used to kill the victim.

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Id. at 437-39 (second alteration in original).

The jury unanimously recommended the death penalty by a vote of twelve to

zero and the trial court sentenced Morrison to death. Id. at 439. The trial court

found and gave weight to four aggravating factors: (1) Morrison was previously

convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person—great

weight; (2) the murder was committed while he was engaged in the commission of,

or an attempt to commit, or flight after committing or attempting to commit the

crime of armed robbery or burglary with an assault or both—great weight; (3) the

murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel—great weight; and (4) the

victim of the capital felony was particularly vulnerable due to an advanced age or

disability—great weight. Id. Although the trial court found no statutory

mitigation, it found and gave weight to eight nonstatutory mitigators: (1) good jail

conduct in that Morrison presented no danger to the police when arrested,

cooperated with the police during his detention, and led police to the murder

weapon—some weight; (2) there would be no parole or other release from prison

from a life sentence for first-degree murder—some weight; (3) Morrison

cooperated with the police—some weight; (4) Morrison abused alcohol and

cocaine and most likely used the robbery proceeds to purchase more alcohol and

cocaine—some weight; (5) Morrison was employed—some weight; (6) Morrison

has only borderline intellectual ability, and when combined with alcohol and drug

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abuse, it results in bad judgment—great weight; (7) Morrison has a positive family

background and character, and assumed some responsibility for management of the

home at an early age—some weight; and (8) Morrison adjusted well to

incarceration, albeit with a record of an escape conviction—some weight. Id. at

439-40.

Morrison raised twelve issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred in

failing to adequately address Morrison’s request for new counsel prior to trial; (2)

whether the trial court erred in excusing a venireperson for cause because he was

unsure if he would be able to vote for a death sentence if selected as a juror; (3)

whether the trial court erred in sustaining the peremptory strike of venirepersons

who expressed some opposition to the death penalty, but who were not excusable

for cause; (4) whether the prosecutor’s remarks to the venire improperly minimized

the State’s burden of proof so as to violate Morrison’s rights to a fair trial and to

due process of law; (5) whether the prosecutor’s remarks made during closing

argument improperly shifted the burden of proof to the defense; (6) whether

Morrison’s statements to police, induced by a law enforcement officer’s appeal to

Morrison’s religious beliefs, were voluntary, such that the trial court did not err in

denying Morrison’s motion to suppress; (7) whether the trial court erred in

sustaining the State’s objection to a question purportedly seeking to impeach the

State’s witness for having a self-interest; (8) whether the trial court improperly

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excluded testimony intending to impeach the State’s witness based on an alleged

reputation for dishonesty; (9) whether the trial court erred in denying Morrison’s

motion for judgment of acquittal as to first-degree murder and burglary; (10)

whether the heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravating circumstance statute is

unconstitutionally vague and, therefore, its application in this instance is in error;

(11) whether the statute and instruction for the aggravating circumstance that the

victim of the capital felony “was particularly vulnerable due to advanced age or

disability” is unconstitutionally vague and its application, in this instance, is an

error; and (12) whether the imposition of the death penalty in this case is

proportionate. Id. at 440 n.1. This Court affirmed Morrison’s convictions and

sentences. Id. at 458.

On September 18, 2003, Morrison timely filed his motion for postconviction

relief. On March 28, 2014, Morrison filed an amended postconviction motion

raising eleven claims, many of which contained numerous subparts: (1) Morrison

was denied the effective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase; (2) the State

withheld evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963); (3)

Morrison was denied the effective assistance of counsel at the penalty phase; (4)

newly discovered evidence establishes that Morrison’s conviction and sentence

violate the Constitution; (5) Morrison’s death sentence violates the constitutional

prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment because he is intellectually

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disabled; (6) the State intentionally destroyed exculpatory evidence; (7) counsel

was ineffective for failing to ensure that Morrison had expert psychiatric assistance

at the guilt phase and penalty phase; (8) counsel was ineffective for failing to

object to the State’s nonstatutory aggravators; (9) counsel was ineffective for

failing to object to Morrison’s absence from critical stages of the trial; (10) the trial

court erroneously allowed the jury to hear evidence of a prior felony; and (11)

cumulative error requires a new guilt phase and penalty phase. The postconviction

court held an evidentiary hearing regarding Morrison’s first nine claims on January

12-15, February 17-20, and March 18-19, 2015. Numerous lay and expert

witnesses were presented during the ten-day evidentiary hearing.

On September 18, 2015, the postconviction court entered an order granting

Morrison a new guilt phase and penalty phase based on some of his claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel, namely, subparts of claims one and three. State

v. Morrison, No. 16-1997-CF-00991-AXXX-MA (Fla. 4th Cir. Ct. Sept. 18, 2015)

(Postconviction Order). The postconviction court denied all of Morrison’s

remaining claims except for his claim of cumulative error, which it declined to rule

on because it was granting Morrison a new trial. Id.

On appeal, the State argues that the postconviction court erred in finding

that: (1) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately challenge Morrison’s

written statement to the police detailing his involvement in the death of the victim;

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(2) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately investigate and prepare

for the guilt phase; and (3) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately

investigate and prepare for the penalty phase. On cross-appeal, Morrison argues

that the postconviction court erred by denying his claims that: (1) the State

withheld evidence in violation of Brady; (2) newly discovered evidence establishes

that Morrison’s conviction and sentence violate the Constitution; (3) Morrison’s

death sentence violates the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual

punishment because he is intellectually disabled; and (4) trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to challenge the prior violent felony aggravator during the

penalty phase. In his fifth claim on cross-appeal, Morrison argues that he is

entitled to a new guilt phase and penalty phase under a cumulative error analysis.

Because we conclude that Morrison is entitled to a new penalty phase on the basis

that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately investigate and prepare

for the penalty phase, we decline to address claim four of Morrison’s cross-appeal

or his claim of penalty phase cumulative error.

II. THE STATE’S APPEAL

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Regarding Morrison’s
Written Statement to the Police

The first issue presented in the State’s appeal is whether the postconviction

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court erred in finding that trial counsel Ronald Higbee and Refik Eler1 were

ineffective for failing to adequately challenge the voluntariness and reliability of

Morrison’s written statement to the police detailing his involvement in the death of

the victim. Specifically, the postconviction court found that trial counsel were

deficient for failing to investigate Morrison’s: (1) mental health at the time of the

interrogation through mental health experts; (2) crack cocaine use within hours of

his interrogation; and (3) propensity to take the blame for crimes he did not

commit. The postconviction court further found that the failure to present such

evidence at the motion to suppress hearing and the guilt phase resulted in

prejudice. As explained below, the postconviction court erred in granting relief on

Morrison’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim regarding his written statement

to the police.

