MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED
Dec 27 2017, 8:21 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
precedent or cited before any court except for the Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Amy P. Payne Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Monroe County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Bloomington, Indiana
George P. Sherman
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jacob L. Robertson, December 27, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
53A04-1705-CR-1153
v. Appeal from the Monroe Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Marc R. Kellams,
Judge
Appellee-Plaintiff.
Trial Court Cause No.
53C02-1410-F1-995
Bradford, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] In August of 2014, A.G. was attending Indiana University in Bloomington, and
Appellant-Defendant Jacob Robertson was in Bloomington visiting a mutual
acquaintance. A.G. and Robertson knew each other from high school and had
previously engaged in a brief sexual relationship. After visiting one party, A.G.
communicated with Robertson, expecting him to lead her to another party
where their mutual acquaintance was. Instead, Robertson met A.G., led her to
an isolated location, and told her that he would take her to the party only if she
fellated him. When A.G. refused Robertson’s advances, he strangled her to
unconsciousness. When A.G. came to, Robertson’s penis was exposed, and he
was attempting to force it into her mouth. When A.G. threatened to scream,
Robertson fled.
[2] Following a bench trial, the trial court found Robertson guilty of Level 3 felony
attempted rape, Level 5 felony criminal confinement, Class A misdemeanor
battery, as well as Level 6 felony strangulation. The trial court imposed an
aggregate sentence of eight years, with six years suspended to probation, eighty-
five days to be executed in jail, and the remainder of the executed sentence to
be served on home detention. Robertson argues that his convictions for
criminal confinement, battery, and strangulation violated prohibitions against
double jeopardy; the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain
evidence; and the admission of allegedly vouching testimony amounted to
fundamental error. Because we agree with Robertson’s first contention but not
the rest, we affirm in part and reverse his battery and strangulation convictions.
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Facts and Procedural History
[3] Robertson, A.G., and Alex Chambers knew each other from high school.
Robertson and A.G. met when attending middle school and had a brief sexual
relationship during their senior year of high school. After high school, A.G.
and Chambers attended Indiana University in Bloomington, while Robertson
attended Ivy Tech in Lawrence, Indiana. On August 23, 2014, A.G. and some
friends had decided to attend a fraternity party, while Robertson had come to
Bloomington with his then-girlfriend, intending to attend a different fraternity
party with Chambers.
[4] A.G. arrived at the party at around 10 or 11 p.m., drank three or four shots of
an alcoholic beverage called “Taaka[,]” and left around 1:30 the next morning.
Tr. Vol. I p. 38. A.G. had previously arranged to meet Chambers at his party
and managed to secure a ride to the vicinity. A.G. had been in contact with
Chambers until his telephone ran out of power, so, after one message from
Chambers sent from Robertson’s telephone, she now communicated with
Robertson. A.G. was unfamiliar with her location, so she sent her location to
Robertson in a text message. Robertson called A.G. and indicated that he
would come find her.
[5] At 2:10 a.m., A.G. noticed Robertson walking in her direction. Robertson
hugged A.G. and told her that he missed “hanging out” with her. Tr. Vol. I p.
51. Robertson grabbed A.G.’s buttocks, but A.G. pulled his hands off of her
and told him to stop. A.G. asked Robertson where the party was, and
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Robertson indicated that he was not sure. Robertson stated that he thought the
party was in the direction of a nearby bell tower and started to lead A.G. that
way. Robertson was “saying really sexual things,” and A.G. could “tell he was
really intoxicated because he … was stumbling and slurring his words.” Tr.
Vol. I p. 51. Once they reached the bell tower, it was apparent that Robertson
did not know where he was going, so A.G. sat down and told him to try to find
out where they needed to go. A.G. attempted to call several persons, none of
whom answered.
[6] When Robertson saw that A.G. was trying to call Chambers, he told her that if
she wanted to find out where the party was, she had to “give him head.” Tr.
Vol. I p. 52. A.G. declined, but Robertson pleaded with her and told her that
he would not tell anyone if she complied. A.G. again declined. While
Robertson was talking to A.G., he was touching his penis through his pants and
talking about “how he missed it.” Tr. Vol. I p. 53. After A.G. rejected
Robertson’s requests for oral sex a third time, he grabbed her by the throat and
“started squeezing really hard.” Tr. Vol. I p. 54. A.G. tried to remove
Robertson’s fingers from her neck, but Robertson responded by digging “his
fingers and his fingernails deeper into the side of [her] neck[.]” Tr. Vol. I p. 53.
[7] A.G. lost consciousness, and when she came to, she saw that Robertson had
removed his penis from his pants. Robertson held onto A.G.’s neck with one
hand, while he used his other hand to try to pry open her mouth. Robertson
moved his penis towards A.G.’s mouth and tried to force his penis into her
mouth, but A.G. kept her teeth closed. A.G. leaned back and told Robertson to
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stop. Robertson started to squeeze A.G.’s neck again, and A.G. told him that if
he did not stop, she would scream. At that time, Robertson ran away. A.G.
managed to obtain a ride back to her dormitory, where one of her friends
photographed the red marks Robertson left on her neck.
