UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ELECTRONIC PRIVACY :
INFORMATION CENTER, :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 17-cv-163 (RC)
:
v. : Re Document Nos.: 17, 18
:
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR :
OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, :
:
Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S
CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
The single document at issue in this Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) suit is of
interest to a great many people, both in the United States and abroad. That is the reason that the
Electronic Privacy Information Center (“EPIC”) seeks it. That is also why the Office of the
Director of National Intelligence (“ODNI”) asserts that it must be withheld in full.
The document EPIC seeks is the classified assessment of the U.S. Intelligence
Community (“IC”) compiled by ODNI regarding Russia’s attempts to influence the 2016 U.S.
presidential election. While this document remains highly classified, ODNI has also published a
declassified version of the assessment, which contains some of the classified report’s conclusions
regarding Russian activities and intentions during the election, without any description of the
intelligence sources or methods used to reach those conclusions.
EPIC originally sought the entire classified report, but now appears to concede that there
are portions of the report that properly fall within FOIA Exemptions 1 and 3, exemptions which
ODNI claims justify the withholding of the entire document. It is this blanket withholding that
EPIC now challenges, and which the Court now affirms.
For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that ODNI sufficiently demonstrated that
the classified report is subject to withholding under FOIA Exemption 1, which protects classified
documents, and FOIA Exemption 3, which protects documents exempted from disclosure by
statute. Because the entire report, including information about its length, falls within Exemption
3, there are no reasonably segregable portions of the report that the agency must release. The
Court further finds that ODNI’s release of a declassified version of the classified report does not
entitle EPIC to any portion of the classified report, even a fully redacted version. Because the
Court has determined that the entire document was properly withheld under these FOIA
exemptions, it declines EPIC’s request that it review the document in camera.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The subject of this FOIA request is a single document of great public interest, but also
with severe national security implications if released to the public. On January 6, 2017, ODNI
published an official assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community—in this case consisting of
the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the National Security
Agency—concluding that not only did “Russian efforts to influence the 2016 US presidential
election represent the most recent expression of Moscow’s longstanding desire to undermine the
US-led liberal democratic order,” but also that “these activities demonstrated a significant
escalation in directness, level of activity, and scope of effort compared to previous operations.”
Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), Ex. 1 at ii, ECF No. 18-3. This public report, titled
Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections, “[was] a declassified version
of a highly classified assessment. [The] document’s conclusions [were] identical to the highly
2
classified assessment [’s], but [the] document [did] not include the full supporting information,
including specific intelligence on key elements of the influence campaign.” Id. at i. The
“declassified version was prepared so that the IC could share with the public all information
contained in the classified report that could be safely released without jeopardizing intelligence
sources, methods, and activities.” Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Def’s Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 17. Both
the classified and declassified versions of the report were compiled by the National Intelligence
Officers within the National Intelligence Council (“NIC”), which “is a key ODNI component
responsible for leading analysis across the IC to inform immediate and long-term policy
deliberations.” Decl. Edward Gistaro (“Gistaro Decl.”) ¶¶ 9–12, ECF No. 17-1.
Soon after ODNI published the declassified version of the report, EPIC submitted a FOIA
request to ODNI seeking a copy of the “unredacted ODNI 2017 report ‘Assessing Russian
Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections.’” Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1 at 1, ECF No. 17-1. Upon
receipt of EPIC’s FOIA request, “NIC subject matter experts . . . based on their experience with
classification standards, their direct and comprehensive knowledge of the sensitive information
contained in the classified report, and their understanding of the capabilities of foreign
intelligence service operations to uncover classified information by pairing the declassified
report with a partially, or even fully, redacted version of the classified report, concluded that
release of a redacted version of the classified report would assist foreign intelligence operations
with developing and enhancing their understanding of U.S. intelligence sources, methods, and
activities.” Gistaro Decl. ¶ 26. The NIC subject matter experts “further concluded that release of
a redacted report would be of particular assistance to Russian intelligence, which, armed with
both the declassified report and a redacted copy of the classified report, would be able to discern
the volume of intelligence the U.S. currently possesses with respect to Russian attempts to
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influence the 2016 election. This would reveal the maturity of the U.S.’s intelligence efforts and
expose information about the IC’s capabilities (including sources and methods) that could
reasonably be expected to cause serious or exceptionally grave danger to US national security.”
