IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 44604
RICHARD JOBE, )
)
Claimant-Appellant, ) Boise, September 2017 Term
)
v.
) 2017 Opinion No. 129
DIRNE CLINIC / HERITAGE HEALTH, )
Employer, and IDAHO STATE INSURANCE ) Filed: December 21, 2017
FUND, Surety, )
) Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
Defendants-Respondents. )
Appeal from the Industrial Commission of the State of Idaho.
Industrial Commission decision denying that MRSA infection caused by
employment, vacated and remanded.
James, Vernon & Weeks, P.A., Coeur d’Alene for appellant. Stephen J. Nemec
argued.
H. James Magnuson, Coeur d’Alene, argued for respondents.
_________________________________
BURDICK, Chief Justice.
This appeal arises from an Industrial Commission order denying that Dr. Richard Jobe’s
(“Jobe”) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (“MRSA”) constituted a compensable
occupational disease. The Commission denied Jobe’s claim because it found he failed to prove
that his MRSA colonization and infection were caused by his employment with Dirne
Clinic/Heritage Health (“Heritage”). Jobe appeals, arguing the Commission applied the wrong
legal standard in requiring him to prove his MRSA colonization and infection were caused by his
employment at Heritage. We vacate and remand.
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I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Jobe is a licensed physician who began practicing in 1965. On October 8, 2012, he began
his employment at Heritage as a physician. After working approximately eight months at
Heritage, Jobe was diagnosed with a MRSA infection in his right hand on June 17, 2013. At the
time of this diagnosis, Jobe told the diagnosing physician the only likely cause of this infection
was a cat scratch that had occurred on his right hand a few weeks previously. After this
diagnosis, Jobe’s MRSA infection became systemic and spread throughout his entire body. To
manage this infection, Jobe underwent numerous surgeries. Since June 2013, Jobe has also
suffered two strokes related to his MRSA infection. These strokes have left him unable to
effectively communicate. He now has trouble in his movement and needs assistance with
activities, such as sitting, putting on his socks and shoes, and walking.
On May 29, 2014, Jobe brought an occupational disease claim before the Commission
against Heritage and its surety claiming that his MRSA is a compensable occupational disease
that was caused by his employment at Heritage. On June 17, 2014, Heritage filed an Answer
denying liability, claiming that Jobe’s MRSA was not caused by his employment at Heritage. On
March 4, 2016, a hearing was held by Referee Harper to determine the cause of Jobe’s MRSA.
The medical evidence at this hearing primarily consisted of testimony and reports from three
physicians: Dr. Souvenir; Dr. Hull; and Dr. Riedo.
Dr. Souvenir was Jobe’s primary infectious disease physician. He testified that it is
difficult to assess where people acquire MRSA bacteria. However, he noted that healthcare
workers as a general class have an increased incidence of MRSA colonization. 1 Individuals can
carry colonized MRSA for years without the bacteria producing an infection. However, when
colonized MRSA bacteria enter a person’s bloodstream, by, for example, entering through a
break in one’s skin, it can cause an infection. Nevertheless, in spite of not knowing the source of
the MRSA bacteria, Dr. Souvenir felt it was more likely than not that Jobe acquired the bacteria
“in the course and scope of his duties as a physician.”
Dr. Hull was hired by Jobe to assess the source of the MRSA bacteria that caused his
infection. He opined that Jobe “more likely than not acquired the MRSA bacteria which led to
his infection from one of the patients he examined” while working at Heritage in the months
preceding his infection. Much of his testimony revolved around studies exploring hospital-
1
The term “colonization” refers to a colony of bacteria living on an individual, but producing no symptoms or harm.
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caused MRSA infections. For instance, Dr. Hull noted while between 1% and 1.5% of the
general public carries colonized MRSA bacteria, approximately 4% to 5% of healthcare workers
carry the colonized bacteria.
