NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
JESSE JAMES ABBOTT, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 17-0061
FILED 12-14-2017
Appeal from the Superior Court in Mohave County
No. S8015CR201501152
The Honorable Steven F. Conn, Judge (Retired)
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Gracynthia Claw
Counsel for Appellee
Law Offices of Harriette P. Levitt, Tucson
By Harriette P. Levitt
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. ABBOTT
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Judge Patricia A. Orozco1 delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Michael J. Brown and Judge Jennifer B. Campbell joined.
O R O Z C O, Judge:
¶1 Jesse James Abbott appeals his convictions and sentences for
one count of conspiracy involving a dangerous drug and one count of sale
of dangerous drugs (methamphetamine), both class 2 felonies. For the
following reasons, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 On October 1, 2015, a grand jury indicted Abbott for two
methamphetamine-related offenses. Count 1, conspiracy, was alleged to
have occurred between January 1 and September 23, 2015, and count 15,
sale of dangerous drugs (methamphetamine) was alleged to have occurred
between September 17 and 18, 2015. Count 1 charged Abbott with
conspiring to possess, possess for sale, transport for sale, import into this
state or offer to transport for sale or import into this state, sell, transfer or
offer to sell or transfer methamphetamine.
¶3 Trial proceeded on September 7, 2016. Following the close of
evidence, the superior court discussed the proposed jury instructions with
counsel. The court observed that the conspiracy instruction would be a
“two-page instruction” because “it has ten different definitions of the
various crimes.” The court also advised counsel that it intended to give an
instruction it drafted which would tell the jurors that “they don’t have to
all 12 agree on a specific crime that the defendant conspired to commit, they
just have to all each one of them individually be satisfied that the state
proved beyond a reasonable doubt that he conspired to commit at least one
of those offenses, and they don’t all have to agree on the same one.”
Following the discussion of the proposed instructions, Abbott’s counsel
objected to the conspiracy instruction, stating, “the jury should have to say
1 The Honorable Patricia A. Orozco, retired Judge of the Arizona
Court of Appeals, Division One, has been authorized to sit in this matter
pursuant to Article VI, Section 3 of the Arizona Constitution.
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STATE v. ABBOTT
Decision of the Court
with specificity and decide which underlying crimes Mr. Abbott . . .
supposedly conspired to commit”; however, the court rejected counsel’s
suggestion.
¶4 Because the State charged Abbott with conspiracy involving
both a class 4 and class 2 felonies, the final jury instructions stated:
In order to find the Defendant guilty of the crime of
Conspiracy, it is not necessary that all 12 of you agree on the
specific crime that the Defendant conspired to commit.
However, it is necessary that each of you individually is
convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant
conspired to commit at least one of the 10 crimes listed. The
Defendant is entitled to a unanimous verdict on whether the
crime of Conspiracy was committed but is not entitled to a
unanimous verdict on the precise manner in which the crime
was committed.
The guilty verdict form for count 1 gave the jury two options and the jury
found as follows:
The Defendant guilty Count 1, Conspiracy.
Further, that the Defendant conspired to commit either
Possession of Dangerous Drugs for Sale, Transportation of
Dangerous Drugs for Sale, Importation of Dangerous Drugs
into the State, Offer to Transport Dangerous Drugs for Sale,
Offer to Import Dangerous Drugs into the State, Sale of
Dangerous Drugs, Transfer of Dangerous Drugs, Offer to Sell
Dangerous Drugs or Offer to Transfer Dangerous Drugs.
The nine crimes listed are all class 2 felonies. The other option given to the
jury, which it rejected, was that Abbott did not conspire to commit one of
the nine enumerated crimes, which necessarily would mean he conspired
to commit possession of dangerous drugs, a class 4 felony. The jury also
found Abbott guilty of count 15, sale of dangerous drugs.
¶5 The superior court found that Abbott was previously
convicted of two non-historical prior felonies. Abbott was sentenced to the
presumptive term of 9.25 years’ imprisonment on the conspiracy charge
and to the presumptive term of 15.75 years’ imprisonment on the sale of
dangerous drugs charge. The court ordered the terms of imprisonment to
run concurrently and awarded Abbott 395 days of presentence
incarceration credit. Abbott timely appealed. We have jurisdiction
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STATE v. ABBOTT
Decision of the Court
pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.) sections 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-
4031, and -4033(A)(1).
DISCUSSION
¶6 Abbott first argues that his conspiracy conviction was the
result of a duplicitous indictment. A duplicitous indictment is “one that,
on its face, alleges multiple crimes within one count.” State v. Butler, 230
Ariz. 465, 470, ¶ 13 (App. 2012). “Because a duplicitous indictment alerts a
defendant to the problem before trial . . . a defendant who fails to challenge
a duplicitous indictment before trial waives the issue unless he can establish
fundamental error.” Id. at ¶¶ 14–15; see also State v. Anderson, 210 Ariz. 327,
335–36, ¶¶ 13–18 (2005) (defendant who failed to make pretrial objection to
allegedly duplicitous indictment waived argument). To establish
fundamental error, the defendant has the burden to show error that “goes
to the foundation of his case, takes away a right that is essential to his
defense, and is of such magnitude that he could not have received a fair
trial.” State v. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, 568, ¶ 24 (2005).