Id.
On May 2, 2017, ODNI informed EPIC that it had located the document responsive to its
FOIA request, but had determined that the request must be denied in full pursuant to FOIA
Exemption 1, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1) (information that is “(A) specifically authorized under criteria
established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign
policy and (B) [is] in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order), and FOIA
Exemption 3, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3) (information that is “specifically exempted from disclosure
by statute (other than section 552b of this title), if that statute (A)(i) requires that the matters be
withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or (ii)
establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be
withheld”). In particular, ODNI claimed that the document was properly withheld pursuant to
Exemption 1 because it contained “information that is currently and properly classified pursuant
to Executive Order 13526, Section 1.4 (c), (d)” and that it was properly withheld under
Exemption 3 because it contained “information exempt from disclosure by . . . the National
Security Act of 1947, as amended, 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1), which protects information pertaining
to intelligence methods and sources.” Def.’s Mot., Ex. 3 at 1, ECF No. 17-1.
Following its final response to EPIC’s FOIA request, which was delivered several
months after EPIC had filed suit with this Court, ODNI moved for summary judgment on the
ground that it had properly withheld the responsive record pursuant to the applicable FOIA
exemptions and that it had demonstrated that it was necessary to withhold the entire responsive
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record in full. Def.’s Mot. at 2, 16. In support of its motion, ODNI submitted the declarations of
Edward Gistaro, Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Integration, see
Gistaro Decl., and Dustin Razsi, Vice Chairman of the National Intelligence Council at ODNI,
see Decl. Dustin Razsi (“Razsi Decl.”), ECF No. 22-1. EPIC cross-moved for summary
judgment on the ground that ODNI has not sufficiently justified its withholding of the entire
report because the classified report includes unclassified and declassified materials that have
already been released to the public. Pl.’s Mot. at 12, ECF No. 18-1. The parties’ cross-motions
for summary judgment are now ripe for decision.
III. LEGAL STANDARDS
A court must grant a motion for summary judgment when there is “no genuine issue of
material fact” and the “moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). In order to succeed on the motion, the moving party must demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact for trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256
(1986). A genuine issue of fact is one that “might affect the outcome of the suit under the
governing law.” Id. at 248. Once the moving party has demonstrated the absence of a dispute of
material fact, the non-moving party may not simply rely on the allegations in its pleadings, and
must establish that there remains a dispute beyond more than the “mere existence of a scintilla of
evidence.” Id. at 252.
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment under FOIA, the district court conducts a
de novo review of the record, see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B), and the defendant agency carries the
burden of demonstrating that any responsive records that were not provided were properly
withheld pursuant to one of the nine express statutory exemptions. Citizens for Responsibility
and Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 746 F.3d 1082, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2014). The
5
agency may carry its burden by submitting affidavits that “describe the justifications for
nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld
logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary
evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d
857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)).
“Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears
‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007).
IV. ANALYSIS
Although EPIC’s original FOIA request sought a full copy of the classified report, see
Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1 at 1, ECF No. 17-1, it now appears that EPIC only seeks reasonably
segregable portions of the report that do not fall under either Exemption 1 or Exemption 3. See
Pl.’s Mot. at 2 (EPIC “challenges the ODNI’s withholding of the Complete Assessment in full
based on Exemptions 1 and 3, contends that the ODNI has ‘officially acknowledged’ portions of
the Complete Assessment, and challenges the ODNI’s failure [to] release reasonably segregable
portions of the report.”). ODNI, for its part, claims that the entirety of the classified report falls
under Exemptions 1 and 3, and that even if it did not, there are no reasonably segregable portions
of the report that it could safely release to EPIC. Therefore, the Court must determine whether
the agency has sufficiently demonstrated that the entire classified report falls within Exemptions
1 and 3, and if not, whether it has sufficiently demonstrated that there exists no segregable
portion of the report that can be released without revealing classified or sensitive national
security information.1
1
The adequacy of ODNI’s search for the single record responsive to EPIC’s request is
not at issue in this case.