Dr. Riedo was hired by Heritage to give an independent evaluation as to the cause of
Jobe’s MRSA. He “did not believe it was possible to establish if [Jobe’s] MRSA colonization or
infection was acquired in the course of his work” at Heritage. This was partially because Jobe
also had other risk factors that would increase his chances of contracting MRSA. Jobe was “over
65, he has exposure to animals, he had multiple surgical procedures and injections over the years,
and he had exposure not as a health care worker but as a health care recipient.” Accordingly, Dr.
Riedo concluded that it was not possible to attribute Jobe’s MRSA to his employment at
Heritage, as opposed to his exposure to the healthcare system as a patient, his exposure to
animals, or to his age.
After reviewing the evidence and testimony, the Referee made his conclusions as to the
cause of Jobe’s MRSA. With regard to the cause of the infection, he concluded that MRSA
bacteria entered Jobe’s bloodstream through the cat scratch that occurred on his right hand a few
weeks prior to his infection. This conclusion was primarily based on the finding that his right
thumb joint was the first area of infection diagnosed and treated for MRSA. With regard to the
source of the bacteria that caused the infection, the Referee gave more weight to Dr. Riedo’s
expert opinion, in that it was not possible to determine if the MRSA bacteria was acquired at
Heritage. The Referee stated he was giving Dr. Riedo’s opinion more weight because the other
expert opinions were based generally on Jobe’s occupation and did not explain why Jobe could
not have been colonized with MRSA while working as a physician prior to his employment with
Heritage. The Referee concluded:
[I]t cannot be said [Jobe] has produced evidence which establishes that it is more
probable than not that he was colonized and infected with MRSA while working
for [Heritage] from October 2012 through June 2013. While certainly not all the
above-listed events are equally to have been the culprit for [Jobe’s] MRSA
infection, only one event—[Jobe’s] employment with [Heritage]—would allow
[him] to obtain compensation under Idaho’s workers compensation statutes.
On September 23, 2016, the Commission entered an order adopting the Referee’s
findings of facts and conclusions of law as its own. The Commission concluded that Jobe “has
failed to prove his MRSA infection constitutes a compensable occupational disease caused by his
employment with [Heritage].” Jobe timely appeals from the Comission’s order.
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II. ISSUE ON APPEAL
1. Did the Commission err by concluding Jobe’s MRSA was not a compensable
occupational disease?
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“On appeal from the Industrial Commission, this Court exercises free review of the
Commission’s legal conclusions, but will not disturb findings of fact if they are supported by
substantial and competent evidence.” Steen v. Denny’s Rest., 135 Idaho 234, 235, 16 P.3d 910,
911 (2000). “Substantial and competent evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind
might accept to support a conclusion.” Uhl v. Ballard Med. Prods., 138 Idaho 653, 657, 67 P.3d
1265, 1269 (2003). “The conclusions reached by the Industrial Commission regarding the
credibility and weight of evidence will not be disturbed unless the conclusions are clearly
erroneous.” Excell Constr., Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Labor, 141 Idaho 688, 692, 116 P.3d 18, 22
(2005). This Court “will not re-weigh the evidence or consider whether we would have drawn a
different conclusion from the evidence presented.” Estate of Aikele v. City of Blackfoot, 160
Idaho 903, 908, 382 P.3d 352, 357 (2016) (quoting Watson v. Joslin Millwork, Inc., 149 Idaho
850, 854, 243 P.3d 666, 670 (2010)).
IV. DISCUSSION
Jobe’s worker’s compensation complaint tasked the Commission with determining
whether Jobe suffered from a compensable occupational disease. An occupational disease is
defined as a disease “due to the nature of an employment in which the hazards of such disease
actually exist, are characteristic of, and are peculiar to the trade, occupation, process, or
employment . . . .” I.C. § 72-102(22)(a). An employer is not liable for an occupational disease
“unless such disease is actually incurred in the employer’s employment.” I.C. § 72-439(1). The
term “incurred” means “arising out of and in the course of employment.” I.C. § 72-102(22)(b).