¶7 The State does not assert that fundamental error review is
applicable here. Instead, it analyzes Abbott’s argument under harmless
error, as though Abbott preserved the issue for appellate review. But our
review of the record does not reveal a pretrial objection to the allegedly
duplicitous indictment. And, although on appeal Abbott vacillates
between arguing a duplicitous indictment and a duplicitous charge, see
Butler, 230 Ariz. at 470, ¶ 13 (A duplicitous charge is “one that alleges
multiple crimes due to the presentation of evidence at trial.”), he has not
sufficiently developed either argument, and we may consider his argument
waived, MT Builders, L.L.C. v. Fisher Roofing, Inc., 219 Ariz. 297, 304 n.7, ¶ 19
(App. 2008) (arguments not developed on appeal are deemed waived).
Waiver aside, and whether we analyze Abbott’s argument as asserting a
duplicitous indictment (reviewing for fundamental error) or a duplicitous
charge (reviewing for harmless error), his argument is meritless.
¶8 As he notes in his appellate brief, the superior court need not
take measures to cure a duplicitous charge “in those instances in which all
the separate acts that the State intends to introduce into evidence are part
of a single criminal transaction.” State v. Klokic, 219 Ariz. 241, 244, ¶ 15
(App. 2008). “A person who conspires to commit a number of offenses is
guilty of only one conspiracy if the multiple offenses are the object of the
same agreement . . . and the degree of the conspiracy shall be determined
by the most serious offense conspired to.” A.R.S. § 13-1003(C). Thus, the
State’s introduction of evidence to prove that Abbott conspired to commit
4
STATE v. ABBOTT
Decision of the Court
any one of the 10 enumerated offenses does not render the charge
duplicitous. Indeed, it was the appropriate way to prove Appellant was
guilty of the conspiracy as charged. See State v. Neese, 126 Ariz. 499, 505
(App. 1980) (“Presenting evidence of violations of different statutes does
not create separate conspiracies out of one conspiracy. . . . The one
agreement cannot be taken to be several agreements and hence several
conspiracies because it envisages the violation of several statutes rather
than one.”).
¶9 In State v. Willoughby, our supreme court was confronted with
an appeal from a conspiracy conviction which had as its object offenses
“murder, fraudulent schemes and artifices, armed robbery, obstructing a
criminal investigation or prosecution, and filing a fraudulent insurance
claim.” 181 Ariz. 530, 534 (1995). In affirming the conviction, the court
stated that if the conspiracy to commit the most serious offense—murder—
was sufficiently supported by the trial evidence, it “need not discuss the
other conspiracy allegations.” Id. at 545, citing State v. Ortiz, 131 Ariz. 195,
205 (1981) (“When an indictment charges a single conspiracy with multiple
objects, a conviction will stand if the prosecution proves the defendant
guilty of conspiracy to commit any one of the objects.”).
¶10 Here, the evidence supported conspiracy to commit several of
the class 2 felony offenses—importing, transporting, possessing for sale,
and selling dangerous drugs. “[W]here a single offense may be committed
in more than one way,” jury unanimity is required only “as to guilt for the
single crime charged.” State v. West, 238 Ariz. 482, 494, ¶ 38 (App. 2015).
The superior court repeatedly told the jury that it must be unanimous on
whether Abbott was engaged in a conspiracy but it did not need to agree
on which of the underlying offenses he conspired to commit. Abbott was
not prejudiced by the court’s correct statement of law or its refusal to
require unanimity on which underlying offense(s) Abbott conspired to
commit.
¶11 Abbott next argues that there was insufficient evidence to
convict him on count 15—selling dangerous drugs. We review the
existence of sufficient evidence de novo. State v. West, 226 Ariz. 559, 562,
¶ 15 (2011). “[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. at ¶ 16. “Substantial evidence,” that is, “proof that reasonable persons
could accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of
defendant’s guilt,” must support the jury’s verdict. Id. Here, the State’s
case rested primarily on the testimony of a police informant.
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STATE v. ABBOTT
Decision of the Court
¶12 The informant testified that Abbott “fronted” her a quarter
ounce of methamphetamine and she was supposed to “go sell [it] off and
pay him later.” She took a picture of the methamphetamine, texted it to the
investigating detective, and then met with the detective at which time she
gave him the methamphetamine and he gave her $150. She testified that
she gave Abbott the $150. Abbott challenges the informant’s testimony,
arguing that she “was a completely incredible witness as to this charge.” It
is the province of the jury, however, and not this Court, “to weigh the
evidence and determine the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Williams,
209 Ariz. 228, 231, ¶ 6 (App. 2004).
¶13 And, Abbott attempted to undermine the veracity of the
informant’s story and her credibility through cross-examination. While
cross-examining the detective, Abbott confirmed that the detective had not
been in contact with the informant for approximately four days before she
contacted him and told him Abbott had fronted her the methamphetamine.
The informant also did not obtain the drugs using the standard “controlled
buy” procedure of wearing a “recording device of some type,” and
submitting to pre- and post-buy searches of her person and vehicle. In fact,
the detective admitted that, other than the informant’s word, he had
“nothing to say that this meth actually came from [Abbott].”
¶14 During cross-examination of the informant, she admitted to
being a convicted felon and having been arrested for conspiracy and sale of
methamphetamine. She reached an agreement to cooperate with police and
was given five years’ probation in lieu of a potential sentence of 11 years in
prison. Part of her agreement included testifying against Abbott and many
other individuals. If she failed to cooperate, the agreement mandated an
automatic ten-year prison term. She also admitted she was using
methamphetamine during the ongoing investigation of Abbott and last
used at the end of October 2015. The jury, however, found the informant’s
version of events credible, and we will not disturb the verdict because it is
supported by substantial evidence.
CONCLUSION
¶15 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Abbott’s convictions and
sentences.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA 6