6
The Court first finds that ODNI sufficiently justified its withholding of the document
pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 1 and 3. Because the entire document is exempt, there is no non-
exempt reasonably segregable portion of the report that must be released. Finally, the Court finds
that even though there are portions of the classified report that have already been released to the
public, those lines, when placed within the classified report itself, have not been “officially
acknowledged” in full, and therefore need not be ordered released. Because ODNI has
demonstrated that the entire document was properly withheld, the Court will not exercise its
discretion to review the document in camera.
A. Exemption 1
ODNI first argues that it properly withheld the report because information within it falls
under FOIA Exemption 1, which applies to records “(A) specifically authorized under criteria
established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign
policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order.” 5 U.S.C. §
552(b)(1). The currently applicable Executive Order 13,526 provides, in relevant part, that:
[i]nformation shall not be considered for classification unless its unauthorized disclosure
could reasonably be expected to cause identifiable or describable damage to the national
security . . . and it pertains to one or more of the following: . . . (c) intelligence activities
(including covert action), intelligence sources or methods, or cryptology; (d) foreign
relations or foreign activities of the United States, including confidential sources.
Exec. Order No. 13526 § 1.4, 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009).
ODNI contends that the entire report was properly classified as TOP SECRET in both
procedure and substance, and was therefore properly withheld under Exemption 1. Gistaro Decl.
¶ 16. It further maintains that the entire document remains properly classified as TOP SECRET
to this day. Id. ¶ 17. EPIC counters that because there are portions of the classified report that
have now been declassified for publication in a separate report, those portions do not remain
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classified within the classified report either. Pl.’s Mot. at 17. Additionally, it argues that the
information within the classified report that, on its own, has never been classified was never
covered by Exemption 1. Id. EPIC contends that this means that the entire report cannot still be
properly classified as TOP SECRET and therefore cannot be withheld in full pursuant to
Exemption 1. Id.
In the context of documents withheld due to their classified status, courts must “accord
substantial weight to an agency’s affidavit concerning the details of the classified status of the
disputed record because the Executive departments responsible for national defense . . . matters
have unique insights into what adverse [e]ffects might occur as a result of a particular classified
record.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 864 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Overall, the
court need only examine whether the agency’s classification decision “appears ‘logical’ or
‘plausible.’ Id. at 862 (citing Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374–75); see also Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108,
1124 (D.C Cir. 2007) (“little proof or explanation is required beyond a plausible assertion that
information is properly classified.”).
ODNI’s classification policies provide that “[i]nformation that individually is
unclassified or classified at a lower level, may become classified or classified at a higher level
when aggregated or compiled in a single document, if the compiled information reveals an
additional association or relationship that meets the standards for classification under the Order,
and is not otherwise revealed in the individual data items.” Office of the Director of National
Intelligence, Classification Guide (“Classification Guide”), Section 2.8 (Sept. 30, 2014),
available at https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/FOIA/DF-2015-00044%20(Doc1).pdf. As
such, the unclassified and declassified information in the classified report may maintain a TOP
SECRET classification if, when combined with the other information in the report, it “reveals an
8
additional association or relationship that meets the standards for classification under the Order,
and is not otherwise revealed in the individual data items.” Id.
ODNI argues that it has withheld the report in its entirety for this precise reason. See
Gistaro Decl. ¶ 20b (“To an experienced reader (e.g. a foreign intelligence service analyst), the
unclassified information, if left non-redacted, would plainly illustrate factual associations and
relationships between the redacted and non-redacted portions of the report.”) (emphasis in
original). EPIC tries to undercut this argument by pointing out that the unclassified information
has already been released, and therefore cannot be the grave threat to national security that ODNI
claims it to be. It is true that this information, taken out of context and transplanted into a new
document, has been determined to be releasable. But ODNI’s release of this information in the
declassified report does not undercut its claim that such information, when seen within the
context of the redacted report, “reveals an additional association or relationship that meets the
standards for classification under the Order.” Classification Guide § 2.8. As such, ODNI, through
its affidavit, has provided sufficient proof for this Court to find that the information released in
the declassified report “logically or plausibly” remains classified within the classified report, and
therefore remains covered by Exemption 1. Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374–75.