In order to obtain relief on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a

defendant must establish deficient performance and prejudice.” Gore v. State, 846

So. 2d 461, 467 (Fla. 2003). Under the first prong, “the defendant must show

that . . . counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the

‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). “A fair assessment of attorney

1. Higbee represented Morrison at the motion to suppress hearing and Eler
represented Morrison at the guilt phase and the penalty phase.

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performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of

hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to

evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 689. “[I]t is

axiomatic that ‘counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a

reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.’ ” Hurst v.

State, 18 So. 3d 975, 1008 (Fla. 2009) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691).

Under the second prong, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had
some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding. Virtually
every act or omission of counsel would meet that test, . . . and not
every error that conceivably could have influenced the outcome
undermines the reliability of the result of the proceeding.

Id. at 693. “Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the

conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process

that renders the result unreliable.” Id. at 687.

Prior to the guilt phase, Morrison filed motions to suppress his statements to

police as well as evidence discovered as the result of the interrogation by police

about the victim’s murder. Morrison contended that the interrogation by

Detectives Short and Davis was unconstitutional because it continued after

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Morrison invoked his right to silence and his right to counsel and because his

statements were obtained as the result of coercion, including the State’s improper

use of religion. An evidentiary hearing was conducted on November 13, 1997,

regarding Morrison’s motions to suppress. Morrison, Officer Richardson (a police

officer and a pastor), Detective Short, Detective Davis, and Georgia Morrison

(Morrison’s mother) testified at the hearing, and Morrison and the State later

introduced a stipulation regarding the testimony that Reginald “Fred” Austin

(Morrison’s uncle) would have presented at the hearing. Morrison testified at the

hearing that he knew and understood his rights at the time of the interrogation and

that he did not have any drugs or alcohol for thirteen hours prior to his arrest.

Detectives Davis and Short testified at the hearing that they did not detect that

Morrison was impaired or under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of his

interview.

The trial court subsequently issued its order denying the motion to suppress

statements made to Detective Short (which included Morrison’s written statement

to the police), granting the motion to suppress statements made to Officer

Richardson, and denying the motion to suppress the physical evidence. The trial

court found in its order that Morrison never asked for an attorney, Morrison did not

state or indicate that he did not wish to talk to Detective Short, the statements made

to Detective Short were not the product of intimidation, Morrison gave the

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statements almost twenty-four hours after he last consumed alcohol or cocaine, and

Morrison’s behavior from the time of his arrest to the time he gave the statements

showed that he was sober and rational. The trial court further found that the

statements were made after a valid waiver of Miranda2 rights.

At the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Morrison presented the expert

testimony of Dr. Hyman Eisenstein and Dr. Joseph Wu to address, in part, his

mental health at the time of the interrogation. Dr. Eisenstein, a neuropsychologist,

diagnosed Morrison with organic brain damage, intellectual disability, and a

substance abuse disorder. Dr. Eisenstein found that Morrison’s substance abuse,

brain injuries, and premature birth contributed to his organic brain damage. Dr.

Eisenstein also concluded that Morrison’s substance abuse impairs his cognitive

abilities and that Morrison would admit to crimes he did not commit. Dr. Wu, a

psychiatrist, testified regarding a PET scan of Morrison’s brain and found that he

had abnormal brain metabolism consistent with someone who likely has significant

impairment on IQ. Dr. Wu also found that Morrison had an abnormal pattern to

his frontal lobe consistent with a head injury.3 Morrison presented the testimony of

2. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

3. Dr. Prichard—the State’s expert psychologist—acknowledged
Morrison’s substance abuse problem. However, Dr. Prichard found that Morrison
was not intellectually disabled and did not suffer from mental illness.

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Delores Tims (Morrison’s acquaintance) in support of his crack cocaine use within

hours of his interrogation. Tims testified that Morrison was using crack cocaine at

the time of his arrest on January 10, 1997. Morrison also presented the testimony

of Joseph Turner (Morrison’s friend) and Terry Heatly (Morrison’s cousin) in

support of his propensity to take the blame for others’ crimes. Turner testified that

Morrison previously “confessed to a crime [he] did not commit,” and Heatly

testified that Morrison “would hold drugs for drug dealers and admit the drugs

were his when the police came around.”

We conclude that the postconviction court’s finding of prejudice conflicts

with the legal standard for prejudice established in Strickland. As explained

previously, the postconviction court found that trial counsel were deficient for

failing to investigate Morrison’s mental health at the time of the interrogation,

crack cocaine use within hours of his interrogation, and propensity to take the

blame for crimes he did not commit. The postconviction court ultimately

concluded that Morrison was prejudiced by trial counsels’ deficient performance

because “[i]t is reasonable to find this evidence, had it been presented, could have

changed the outcome of the proceedings.” (Emphasis added.) However, the

postconviction court’s finding of prejudice is inconsistent with the second prong of

Strickland, which requires “[t]he defendant [to] show that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

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proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (emphasis

added). Strickland defined “a reasonable probability” as “a probability sufficient

to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.

The postconviction court did not determine whether the evidence presented

at the postconviction evidentiary hearing would have led the trial court to suppress

or the jury to disregard Morrison’s written statement to the police had that

evidence been presented at the motion to suppress hearing and the guilt phase.

Therefore, before considering whether Morrison was prejudiced under Strickland

by trial counsels’ alleged deficient performance, we first determine whether

Morrison has shown that the presentation of such evidence at the motion to

suppress hearing and the guilt phase would have led the trial court to suppress or

the jury to disregard Morrison’s written statement.

Morrison has not shown that the evidence presented at the postconviction

evidentiary hearing would have led the trial court to suppress or the jury4 to

disregard Morrison’s written statement to the police as involuntary. “In examining

whether a defendant’s confession may be used as evidence against him, ‘[t]he test

4. During the guilt phase, Morrison argued to the jury that his written
statement was involuntary and the trial court instructed the jury that the statement
should be disregarded if it determined that the statement was not freely and
voluntarily made. Cf. McDole v. State, 283 So. 2d 553, 554 (Fla. 1973) (“[A] jury
may still find a confession to have been involuntary and disregard it, despite a
judge’s finding that it was voluntary.”)

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is . . . one of voluntariness, or free will, which is to be determined by an

examination of the totality of the circumstances surrounding the confession.’ ”

Baker v. State, 71 So. 3d 802, 814 (Fla. 2011) (alterations in original) (quoting

Owen v. State, 862 So. 2d 687, 695 (Fla. 2003)). “Moreover, ‘[t]o establish that a

statement is involuntary, there must be a finding of coercive police conduct.’ ” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Schoenwetter v. State, 931 So. 2d 857, 867 (Fla.

2006)). “Thus, whether a confession is admissible depends on (1) whether the

interrogating officers engaged in coercive activity, and (2) whether that activity

was sufficient to overcome the free will of the defendant.” Id. “[T]he salient

consideration in an analysis of the voluntariness of a confession is whether a

defendant’s free will has been overcome.” Blake v. State, 972 So. 2d 839, 844

(Fla. 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Black v. State, 630 So. 2d 609, 614-15

(Fla. 1st DCA 1993)). The ultimate issue of voluntariness is a legal rather than

factual question. McCloud v. State, 208 So. 3d 668, 677 (Fla. 2016).