On appeal, Jobe emphasizes that we have previously held,
As an occupational disease develops over time, it is possible for the disease to be
“incurred” by a claimant under a series of different employers before it becomes
manifest. In such a situation, I.C. § 72-439(3) provides that it is the last such
employer, or its surety, who is liable to the claimant.
Sundquist v. Precision Steel & Gypsum, Inc., 141 Idaho 450, 456, 111 P.3d 135, 141 (2005).
Jobe contends the Commission erred when it failed to apply this Court’s guidance in Sundquist.
We agree.
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According to the evidence presented to the Commission, two events must occur in order
to contract a MRSA infection. First, there must be an access point for the bacteria to enter the
body. Second, the MRSA bacteria must be present to enter through the opening in the skin’s
surface. In this case, the Commission noted, “Individuals can carry colonized MRSA for years
without the bacteria producing infection. Skin is an effective barrier for preventing MRSA from
causing infection. Often a break in one’s skin provides the opening for the bacteria to enter the
bloodstream, disseminate, and cause infections.” Addressing Jobe’s arguments, the Commission
determined Jobe failed to prove that the break in his skin through which the MRSA bacteria
entered was caused by Heritage. The Commission found that MRSA had entered Jobe’s body
through a scratch on his hand caused by his cat. In adopting the Referee’s proposed findings of
fact and conclusions of law the Commission stated as follows:
When all of the evidence is considered, on a more probable than not basis
the Referee finds that [Jobe’s] MRSA infection originated at or near [Jobe’s] right
hand, wrist, or arm. His right thumb joint was the first area of infection diagnosed
and treated. He had lymphangitic streaking in the vicinity of his right forearm,
indicating drainage of staphylococcal toxins through the lymphatic system in the
region of the infection.
....
On the record presented, there is only one likely source of infiltration of the
MRSA bacteria—[Jobe’s] right hand cat scratch.
We believe there is substantial, competent evidence supporting the Commission’s determination
of the mechanism by which MRSA was introduced into Jobe’s body, that is, “there is only one
likely source of infiltration of the MRSA bacteria—[Jobe’s] right hand cat scratch.”
However, the Commission then appears to have reasoned that MRSA colonization may
itself be an occupational disease and that infiltration was the mechanism by which the
occupational disease became manifest. This is evidenced by the Commission stating,
Finding that the MRSA was introduced into [Jobe]’s system through this
scratch does not answer the question regarding the source of the bacteria.
....
If the MRSA which infected [Jobe] was introduced into the scratch by a
patient of [Heritage], or [Jobe’s] work environment, then clearly [Jobe] has
proven causation.
Although the Commission entertained the proposition that the MRSA colonization was the
occupational disease under consideration, it applied an erroneous legal standard by focusing
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solely on Jobe’s most recent period of employment at Heritage, to the exclusion of Jobe’s past
employment as a physician.
Idaho Code section 72-439(3) provides, “Where compensation is payable for an
occupational disease, the employer, or the surety on the risk for the employer, in whose
employment the employee was last injuriously exposed to the hazard of such disease, shall be
liable therefor.” In applying this provision in Sundquist, we held that because an occupational
disease can be incurred over time under a series of different employers, in such a situation, it is
the last employer who is liable to the claimant. 141 Idaho at 456, 111 P.3d at 141. In Sundquist,
the respondent worked as a drywall taper for several different employers before he came to be
employed by the appellant in 2002. Id. at 452, 111 P.3d at 137. While working for one of these
prior employers, the respondent first started experiencing tenderness in his wrist and elbow in
2000. Id. This is because working as a drywall taper requires repetitive motions that can cause
limiting physical conditions over time. Id. In 2002, once respondent became employed by the
appellant, his symptoms became worse and he was eventually diagnosed with cubital tunnel
syndrome. Id. at 452–453, 111 P.3d at 137–138. The respondent then brought an occupational
disease claim against the appellant and several of his prior employers. Id. at 453, 111 P.3d at
138. The Commission found that the appellant was fully liable for the respondent’s occupational
disease. Id.