B. Exemption 3
ODNI also argues that the report was properly withheld because information within it
falls within FOIA Exemption 3. Exemption 3 protects information “specifically exempt from
disclosure by statute.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). In order to properly claim that withheld information
falls within Exemption 3, the agency “need only show that the statute claimed is one of
exemption as contemplated by Exemption 3 and that the withheld material falls within the
statute.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 865. Courts have consistently held that Section 102A(i)(1) of the
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National Security Act of 1947, which provides that “[t]he Director of National Intelligence shall
protect intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure,” 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1),
is one such statutory provision that falls within the requirements of Exemption 3. Larson, 565
F.3d at 865. In this case, ODNI claims that it has withheld the classified report in full in order to
protect intelligence sources and methods from disclosure through EPIC’s FOIA request. Def.’s
Mot. at 16–21. EPIC in turn argues that “ODNI’s vague, conclusory declaration fails to establish
that the entire Assessment would reveal ‘intelligence methods and sources.’” Pl.’s Mot. at 17–18.
“Exemption 3 differs from other FOIA exemptions in that its applicability depends less
on the detailed factual contents of specific documents; the sole issue for decision is the existence
of a relevant statute and the inclusion of withheld material within the statute’s coverage.” Ass’n
of Retired R.R. Workers v. U.S. R.R. Retirement Bd., 830 F.2d 331, 336 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting
Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 350 (D.C. Cir. 1978)). In making this determination, courts afford
agency affidavits regarding the contents withheld substantial weight, Larson, 565 F.3d at 865,
because “it is the responsibility of the [intelligence community], not that of the judiciary, to
weigh the variety of complex and subtle factors in determining whether disclosure of information
may lead to an unacceptable risk of compromising the . . . intelligence-gathering process,” CIA v.
Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 180 (1985). For that reason, an intelligence agency’s protection of sources
and methods is a “near-blanket FOIA exemption,” Leopold v. CIA, 106 F. Supp. 3d 51, 57–58
(D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Whalen v. U.S. Marine Corps, 407 F. Supp. 2d 54, 59 n.5 (D.D.C.
2005)), that includes the “power to withhold superficially innocuous information on the ground
that it might enable an observer to discover the identity of an intelligence source,” Sims, 471 U.S.
at 178. Courts must understand that “[m]inor details of intelligence information may reveal more
information than their apparent insignificance suggests because, much like a piece of [a] jigsaw
10
puzzle, each detail may aid in piecing together other bits of information even when the individual
piece is not of obvious importance in itself.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 864 (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).
ODNI has made clear, and EPIC does not contest, that portions of the classified report are
covered by Exemption 3. The declaration of Edward Gistaro explains that the report contains
information regarding signal intelligence sources, human intelligence sources, intelligence
methods, and intelligence activities. Gistaro Decl. ¶ 15. The parts of the report addressing these
intelligence sources and methods, and what specific intelligence was gleaned from them, are all
clearly covered by Section 102A(i)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947, and those parts are
therefore properly withheld. However, the Court must determine whether there were any portions
of the report that are not covered by Exemption 3, and if so, whether those portions of the report
can be safely released to EPIC and the public.
ODNI has already indirectly conceded that there are portions of the report not covered by
Exemption 3 when released out of context from the rest of the classified report. As explained in
the Gistaro declaration, the declassified report was compiled so that the intelligence community
could “proactively share with the public any and all information contained in the report that
could be safely released without exposing intelligence sources, methods, and activities.” Gistaro
Decl. ¶ 18. The agency has already determined that the information in the declassified report,
presented in a different format than in the classified report, and therefore sufficiently
decontextualized, was safe to release.