A review of the totality of the circumstances here confirms that Morrison

voluntarily gave the written statement to the police. Morrison’s written statement

was not the product of improper coercion. Morrison was not threatened5 or

5. Morrison was not threatened or intimidated by Detective Davis. The trial
court found that during the interrogation, Detective Davis hit the table where
Morrison was seated with his hand and shouted at Morrison, calling him a liar and
accusing him of the victim’s murder. Morrison responded to that outburst by

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mistreated during the interrogation, and the police did not make any promises6 to

Morrison in exchange for his written statement. Although the police appealed to

Morrison’s religious beliefs, we conclude that their appeals were not so coercive as

to render his written statement involuntary.7 As the trial court found following the

motion to suppress hearing, Morrison gave the written statement after validly

waiving his Miranda rights. Morrison was advised of his Miranda rights at the

time of arrest. Morrison was also advised of his Miranda rights when he arrived at

the police station. At that time, Morrison signed a standard form attesting to the

fact that he had been advised of his Miranda rights. Morrison was also reminded

of his Miranda rights before he gave the written statement to the police. Although

Morrison presented testimony at the postconviction evidentiary hearing regarding

telling Detectives Davis and Short that he would no longer talk to Detective Davis.
Detective Davis left the room at that point and never again interrogated Morrison.
6. Although Officer Richardson may have indicated a possibility that the
detectives would go easier on Morrison if he told the truth, this does not amount to
a promise in exchange for his written statement. See Blake, 972 So. 2d at 844
(“Before finding the confession inadmissible, Florida courts have repeatedly
required that the alleged promise ‘induce,’ be ‘in return for,’ or be a ‘quid pro quo’
for the confession.”).

7. Officer Richardson provided religious counsel to Morrison, advised him
to tell the truth regarding the murder of the victim, prayed with him, and agreed to
keep confidential a conversation that he had with Morrison. Morrison’s statements
to Officer Richardson were ultimately suppressed. After Morrison broached the
topic of religion during the interview, Detective Short offered to take Morrison to
the chapel at the police station to pray and Morrison accepted that offer.

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his mental health, the evidence is that Morrison clearly knew and understood his

rights at the time of the interrogation, and Morrison has not shown otherwise.

Morrison never asked for an attorney or stated or indicated that he did not wish to

talk to Detective Short. Even accepting Tims’ testimony, Morrison gave the

written statement at least ten hours after he last consumed alcohol or cocaine and

Morrison’s behavior from the time of his arrest to the time he gave the written

statement showed that he was sober and rational. Morrison never testified at the

motion to suppress hearing or at the postconviction proceedings that he confessed

to the police and was taking the blame for others, which would have contradicted

his own testimony at the motion to suppress hearing that “he did not provide any

inculpatory statements to [the] police.” Morrison, 818 So. 2d at 446. In any event,

the testimony presented at the postconviction evidentiary hearing regarding

Morrison’s purported propensity to take the blame for others’ crimes does not

establish that Morrison did so in this case or render Morrison’s written statement

involuntary under the totality of the circumstances presented.

Nor has Morrison shown that the evidence presented at the postconviction

evidentiary hearing would have led the jury to disregard his written statement as

unreliable. Morrison’s written statement established that he knew the location of

the murder weapon, which is consistent with the significant fact that “Morrison led

the detectives to the knife that he said he used to kill the victim,” id. at 439, and the

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State presented evidence at trial that blood located on the blade of the knife

matched the DNA of the victim. Morrison’s written statement established that he

knew that the victim’s throat was sliced and stabbed with the victim’s own knife,

which was consistent with the evidence presented at trial. See id. at 437-39, 452.

Morrison’s written statement indicated that he went to the victim’s apartment

sometime after 9 p.m. on January 8, 1997. See id. at 438. Consistent with the

written statement, Sandra Brown (Morrison’s girlfriend) placed Morrison near the

scene of the crime on the night of the murder. See id. Morrison’s written

statement also indicates that he stole money from the victim, which is consistent

with the fact that “Morrison was seen shortly after the murder attempting to sell

silver coins, similar in size and appearance to coins owned by [the victim] and

missing from [the victim’s] apartment after the murder.” Id. at 439. Furthermore,

immediately upon arrest, Morrison asked if the arrest “was about that old man.”

Id. at 438.

Under these circumstances, Morrison cannot demonstrate prejudice such that

our confidence in the outcome is undermined. We therefore reverse the

postconviction court’s granting of a new guilt phase on this issue.

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Regarding Trial Counsel’s
Guilt Phase Investigation

The second issue presented in the State’s appeal is whether the

postconviction court erred in finding that trial counsel Eler was ineffective for

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failing to adequately investigate and prepare for the guilt phase. Specifically, the

postconviction court found that trial counsel was deficient for failing to adequately

investigate: (1) an alibi defense; (2) the State’s timeline; (3) a voluntary

intoxication defense; and (4) the victim’s relationship with Brown. Of these four

subclaims, the postconviction court only found that trial counsel’s failure to

present evidence at the guilt phase regarding the voluntary intoxication defense

resulted in prejudice. We conclude that the postconviction court erred in granting

relief on Morrison’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim regarding trial

counsel’s guilt phase investigation.

At the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Morrison presented the testimony

of Raymond Seels (Morrison’s friend), Gilda “Gillis” Payton (Morrison’s friend),

Austin, and Charlene Wright (Morrison’s acquaintance) in support of his alibi

defense. These witnesses testified that they saw Morrison in Marietta at or about

the time Brown placed Morrison at the scene of the crime. In order to challenge

the State’s timeline, Morrison presented evidence that Isaia Medina (the victim’s

neighbor) heard noises “like a chair or piece of furniture being moved” coming

from the victim’s apartment prior to the murder at approximately 7 p.m. rather than

9 p.m. Morrison presented the testimony of a number of witnesses in support of

his voluntary intoxication defense. Austin, Payton, Tangy Allen (Morrison’s

former fiancée), Turner, Heatly, and Raymond Morrison, Sr. (Morrison’s father),

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collectively testified that Morrison used alcohol and drugs on January 8, 1997, and

had a history of alcohol and drug abuse. Dr. Eisenstein diagnosed Morrison with a

substance abuse disorder and opined that Morrison’s substance abuse compromised

his cognitive abilities. Finally, in order to challenge the victim’s relationship with

Brown, Morrison presented the testimony of Tims and Wright.8 Tims testified that

Brown exchanged sexual favors with the victim in return for beer and cigarettes,

and Wright testified that Brown used to buy beer and cigarettes for the victim.