On appeal, the appellant claimed that the respondent’s “occupational disease was
‘incurred’ while he was working for a previous employer. [This previous] employer . . . should
be liable instead.” Id. at 455, 111 P.3d at 140. We disagreed stating:
As an occupational disease develops over time, it is possible for the disease to be
“incurred” by a claimant under a series of different employers before it becomes
manifest. In such a situation, I.C. § 72-439(3) provides that it is the last such
employer, or its surety, who is liable to the claimant. Here, the Industrial
Commission found [appellant] to be that last employer within the meaning of I.C.
§ 72-439(3) and therefore correctly placed liability with [Appellant].
Id. at 456, 111 P.3d at 141.
In this case, as in Sundquist, Jobe’s MRSA colonization could have been incurred under a
series of different employers before it manifested during his employment at Heritage. While it is
true a MRSA infection, which occurs at a single point in time, could not have been incurred
through a series of past employers, the MRSA colonization could have. Thus, upon considering
the colonization as an occupational disease, the Commission was bound to apply the legal
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standard articulated in Sundquist. The Commission did not do so, and in fact, the Commission at
several times referred to Jobe’s exposure to MRSA in his past employment to validate Heritage’s
lack of liability, stating,
All the experts in this matter agree one can be colonized with MRSA for
years prior to an infection. . . . Because [Jobe] could come into contact with
MRSA at any point in his medical career, which he has pursued since 1961, and
once colonized, the bacteria could remain with [Jobe] for years prior to finding its
way into his bloodstream, it is not axiomatic that [Jobe’s] MRSA was acquired
out of and in the course of his employment with Employer.
....
No expert has credibly explained why [Jobe] could not have been colonized with
MRSA while working as a physician prior to employment with employer. . . .
While there is an increased risk of becoming colonized due to [Jobe’s] profession,
that risk existed prior to [Jobe’s] most recent employment. [Jobe’s] employment
for years prior to his MRSA infection included work as a hospitalist at various
locations, work in a clinic, and at a hospice. All those assignments carry risk for
MRSA colonization.
....
Each of [Jobe’s] past employments since 2009 carried the risk of colonization.
(internal citation omitted).
Based on the findings detailed above, the Commission determined Jobe had not shown it
was more probable than not that Jobe had become colonized with MRSA while employed at
Heritage. However, the Commission did not undertake an analysis as to whether the colonization
could have been incurred under a series of different employers prior to Jobe’s employment at
Heritage, thereby contravening Sundquist. In fact, the Commission used the possibility of MRSA
colonization from a prior employer to Jobe’s detriment. Thus, the Commission applied an
erroneous legal standard.
In sum, in this case, the Commission was bound to employ Sundquist to consider whether
Jobe’s MRSA colonization could have been incurred through his past employment. Instead, the
Commission focused solely on whether Jobe incurred the MRSA colonization at Heritage and
found he had not. In so doing, the Commission applied an erroneous legal standard. In light of
the Commission’s error in this regard, the proper remedy is to vacate and remand for proper
application of the governing law. See, e.g., Rish v. Home Depot, Inc., 161 Idaho 702, 706, 390
P.3d 428, 432 (2017) (“Therefore, we vacate and remand for proper application of the governing
law . . . .”); Urry v. Walker & Fox Masonry Contractors, 115 Idaho 750, 755, 769 P.2d 1122,
1127 (1989) (“[I]f a decision, taken as a whole, appears to reflect a misapprehension of law, the
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proper appellate response is to vacate the decision and to remand the case for reconsideration in
light of the proper legal framework.”); In re Hanson, 114 Idaho 131, 134, 754 P.2d 444, 447
(1988) (reversing and remanding because the Commission erroneously applied the proper legal
test).
V. CONCLUSION
We vacate the ruling of the Commission and remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
Justices JONES, HORTON, BRODY and WALTERS, J. Pro tem, CONCUR.
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