However, ODNI argues that that determination does not necessarily carry over to the
release of that information while it is placed within the classified report, and insists that “no
portion of the classified report can be released without jeopardizing national security.” Def.’s
11
Mot. at 16. EPIC contests the assertion that the entire report needs to be withheld, arguing that “it
is implausible for the ODNI to claim that every portion of the Classified Assessment reveals
‘intelligence sources and methods.’” Pl. Mot. at 18. It also argues that the declaration submitted
in support of ODNI’s motion is too vague to allow this Court to find that ODNI has met its
burden of showing that there are no reasonably segregable portions of the document that ODNI
could release without revealing such sources and methods. As explained below, however, the
Court finds that ODNI has met its burden of showing that the entire report, even portions of the
report that have already been released in a separate document, is covered by Exemption 3.
1. Releasing a Partially Redacted Report
ODNI claims that even if it were to release a copy of the report with every portion of the
report that has not yet been released redacted, foreign intelligence analysts would be able to
glean from a review of that document the comparative strength of U.S. intelligence methods and
sources, and would be able to direct countermeasures to protect against those areas where U.S.
intelligence methods are strongest. This is because “[t]o an experienced reader, such as a foreign
intelligence service analyst, the unclassified information, if left unredacted, would illustrate
factual associations and relationships between the redacted and unredacted portions,” providing
“valuable, contextual clues to foreign intelligence organizations concerning the type, subject
matter, and amount of classified intelligence the United States currently possesses or is capable
of gathering.” Def.’s Mot. at 16. ODNI therefore insists that “[t]he only way to prevent this
possibility would be to redact significant amounts, or even all, of the unclassified information to
properly conceal and protect U.S. sources, methods, and activities.” Id. at 16–17. The agency
explains that it came to this conclusion after National Intelligence Council subject matter experts
re-reviewed the documents in response to EPIC’s FOIA request. See Gistaro Decl. ¶ 26.
12
These representations from the agency are sufficient to demonstrate that the portions of
the classified report that have already been released in the declassified report were properly
withheld in response to EPIC’s FOIA request. The agency’s concern about Russian intelligence
capabilities to discern more information from a partially redacted version of the report than a
member of the general public is logical, and the accuracy of those concerns appear plausible. See
Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374–75 (“Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption
is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’”). And in these types of FOIA cases, “[t]he
agency is not required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would be effectively
disclosed.” Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
Rather, courts should give agencies’ assessments, when plausible or logical, substantial weight.
Ctr. for Nat. Sec. Studies v. INS, No. 87-2068, 1990 WL 236133, at *4 (D.D.C. Dec. 19, 1990).
Therefore, the Court finds that ODNI has met its burden of demonstrating that it cannot release a
partially redacted version of the report without risking the integrity of U.S. intelligence methods
and sources.
2. Releasing a Fully Redacted Report
ODNI has further argued that it would be risky to release “what proportion of the
information in the classified report is non-exempt and how it is dispersed throughout the
document,” Def.’s Reply at 18 n.4, or even “the number of pages contained in the classified
report,” id. at 15. Therefore, the Court must next determine whether the agency has met its
burden of demonstrating that it should not be ordered to release an entirely redacted version of
the classified report. As explained in the Razsi declaration:
if the classified report is released in redacted form—including a fully redacted form that,
for all practical purposes, only reveals the total number of pages of the classified report—
the American public will learn nothing further about Russian interference with the 2016
election. The Russian Government, on the other hand, which is already armed with the
13
declassified report, would be able to better estimate the amount of intelligence the IC has
managed to gather on Russian interference with the 2016 election, and from that, the
relative strength and maturity of U.S intelligence activities . . . .
Razsi Decl. ¶ 12. After all, any information released that would be useful to EPIC would
also likely be useful to Russian intelligence.
Courts in the past have deferred to agency assertions that not only could revelations about
the contents of sensitive information be detrimental to U.S. national security interests, but also
revelations about the volume of that information. See e.g., Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Office Dir.