We conclude that the postconviction court failed to conduct a proper

Strickland analysis. As explained previously, the postconviction court found that

trial counsel was deficient for failing to adequately investigate an alibi defense, the

State’s timeline, a voluntary intoxication defense, and the victim’s relationship

with Brown. The postconviction court only found that trial counsel’s failure to

present evidence at the guilt phase regarding the voluntary intoxication defense

resulted in prejudice. Nevertheless, the postconviction court granted Strickland

relief on all four subclaims even though it did not make a finding of Strickland

prejudice regarding three of the subclaims. The postconviction court’s Strickland

analysis also failed to take into consideration Morrison’s written statement to the

police. As explained previously, the postconviction court erred in granting relief

8. Brown testified at trial that although she had seen the victim, her
neighbor, she did not know his name.

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on Morrison’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim regarding his written

statement to the police.

Regardless, even assuming that trial counsel’s investigation was deficient,

Morrison has failed to demonstrate prejudice because there is no reasonable

probability that the presentation of the alibi witnesses, evidence that Medina heard

noises coming from the victim’s apartment before the murder, evidence that

Morrison used alcohol and drugs on the day of the murder and had a history of

alcohol and drug abuse that compromised his cognitive abilities, and evidence that

Brown may have had a relationship with the victim would have created a different

result at trial. Given the evidence presented at trial, including Morrison’s written

statement to the police, Morrison cannot demonstrate prejudice such that our

confidence in the outcome is undermined.

Accordingly, we reverse the postconviction court’s granting of a new guilt

phase on this issue.

C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Regarding Trial Counsel’s
Penalty Phase Investigation

The third issue presented in the State’s appeal is whether the postconviction

court erred in finding that trial counsel Eler9 was ineffective for failing to

9. Chris Anderson also represented Morrison at the penalty phase.
However, his performance is not at issue given the postconviction court’s finding

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adequately investigate and prepare for the penalty phase. Specifically, the

postconviction court found that trial counsel was deficient for failing to adequately

investigate Morrison’s mental health and social background. The postconviction

court further found that trial counsel’s failure to present such evidence at the

penalty phase resulted in prejudice. As explained below, the postconviction court

did not err in granting relief on Morrison’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim

regarding trial counsel’s penalty phase investigation.

1. Deficient Performance

On January 12, 1997, the Public Defender’s Office was appointed to

represent Morrison. The Public Defender’s Office subsequently retained Dr. Harry

Krop, a psychologist, in relevant part to evaluate Morrison for possible mitigation.

Alan Chipperfield, an assistant public defender, was briefly assigned to the penalty

phase of Morrison’s case.10 On January 14, 1998, trial counsel was appointed to

represent Morrison after the Public Defender’s Office identified a conflict and

withdrew. The guilt phase of Morrison’s trial took place from September 21-25,

1998, and the penalty phase occurred on October 8, 1998. At the postconviction

that “Anderson’s performance was reasonable given his limited role in
[Morrison’s] representation.”

10. Chipperfield’s performance is not at issue given the postconviction
court’s finding that “Chipperfield’s performance was reasonable given the brevity
of his representation of [Morrison].”

- 23 -
evidentiary hearing, Morrison presented the testimony of Dr. Krop, Chipperfield,

and trial counsel.

Dr. Krop testified that he first interviewed Morrison on February 19, 1997,

and sent a letter to the Public Defender’s Office requesting additional

information—depositions, medical records, and Department of Corrections

records—on February 20, 1997. Dr. Krop further testified that on October 15,

1997, he sent a fax to the Public Defender’s Office in which he renewed his

request for additional information, explained that he wanted to see Morrison again

for a neuropsychological evaluation after reviewing the previously requested

depositions, and requested to interview Morrison’s local family members.

According to Dr. Krop, he was not contacted by any of Morrison’s attorneys from

October 15, 1997, until September 29, 1998—nine days before the penalty phase—

when trial counsel contacted him. Dr. Krop interviewed Morrison for the second

time on September 29, 1998. Dr. Krop subsequently gave a deposition11 on

October 7, 1998, which was presented to the jury at the penalty phase. Dr. Krop

11. Dr. Krop informed the penalty phase jury through the videotaped
deposition that Morrison received a neuropsychological evaluation on February 12,
1997. Dr. Krop also informed the penalty phase jury that he interviewed Morrison
on two separate occasions. Dr. Krop found Morrison to have a full scale IQ of 78
and substance abuse problems. Dr. Krop further opined that Morrison’s borderline
IQ and abuse of alcohol and cocaine would affect his judgment. Although Dr.
Krop observed some deficits, he did not find any conclusive evidence of organic
brain damage, significant neurological impairment, or neurological diseases.

- 24 -
did not get any of the materials he requested until the deposition and then it was

merely Morrison’s school psychology report and the telephone number of

Morrison’s mother, who he interviewed briefly prior to the deposition. As Dr.

Krop explained: “Pretty much everything from the point that [trial counsel] got

involved was last minute.”

Chipperfield testified that his involvement in Morrison’s case was

“minimal.” Chipperfield authored a two-page, handwritten note, “suggesting

possible aggravators and mitigators.” Among other things, Chipperfield’s notes

indicated that Morrison was “seeing [Dr.] Krop” and that Morrison’s former

fiancée “may be [a] good source of info[rmation].” The notes specifically

identified Allen as Morrison’s former fiancée and Willie Morrison as Morrison’s

brother. Chipperfield testified that the “investigation for the penalty phase was in

no way complete when [trial counsel] came on board.” According to Chipperfield,

the penalty phase was “absolutely not” ready for trial when the Public Defender’s

Office withdrew from the case. As Chipperfield explained: “I would not have

wanted to go to a penalty phase with what we had there. It wasn’t -- wouldn’t have

been any good.”

In preparation for the postconviction evidentiary hearing, trial counsel

reviewed copies of the four boxes of materials that apparently constituted his case

file. These boxes included materials that he received from the Public Defender’s

- 25 -
Office. Trial counsel testified that when he was appointed to represent Morrison,

“there was basically nothing left to do but try the case.” Trial counsel believed that

the Public Defender’s Office had substantially completed the investigation of

Morrison’s case:

And what I remember now from having looked at the file, they had
completed virtually every aspect of the investigation in the case. . . .
[I]t looked like to me, based on reviewing the four boxes that were
copies, that -- that their trial -- their file in December was ready for
trial, had been thoroughly investigated.

As trial counsel explained:

I believe the bulk -- I believe the bulk of the investigation and work
was done by the Public Defender’s Office. And I say that with great
confidence because I looked at the four boxes, and, I mean, I copied
some things out of my file that were clearly Mr. Chipperfield’s notes.

Trial counsel “rel[ied] on Dr. Krop” during the penalty phase and primarily relied

on Chipperfield’s notes, relating to the penalty phase, to formulate a mitigation

strategy:

I’m further looking at Mr. Chipperfield’s notes who has itemized
every bit of mitigation and aggravation in this case that I have. . . . I
mean, he -- well, it’s a page or two, but knowing Mr. Chipperfield, I
mean, he’s got -- and it’s not the end-all stop of mitigation
investigation, but it was an outline that I utilized. I found [the notes]
to be complete and, I mean, he’s got information on here regarding
Williams Rule evidence, about the knife collection, everything that
now refreshes my recollection as to their thorough investigation in the
case.

We conclude that the postconviction court correctly found that Morrison’s

trial counsel was deficient for failing to adequately investigate and prepare for the

- 26 -
penalty phase. It is apparent from the record that trial counsel performed almost no

investigation of Morrison’s mental health and social background in preparation for

the penalty phase in Morrison’s case. As the postconviction court explained:

“[Trial counsel] misguidedly believed [Morrison’s] case was ready for trial when

he was assigned to represent [Morrison].” Trial counsel unreasonably failed to

provide Dr. Krop with the requested additional information necessary to

adequately assess Morrison’s case for mitigation. As the postconviction court

explained: “Although [trial counsel] testified he relied on Dr. Krop [to address

mental health mitigation], he admittedly did not investigate the doctor’s

involvement in [Morrison’s] case. Doing so would have revealed Dr. Krop’s

request for more information.” Trial counsel unreasonably relied primarily on

Chipperfield’s notes to formulate a mitigation strategy for Morrison’s case. As the

postconviction court explained: “Chipperfield’s notes amount to no more than a

very cursory attempt to come up with ideas for mitigation. There is nothing to

show a well thought out strategy based on a reasonable investigation as

characterized by [trial counsel].” There were sufficient facts in this case to place

trial counsel on notice that further investigation of mental health and social

background mitigation was necessary. Consequently, trial counsel’s failure to

investigate this line of defense was not reasonable under prevailing professional

norms. We thus agree with the postconviction court that trial counsel’s

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“unreasonable lack of preparation and investigation for [Morrison’s] penalty

phase” constituted deficient performance.

2. Prejudice

In its sentencing order, the trial court found four aggravating factors, no

statutory mitigation, and some nonstatutory mitigation. The four aggravating

factors found by the trial court were:

(1) Morrison was previously convicted of a felony involving the use
or threat of violence to the person; (2) the crime for which Morrison
was to be sentenced was committed while he was engaged in the
commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight after committing or
attempting to commit the crime of armed robbery or burglary with an
assault or both; (3) the crime for which Morrison was to be sentenced
was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel; and (4) the victim of the
capital felony was particularly vulnerable due to an advanced age or
disability.

Morrison, 818 So. 2d at 456-57 (footnote omitted). The nonstatutory mitigation

found by the trial court included:

Morrison’s low intellectual ability combined with drug and alcohol
abuse would result in exercise of bad judgment. . . . Morrison’s good
jail conduct; the fact that there was no parole or other release available
to Morrison; Morrison’s cooperation with police; Morrison’s abuse of
alcohol and use of cocaine; Morrison’s employment; Morrison’s
assumption of familial responsibility at an early age; and Morrison’s
positive adjustment while incarcerated.

Id. at 457.

At the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Morrison presented the testimony

of a number of experts to establish the existence of mental health mitigating

- 28 -
evidence. Morrison’s experts presented substantial mental health mitigating

evidence, including evidence of Morrison’s adaptive deficits, organic brain

damage, and brain injuries. Morrison also presented the testimony of numerous

family members and friends to establish mitigating evidence of Morrison’s social

background. These witnesses presented substantial mitigating evidence, including

evidence of Morrison’s premature birth, childhood abuse, deprived childhood, and

parents’ divorce. Evidence regarding Morrison’s childhood abuse was described

as “especially disturbing” by the postconviction court, and undoubtedly called into

question the penalty phase portrayal of Morrison’s “positive” family background.

Georgia Morrison testified extensively at the postconviction evidentiary hearing

about how she physically and verbally abused Morrison when he was young.

Morrison presented evidence—through Georgia and other witnesses—that Georgia

frequently beat her children with garden hoses cut in half, extension cords, belts,

mops, brooms, and switches. Willie Morrison explained that Georgia would also

beat her children in a particularly brutal manner: “She take you in the bathroom,

you know what’s fixing to happen, she’s fixing to put like three inches of water in

the tub and pour rubbing alcohol on you and tell you to lay down in the tub and she

going to whip you until her arm get tired.” Morrison presented evidence that

Georgia would lock Morrison in the closet for extended periods of time as

- 29 -
punishment and verbally abuse him by calling him “[s]tupid, crazy, retarded,

bastard,” and other cruel names.

We conclude that the postconviction court correctly found that Morrison was

prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to present evidence at the penalty phase. The

mental health and social background evidence presented by Morrison at the

postconviction evidentiary hearing is compelling mitigation. Morrison presented

evidence of his: (1) adaptive deficits; (2) organic brain damage;12 (3) brain injuries;

(4) premature birth;13 (5) childhood abuse; (6) deprived childhood; and (7) parents’

divorce. Notably, evidence of Morrison’s childhood abuse—which the

postconviction court characterized as “especially disturbing”—was not presented

to the jury. Cf. State v. Bright, 200 So. 3d 710, 734 (Fla. 2016) (“The incomplete

picture the jury was presented during trial here notably omitted Bright’s history

of . . . rampant and violent beatings [with an electrical cord, leather belt, or

12. Although Dr. Krop’s penalty phase deposition informed the jury that he
did not find any conclusive evidence of organic brain damage, that finding is not
dispositive because trial counsel failed to provide Dr. Krop with the requested
additional information necessary to adequately assess Morrison’s case for
mitigation.

13. Although Morrison’s mother Georgia testified at the penalty phase that
her son was born healthy, trial counsel was still deficient for failing to adequately
investigate Morrison’s social background.

- 30 -
hand].”). Although the aggravators in this case are weighty, there is a reasonable

probability that the presentation of this additional mitigating evidence would have

resulted in a different result at the penalty phase. See, e.g., Salazar v. State, 188

So. 3d 799, 817 (Fla. 2016) (“Weighing the mitigating evidence described above of

Salazar’s low IQ scores, adaptive deficits, head injuries, and family history

presented during the postconviction proceeding, combined with the mitigating

evidence presented at the penalty phase against the evidence in aggravation, there

is a reasonable probability that presenting the additional mitigation would lead to a

different result.”); Griffin v. State, 114 So. 3d 890, 909 (Fla. 2013) (“Had the trial

judge been presented with evidence about the severity of Griffin’s drug use, his use

of drugs at the time of the crimes, his family history of alcohol and drug abuse and

mental illness, his history of depression, and the impact of his prior brain injury,

there is a reasonable probability that the result of the penalty phase proceeding

would have been different.”).

We therefore affirm the postconviction court’s granting of a new penalty

phase on this issue.