Nat’l Intelligence, 982 F. Supp. 2d 21, 30 (D.D.C. 2013) (“Information regarding the number of
records deleted, similarly, could help counterintelligence personnel deduce the scope of U.S.
intelligence operations.”); Aftergood v. CIA, 355 F. Supp. 2d 557, 562 (D.D.C. 2005) (upholding
intelligence agency’s withholding of aggregate intelligence budget data on similar grounds);
Assassination Archives & Research Ctr. v. CIA, 334 F.3d 55, 58 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (agency
declaration adequately explained that no portion of a withheld document could be released
without threatening the disclosure of intelligence sources and methods, because revealing even
the number of names contained in the document would “reveal CIA interest” and “the extent of
the U.S. intelligence collection effort directed at Cuba in the 1960s”). Although the amount of
protected information foreign intelligence agencies would be able to obtain by reviewing a fully
redacted version of the report as opposed to a partially redacted version of the report is far
smaller, the agency has still met its burden of demonstrating that it is plausible that even
releasing a fully redacted version of the report would pose too great a risk to the collecting
agencies’ national security operations.2 The predictions of ODNI staff, who rereviewed the
2
Additionally, it should be noted that even if that risk were small, so too is the amount of
useful information EPIC would be able to glean from a fully redacted report. As such, the risk
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report in response to EPIC’s FOIA request, and “who must of course be familiar with ‘the whole
picture,’ as judges are not, are worthy of great deference given the magnitude of the national
security interests and potential risks at stake.” Sims, 471 U.S. at 178.
C. Segregability
FOIA’s exemption provision, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), requires that “[a]ny reasonably
segregable portion of a record shall be provided . . . after deletion of the portions which are
exempt.” EPIC argues that portions of the report must be reasonably segregable from the
exempted material, and that that material must be released. Pl.’s Mot. at 22 (“The ODNI had
conceded that the record contains unclassified information, [but] nevertheless has withheld the
document in its entirety.”) But as explained above, ODNI has met its burden of demonstrating
that the entire report falls within Exemptions 1 and 3, and that there are no portions of the report
that can be safely released, including information about its length, without jeopardizing our
national security. See Section IV.A, IV.B supra. As such, ODNI has also demonstrated that, as
every portion of the report is covered by a national security exemption, there are no “reasonably
segregable portions” of the report for it to safely release.
D. Official Acknowledgment
EPIC has also argued that even if the Court finds that the entire classified report properly
falls within Exemptions 1 and 3, the report cannot be withheld in full because portions of it have
been “officially acknowledged” through their publication in the declassified report. Pl.’s Mot. at
20–21. “[W]hen information has been ‘officially acknowledged,’ its disclosure may be
compelled even over an agency’s otherwise valid exemption claim.” Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 702 F.2d
would still be greater than any benefit to be derived from the release of a fully redacted report,
further countenancing against its release.
15
1125, 1133 (D.C. Cir. 1983). In order for information to be considered “officially
acknowledged,” it must “match the information previously disclosed,” be “as specific as” it, and
it must have been “made public through an official and documented disclosure.” Fitzgibbon v.
CIA, 911 F.2d 755, 765 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (citing Afshar v. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1133
(D.C. Cir. 1983)). This is because “while the logic of FOIA postulates that an exemption can
serve no purpose once information . . . becomes public, we must be confident that the
information sought is truly public and that the requester receives no more than what is publicly
available before we find a waiver.” Cottone v. Reno, 193 F.3d 550, 555 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted). EPIC argues that some of the information contained
within the classified report meets these three criteria, and therefore cannot be withheld. Pl.’s
Mot. at 20–21.
ODNI only peripherally attacks this argument. Instead of directly contesting the assertion
that some of the information withheld meets the three requirements for official acknowledgment
under Fitzgibbon, the agency argues that it should not be punished for its good deed in releasing
the declassified assessment. Def.’s Reply at 15–16. However, ODNI does cite to a case in which
the D.C. Circuit performed the Fitzgibbon analysis and found that the FOIA plaintiff had not met
its burden of showing that the documents the defendant agency had released “duplicate” the
documents the plaintiff sought. See Def.’s Reply at 15–16 (citing Assassination Archives &
Research Ctr., 334 F.3d at 60). ODNI is correct that when a plaintiff claims that the documents
or information it seeks have already been officially acknowledged, it bears the burden of
showing that the information requested meets the three Fitzgibbon factors. In this case, EPIC has
not met that burden.