III. MORRISON’S CROSS-APPEAL

A. Brady

The first issue presented in Morrison’s cross-appeal is whether the

postconviction court erred in denying Morrison’s Brady claims. Morrison claims

- 31 -
that the State violated Brady by suppressing evidence of: (1) an unused condom

found in the victim’s shirt pocket; (2) Officer Richardson’s conversation with

Brown; (3) Detective Davis’s handwritten notes; (4) Wright’s statements to law

enforcement; and (5) Morrison’s drug use at the time of arrest. As explained

below, the postconviction court did not err in denying Morrison’s Brady claims.

“To establish a Brady violation, the defendant has the burden to show that:

(1) the evidence was either exculpatory or impeaching; (2) the evidence was

willfully or inadvertently suppressed by the State; and (3) because the evidence

was material, the defendant was prejudiced.” Davis v. State, 136 So. 3d 1169,

1184 (Fla. 2014). “To meet the materiality prong, the defendant must demonstrate

a reasonable probability that had the suppressed evidence been disclosed, the jury

would have reached a different verdict.” Id. at 1185. “A reasonable probability is

a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. “The

cumulative effect of the suppressed evidence must be considered when

determining materiality.” Way v. State, 760 So. 2d 903, 913 (Fla. 2000). “In

reviewing a Brady claim, ‘this Court defers to the factual findings made by the trial

court to the extent they are supported by competent, substantial evidence, but

reviews de novo the application of those facts to the law.’ ” Johnson v. State, 135

So. 3d 1002, 1028 (Fla. 2014) (quoting Lightbourne v. State, 841 So. 2d 431, 437

(Fla. 2003)).

- 32 -
 Morrison claims that the State violated Brady by suppressing evidence of an

unused condom found in the victim’s shirt pocket. However, Morrison’s Brady

claim fails to meet the first prong of Brady. As the postconviction court found:

“[Morrison] fails to establish [the victim] planned to have sexual relations with Ms.

Brown the night of the murder. Even if Ms. Brown was a prostitute, [Morrison’s]

ultimate conclusion that a condom in [the victim’s] shirt pocket means Ms. Brown

killed [the victim] is rank speculation and, thus, does not merit relief.” We

conclude that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court’s

finding that Morrison failed to present any evidence connecting Brown to the

condom. Because we are remanding for a new penalty phase proceeding, we

decline to address whether evidence of the condom could have been used to rebut

the State’s penalty phase theory that the victim was a feeble recluse.

Morrison claims that the State violated Brady by suppressing evidence of

Officer Richardson’s conversation with Brown in which he purportedly used

threats to coerce her cooperation with law enforcement. However, Morrison’s

Brady claim fails to meet the first prong of Brady. Although Tims testified at the

postconviction evidentiary hearing that she overheard Officer Richardson threaten

Brown to “cooperate,” the record indicates that this meant following Officer

Richardson’s instructions not to talk to anyone about the murder. As the

postconviction court found:

- 33 -
 Ms. Tim[s’] testimony illustrates Ms. Brown’s fear of
consequences if she did not follow [Officer Richardson’s] instructions
not to talk to anyone about the murder. It does not show that Officer
Richardson threatened Ms. Brown to cooperate when she made her
statement. . . . There is no evidence of Officer Richardson threatening
Ms. Brown so as to lead her to testify untruthfully at [Morrison’s]
trial.

We conclude that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction

court’s finding.

Morrison claims that the State violated Brady by suppressing evidence of

Detective Davis’s handwritten notes in which he purportedly identified Brown as a

suspect. This claim is procedurally barred because Morrison did not raise it in his

amended postconviction motion. See Hitchcock v. State, 991 So. 2d 337, 349 (Fla.

2008) (“This argument is procedurally barred because Hitchcock did not raise it in

his postconviction motion.”).

Morrison claims that the State violated Brady by suppressing evidence of

Wright’s statements to law enforcement that she purportedly saw and talked with

Morrison in Marietta on the night of the murder. This claim is entirely misplaced

because no one was in a better position to know if Wright saw and talked with

Morrison in Marietta on the night of the murder than Morrison himself. See

Occhicone v. State, 768 So. 2d 1037, 1042 (Fla. 2000) (“[A] Brady claim cannot

stand if a defendant knew of the evidence allegedly withheld or had possession of

it, simply because the evidence cannot then be found to have been withheld from

- 34 -
the defendant.”).

Morrison claims that the State violated Brady by suppressing evidence of

Morrison’s purported drug use at the time of arrest. We reject this claim because

no one was in a better position to know if Morrison used drugs at the time of his

arrest than Morrison himself. See id. As the postconviction court found: “This

information was equally accessible to [Morrison] and to the State.” We conclude

that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court’s finding.

In any event, even assuming that all five pieces of evidence constitute Brady

material, Morrison could not demonstrate prejudice under a cumulative materiality

analysis.

We therefore affirm the postconviction court’s denial of Morrison’s Brady

claims.

B. Newly Discovered Evidence

The second issue presented in Morrison’s cross-appeal is whether the

postconviction court erred in denying Morrison’s newly discovered evidence

claims regarding: (1) DNA evidence obtained from the knife handle of the murder

weapon and (2) Brown’s posttrial admission to Tims. As explained below, the

postconviction court did not err in denying Morrison’s newly discovered evidence

claims.

- 35 -
 A defendant must satisfy a two-prong test in order to obtain relief on the

basis of newly discovered evidence:

First, the evidence must not have been known by the trial court, the
party, or counsel at the time of trial, and it must appear that the
defendant or defense counsel could not have known of it by the use of
diligence. Second, the newly discovered evidence must be of such
nature that it would probably produce an acquittal on retrial.

Marek v. State, 14 So. 3d 985, 990 (Fla. 2009). “Newly discovered evidence

satisfies the second prong of this test if it ‘weakens the case against [the defendant]

so as to give rise to a reasonable doubt as to his culpability.’ ” Henry v. State, 125

So. 3d 745, 750 (Fla. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Heath v. State, 3 So. 3d

1017, 1023-24 (Fla. 2009)). In determining whether a new trial is warranted, the

reviewing court “must consider the effect of the newly discovered evidence, in

addition to all of the admissible evidence that could be introduced at a new trial.”

Hildwin v. State, 141 So. 3d 1178, 1184 (Fla. 2014) (citing Swafford v. State, 125

So. 3d 760, 775-76 (Fla. 2013)). “When a postconviction court rules on a newly

discovered evidence claim after an evidentiary hearing, this Court will affirm those

determinations that involve findings of fact, the credibility of witnesses, and the

weight of the evidence provided they are supported by competent, substantial

evidence.” Brooks v. State, 175 So. 3d 204, 231 (Fla. 2015).

Morrison presented evidence at the postconviction evidentiary hearing that

DNA testing of the knife handle of the murder weapon revealed DNA from an

- 36 -
unknown person and excluded Morrison and the victim as contributors. However,

the DNA evidence obtained from the knife handle of the murder weapon is not

newly discovered because Morrison or Morrison’s trial counsel could have known

of it by the use of due diligence. Morrison actually knew about the knife at the

time of trial and could have requested DNA testing of the knife handle prior to

trial. Although Morrison argues that the DNA evidence is newly discovered

because it was not “routine” to conduct DNA testing of knife handles at the time of

his trial, this argument lacks merit. Morrison has failed to demonstrate that the

DNA evidence could not have been obtained at the time of trial through DNA

testing methods or techniques existing at the time of trial. See Wyatt v. State, 71

So. 3d 86, 100 (Fla. 2011) (explaining that this Court has “recognized newly

discovered evidence claims predicated upon new testing methods or techniques

that did not exist at the time of trial, but are used to test evidence introduced at the

original trial”).

Brown’s posttrial admission to Tims is newly discovered. However, the

postconviction court found that the newly discovered evidence does not

demonstrate that Brown lied at trial:

[M]s. Tim[s] testified at the evidentiary hearing she had a
conversation with Ms. Brown after the trial. According to Ms.
Tim[s], Ms. Brown said she testified because the officer threatened to
take her to jail and take her child from her if she did not cooperate. . . .
Even if this is true, there is no evidence Ms. Brown’s trial testimony

- 37 -
 was untruthful; there is only evidence that Ms. Brown did not want to
cooperate with law enforcement.

(Footnote omitted.) We conclude that competent, substantial evidence supports the

postconviction court’s finding. We further conclude that the newly discovered

evidence would not probably produce an acquittal on retrial even when it is

considered cumulatively with all of the admissible evidence that could be

introduced at a new trial.

We therefore affirm the postconviction court’s denial of Morrison’s newly

discovered evidence claims.

C. Intellectual Disability

The third issue presented in Morrison’s cross-appeal is whether the

postconviction court erred in denying Morrison’s intellectual disability claim. To

prevail on a claim of intellectual disability, a defendant must establish three

elements: (1) significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning (2) existing

concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and (3) manifesting prior to age

18. § 921.137(1), Fla. Stat. (2015); see also Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.203. “If the

defendant fails to prove any one of these components, the defendant will not be

found to be intellectually disabled.” Snelgrove v. State, 217 So. 3d 992, 1002 (Fla.

2017) (quoting Salazar, 188 So. 3d at 812).

“[T]his Court has never held that the defendant must have been given a

- 38 -
specific IQ test prior to the age of 18 in order to find an intellectual disability.”

Oats v. State, 181 So. 3d 457, 469 (Fla. 2015). However, “a defendant [must still]

demonstrate that his ‘intellectual deficiencies manifested while he was in the

“developmental stage”—that is, before he reached adulthood.’ ” Id. at 468

(quoting Brumfield v. Cain, 135 S. Ct. 2269, 2282 (2015)).

In its order, the postconviction court discussed the standard for intellectual

disability and Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014). The postconviction court

subsequently analyzed the merits of Morrison’s intellectual disability claim:

[T]he medical experts report [Morrison’s] IQ scores are: 78 (1976); 78
(1997); 79 (2008); and 70 (2012). Although [Morrison’s] score of 70
is certainly within the range of subaverage intellectual functioning,
[Morrison] did not achieve this score until he was more than forty-
years old. The only score that satisfies the third prong of intellectual
disability—onset before the age of eighteen—is [Morrison’s] score in
1976 when he was eight-years old.

At the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Morrison was afforded a full

opportunity to present evidence on each of the three elements of the intellectual

disability standard. After taking into account Hall and considering all three prongs

of the intellectual disability test in tandem, the postconviction court found that

Morrison was not entitled to relief on his intellectual disability claim because he

failed to prove the third prong. We affirm the postconviction court’s denial of

Morrison’s intellectual disability claim. Morrison did not prove manifestation of

significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning prior to age 18.

- 39 -
 D. Cumulative Error

The final issue that we address in Morrison’s cross-appeal is Morrison’s

contention that errors demonstrated in the proceedings below cumulatively entitle

him to a new guilt phase. “Where several errors are identified, the Court

‘considers the cumulative effect of evidentiary errors and ineffective assistance [of

counsel] claims together.’ ” Diaz v. State, 132 So. 3d 93, 118 (Fla. 2013)

(alteration in original) (quoting Hurst, 18 So. 3d at 1015). However, “[i]t is well

established that ‘where individual claims of error alleged are either procedurally

barred or without merit, the claim of cumulative error must fail.’ ” Mendoza v.

State, 87 So. 3d 644, 657 (Fla. 2011) (quoting Griffin v. State, 866 So. 2d 1, 22

(Fla. 2003)). “In addition, individual claims that fail to meet the Strickland

standard for ineffective assistance of counsel are also insufficient to establish

cumulative error.” Bright, 200 So. 3d at 742. Moreover, claims of error that have

previously been presented to this Court on direct appeal or in postconviction and

subsequently rejected cannot form the basis for a valid claim of cumulative error.

See Rogers v. State, 957 So. 2d 538, 555-56 (Fla. 2007) (citing Morris v. State,

931 So. 2d 821, 837 n.14 (Fla. 2006); Melendez v. State, 718 So. 2d 746, 749 (Fla.

1998)). Because Morrison has failed to establish that any guilt phase errors

occurred that either individually or cumulatively would entitle him to a new guilt

phase, we deny relief on this claim.

- 40 -
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we reverse the portion of the postconviction court’s

order granting Morrison a new guilt phase, affirm the portions of the

postconviction court’s order granting Morrison a new penalty phase and denying

Morrison’s other asserted grounds for postconviction relief, and deny Morrison’s

claim of guilt phase cumulative error. Accordingly, we vacate the death sentence

and remand this case for a new penalty phase.

It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, POLSTON, and LAWSON,
JJ., concur.
PARIENTE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND,
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

PARIENTE, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur that Morrison is entitled to a new penalty phase. But I dissent from

the majority’s denial of a new evidentiary hearing on Morrison’s intellectual

disability claim. The postconviction court improperly relied solely on Morrison’s

IQ score of 78 when he was eight years old to conclude that Morrison did not meet

the third prong of the intellectual disability test—that the intellectual disability

manifested before the age of eighteen—and was, therefore, not intellectually

disabled. Taking into consideration the significant amount of testimony offered

during the postconviction evidentiary hearing indicating that Morrison’s

- 41 -
intellectual disability manifested prior to the age of eighteen, I would err on the

side of caution and grant Morrison an opportunity to prove that he is intellectually

disabled at a hearing conducted pursuant to this Court’s decision in Oats v. State,

181 So. 3d 457 (Fla. 2015), which emphasized that “ ‘manifested’ [does not]

equate[] to ‘diagnose[],’ ” id. at 469, and was a decision the postconviction court

did not have the benefit of when it denied Morrison’s intellectual disability claim.