16
ODNI has already conceded that some of the information in the classified report matches
information in the declassified report. See Gistaro Decl. ¶ 22 (“The declassified report . . .
contained the unclassified content of the classified report including all the conclusions regarding
Russian interference with the U.S. 2016 presidential election.”); Razsi Decl. ¶ 8 (“the substance
of the unclassified verbiage contained within the body of the classified report was included in the
declassified report”). Additionally, the declassified report is an “official and documented
disclosure” of information contained in the classified report. See Afshar, 702 F.2d at 1133.
However, EPIC has not met its burden of demonstrating that the information already
released in the declassified report completely “matches” and is “as specific as” the information it
seeks through a partially or fully redacted copy of the classified report. See Fitzgibbon, 911 F.2d
at 765 (explaining that for information to be “officially acknowledged,” it must be “as specific as
the information previously released” and it must “match the information previously disclosed”).
EPIC has not shown that the agency has officially acknowledged such information as the length
of the report, where the conclusions that have already been released are placed within the report,
or what proportion of the report remains classified as compared to the portions that are
unclassified or now declassified. What ODNI seeks to protect are precisely these sorts of
associations and relationships between already released conclusions and the text and format of
the classified report, a category of information which ODNI did not release when it released the
declassified report.
Notably, EPIC has not articulated what it would gain by receiving what it argues is
information identical to what has already been released. And any insight it could conceivably
gain from this type of disclosure is exactly the type of information ODNI believes cannot be
disclosed for national security reasons. Because EPIC has not shown that the agency has already
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released all of the information that would be revealed through the release of a redacted version of
the classified report, it cannot prevail on its argument that it is entitled, by a waiver through
official acknowledgment, to a redacted copy of the classified report.
E. EPIC’s Request for In Camera Review
EPIC has requested that “the Court . . . undertake in camera inspection to determine
whether in fact Defendant’s declaration supports complete withholding without further
processing.” Pl.s Mot. at 1. It further explains that it “believes [in] camera review is necessary to
resolve the agency’s segregability claims in this case.” Pl.’s Reply at 8.
FOIA grants courts the power to “examine the contents of [] agency records in camera to
determine whether such records or any part thereof shall be withheld under any of the
exemptions set forth in subsection (b) of this section.” 5. U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). While courts
hold this power, the statute “by no means compels the exercise of that option.” Juarez v. Dep’t of
Justice, 518 F.3d 54, 59–60 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Indeed, courts should only exercise this option if
the agency’s declarations do not “provide specific information sufficient to place the documents
within the exemption category, if this information is [] contradicted in the record, and if there is
[] evidence in the record of agency bad faith.” Hayden v. NSA, 608 F.2d 1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir.
1979). “When the agency meets its burden by means of affidavits, in camera review is neither
necessary nor appropriate,” Id. “Once satisfied that proper procedures have been followed and
that the information logically falls into the exemption claimed, the courts need not go further to
test the expertise of the agency, or to question its veracity when nothing appears to raise the issue
of good faith.” Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1104 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (internal citations and
quotations marks omitted). In this case, the Court finds that the agency has already met its
burden, and therefore, that in camera inspection is not warranted.
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ODNI has already explained how releasing information as seemingly mundane as the
placement of its unclassified and declassified conclusions within the classified report, or the
length of the report, could compromise national security by allowing foreign intelligence agents
to more easily estimate which conclusions came from which sources, as well as the volume the
U.S. intelligence has gathered in this area. Even if the Court were to inspect the document in
camera, the Court would be no better situated to evaluate the agency’s prediction that the release
of such information would be harmful to national security. And the agency, which has already
explained how the release of a partially or fully redacted copy of the report would harm national
security, and which has already proactively released the conclusions from the classified report in
order to inform the American public about Russian interference in our elections, has shown no
indication of bad faith in its attempt to protect the classified report. Therefore, the Court denies
EPIC’s request that it review the classified report in camera.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 17, is
GRANTED and Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 18, is DENIED.
An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: December 18, 2017 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge
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