The postconviction court found that Morrison could not be intellectually

disabled solely because he obtained an IQ score of 78 on an intellectual disability

test administered when Morrison was eight years old. In doing so, the

postconviction court felt compelled to conclude that Morrison was not

intellectually disabled, despite the expert and layperson testimony tending to prove

that, despite the IQ score of 78, Morrison showed signs of intellectual disability

before the age of eighteen. In fact, the trial court stated that its decision was based

on the IQ score “despite significant deficits in adaptive functioning” before the age

of eighteen.

The postconviction court denied Morrison’s intellectual disability claim,

stating:

[T]he medical experts report [Morrison’s] IQ scores are: 78 (1976); 78
(1997); 79 (2008); and 70 (2012). Although [Morrison’s] score of 70
is certainly within the range of subaverage intellectual functioning,
[Morrison] did not achieve this score until he was more than forty
years old. The only score that satisfies the third prong of intellectual

- 42 -
 disability—onset before the age of eighteen—is [Morrison’s] score in
1976 when he was eight-years old.
This [c]ourt is constrained by caselaw and statute not to declare
[Morrison] intellectually disabled despite significant deficits in
adaptive functioning. [Morrison] is not entitled to relief on [his
intellectual disability claim].

The above order, including its cursory analysis, demonstrates the postconviction

court’s failure to provide Morrison with the constitutionally required holistic

review of his intellectual disability claim. See Walls v. State, 213 So. 3d 340, 346

(Fla. 2016), cert. denied, 2017 WL 2654649 (2017). In Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct.

1986 (2014), which the postconviction court discussed in its order, the United

States Supreme Court made clear that sentencing courts should “consider . . .

substantial and weighty evidence of intellectual disability as measured and made

manifest by the defendant’s failure or inability to adapt to his social and cultural

environment, including medical histories, behavioral records, school tests and

reports, and testimony regarding past behavior and family circumstances. . . .

[T]he medical community accepts that all of this evidence can be probative of

intellectual disability, including for individuals who have an IQ test score above

70.” Id. at 1994.

Morrison presented numerous lay witnesses in support of his intellectual

disability claim. Collectively, these witnesses testified that Morrison was born

prematurely, was mentally slow from a young age, had trouble performing simple

tasks such as picking up items from the store and preparing food, and generally

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required assistance. To this effect, Joseph Turner, a childhood friend, testified that

other children made fun of Morrison when he was growing up because “he wasn’t

up to . . . speed with the regular kids,” and Morrison would howl at the moon and

scream for hours as a child. Irving Huffingham, the principal of Morrison’s

elementary school, testified that Morrison was referred for special testing and

evaluation because his teachers saw something concerning in his performance.

Huffingham further testified that Morrison tested in the “top end of the borderline

range of [intellectual disability].” Morrison’s school records indicated that

Morrison dropped out of school when he was sixteen years old, having only

reached the seventh grade.

At the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Morrison also presented

numerous expert witnesses in support of his intellectual disability claim. For

example, Dr. Gordon Taub administered the WAIS-IV to Morrison in March 2012.

Dr. Taub believed that Morrison’s full-scale IQ score of 70 on the WAIS-IV was

valid and reliable. Dr. Eisenstein testified that he concluded that Morrison is

intellectually disabled because he has deficits in intellectual functioning and

deficits in adaptive functioning, which existed before Morrison reached the age of

18. Dr. Eisenstein explained that Morrison’s academic difficulties and consistent

academic failures constituted evidence that his intellectual disability existed prior

to age 18. Dr. Eisenstein testified that he would categorize Morrison’s impairment

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“between moderate to extreme.” Dr. Krop testified that Morrison’s school records

suggested that he suffered from intellectual deficiencies.

In Hall, the United States Supreme Court held that Florida’s interpretation

of section 921.137(1), Florida Statutes (2013), as establishing a strict IQ score

cutoff of 70, “create[d] an unacceptable risk that persons with intellectual disability

will be executed, and thus is unconstitutional.” 134 S. Ct. at 1990. The United

States Supreme Court recognized in Hall that, based on a consensus within the

medical community, the manifestation prong of the intellectual disability test

simply requires the “onset of these deficits during the developmental period.” Id.

at 1994; see Brumfield v. Cain, 135 S. Ct. 2269, 2282 (2015) (indicating that this

prong requires the defendant to demonstrate that intellectual deficiencies

manifested “before he [or she] reached adulthood”). Indeed, in describing the

manifestation prong, we have expressly rejected the notion that manifestation of an

intellectual disability prior to the age of 18 “equates to [a] ‘diagnos[is]’ ” of an

intellectual disability because “the only way to find an intellectual disability would

[then] be if the diagnosis already existed by the age of 18.” Oats, 181 So. 3d at

469. Consistent with this description of the manifestation prong, the Court also

held that a determination of intellectual disability is a “conjunctive and interrelated

assessment” such that no single factor can be considered dispositive. Id. at 459

(quoting Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 2001).

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 After Hall and the postconviction court’s order in this case, in Oats, this

Court echoed Hall, stating: “[A]s the Supreme Court has now recognized, because

these factors are interdependent, if one of the prongs is relatively less strong, a

finding of intellectual disability may still be warranted based on the strength of

other prongs.” Id. at 467-68 (citing Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 2001). This Court made

clear that “courts must consider all three prongs in determining an intellectual

disability, as opposed to relying on just one factor as dispositive.” Id. at 467.

Thus, every intellectual disability claim must be given a “holistic review.” Walls,

213 So. 3d at 346.

As I have previously stated:

More than fundamental fairness and a clear manifest injustice,
the risk of executing a person who is not constitutionally able to be
executed, trumps any other considerations that this Court looks to
when determining if a subsequent decision of the United States
Supreme Court should be applied. At stake in this case is a principle
that could not be better expressed than in the words of Justice
Kennedy writing for the majority in Hall:

The death penalty is the gravest sentence our
society may impose. Persons facing that most severe
sanction must have a fair opportunity to show that the
Constitution prohibits their execution. Florida’s law
contravenes our Nation’s commitment to dignity and its
duty to teach human decency as the mark of a civilized
world. The States are laboratories for experimentation,
but those experiments may not deny the basic dignity the
Constitution protects.

Walls, 213 So. 3d at 348-49 (Pariente, J., concurring).

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 The significant amount of testimony offered during the postconviction

hearing indicates that Morrison’s intellectual disability manifested prior to the age

of eighteen. However the postconviction court discounted this evidence of

“significant deficits in adaptive functioning” focusing solely on Morrison’s one

childhood IQ score that fell outside the test’s margin of error. Thus, I would give

Morrison the opportunity to prove that he is intellectually disabled at a hearing

conducted pursuant to this Court’s opinion in Oats. Accordingly, I dissent from

the majority’s denial of Morrison’s claim that he is entitled to a new evidentiary

hearing on his claim of intellectual disability.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Duval County,
Henry Elisha Davis, Judge - Case No. 161997CF000991AXXXMA

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Leslie T. Campbell,
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, Florida,

for Appellant/Cross-Appellee

Linda McDermott of McClain & McDermott, P.A., Estero, Florida,

for Appellee/Cross-Appellant

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