[8] On August 26, 2014, Indiana University Police Detective Rebecca Ann
Schmuhl interviewed Robertson, an interview that was videotaped. Robertson
acknowledged that A.G. had communicated with him by phone on the night of
the incident. Robertson stated that A.G. was “blowing up” his phone with text
messages and had also called him to find out the location of the party that
Chambers was attending. Tr. Vol. I p. 156. Robertson indicated that he had
ignored A.G., but that while he was walking to another party, he saw her on the
street, and she started screaming at him. Robertson stated that he told A.G.
that Chambers did not want to see her, and that she had responded by
screaming, crying and then walking away. Robertson indicated he had briefly
spoken with a friend named Clay Hurst and then returned to the original party
where Chambers and his girlfriend were. When Detective Schmuhl asked
Robertson about A.G.’s claim that Robertson had choked her and tried to force
her to perform oral sex, Robertson stated, “Wait, oral sex, what does that mean
like?” Tr. Vol. I p. 159. Robertson later acknowledged that he and A.G. had
engaged in oral sex previously, but claimed he did not know what the detective
meant when she referred to oral sex.
[9] On October 21, 2014, the State charged Robertson with Level 1 felony
attempted rape, Level 3 felony criminal confinement, Level 5 felony battery
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resulting in serious bodily injury, and Level 6 felony strangulation. A bench
trial was held on September 29, 2016, and Adrian “Clay” Hurst testified that he
knew Robertson from high school and that on August 23, 2014, he and
Robertson had discussed meeting up at a party that Hurst was attending at
Stadium Crossing in Bloomington. Hurst further testified that Robertson never
made it to that party, but Robertson did ask Hurst “to come to Court and lie
about seeing him that night[.]” Tr. Vol. I p. 128.
[10] The trial court found Robertson guilty of the lesser included offenses of Level 3
felony attempted rape, Level 5 felony criminal confinement, Class A
misdemeanor battery, as well as Level 6 felony strangulation. On April 25,
2017, the trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of eight years, with six years
suspended to probation, eighty-five days to be executed in jail, and the
remainder of the executed sentence to be served on home detention.
Discussion and Decision
I. Double Jeopardy
[11] Robertson contends that his convictions for criminal confinement, battery, and
strangulation violate Indiana prohibitions against double jeopardy. In
Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32 (Ind. 1999), the Indiana Supreme Court held
“that two or more offenses are the ‘same offense’ in violation of Article I,
Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to … the actual evidence
used to convict, the essential elements of one challenged offense also establish
the essential elements of another challenged offense.” Id. at 49–50.
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To show that two challenged offenses constitute the “same
offense” in a claim of double jeopardy, a defendant must
demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts
used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of one
offense may also have been used to establish the essential
elements of a second challenged offense.
Id. at 53. Merely a remote or speculative possibility is not enough; rather, the
record must establish that the jury used the same evidentiary facts to establish
the essential elements of the two offenses. Hopkins v. State, 759 N.E.2d 633, 640
(Ind. 2001) (citations omitted). “In determining the facts used by the fact-finder
to establish the elements of each offense, it is appropriate to consider the
charging information, jury instructions, and arguments of counsel.” Lee v. State,
892 N.E.2d 1231, 1234 (Ind. 2008) (citing Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d at 832
(Ind. 2002); Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 54 n.48).
[12] The State’s charging information for criminal confinement alleged that
“Robertson did knowingly or intentionally confine [A.G.] without the consent
of [A.G.], said act resulting in serious bodily to wit: loss of consciousness.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 12. For the battery charge, the State alleged that
“Robertson did knowingly or intentionally touch [A.G.] in a rude, insolent, or
angry manner, resulting in serious bodily injury, to wit: loss of consciousness.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 13. For strangulation, the State alleged that
“Robertson in a rude, insolent, or angry manner, did knowingly or intentionally
apply pressure to the throat or neck of [A.G.] in a manner that impeded normal
breathing or blood circulation of [A.G.]” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 13. In
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summary, the State alleged and ultimately proved the commission of each
offense above with evidence of Robertson’s act of strangulation of A.G.
[13] The State concedes that there is a reasonable possibility that the trial court
relied on the same actual evidence to sustain Robertson’s convictions for
criminal confinement, battery, and strangulation but argues that we should
remand to give the trial court a chance to clarify that it did not, in fact, rely on
the same actual evidence to sustain all three convictions. The State, however,
does not identify any evidence beyond Robertson’s strangulation of A.G. that
could even arguably support his battery and strangulation convictions, and our
review of the record does not reveal any. As such, we conclude that the proper
remedy in this case is the vacation of Robertson’s convictions for battery and
strangulation. See Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 55 (Ind. 1999) (clarifying
that the convictions with “the less severe penal consequences” should be
vacated in the event of a double jeopardy violation). Because the trial court
ordered the sentences for battery and strangulation to run concurrently with the
sentences for attempted rape and criminal confinement, Robertson’s aggregate
sentence does not change.
II. Text Messages
[14] Robertson contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
exhibits relating to the text message exchange between Robertson and A.G.
before his attack on her. In general, the admissibility of evidence is within the
sound discretion of the trial court. Curley v. State, 777 N.E.2d 58, 60 (Ind. Ct.
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App. 2002), trans. denied. We will reverse a trial court’s decision on the
admissibility of evidence only upon a showing of an abuse of that discretion.
Id. An abuse of discretion may occur if the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or if
the court has misinterpreted the law. Id.
[15] Even if we assume that exhibits regarding the text messages were erroneously
admitted, any error can only be considered harmless. An error will be found
harmless if its probable impact on the factfinder, in light of all of the evidence in
the case, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the substantial rights of the
parties. Gault v. State, 878 N.E.2d 1260, 1267–68 (Ind. 2008); Sylvester v. State,
698 N.E.2d 1126, 1129 (Ind. 1998). A review of the text messages shows that
the majority of the messages were from A.G.’s phone, with most of them either
asking for directions or stating A.G.’s location. (State’s Ex. 2). Of the twenty-
one text messages that were admitted, fifteen were from A.G.’s phone. (St. Ex.
2). The remaining six messages consisted of an initial message stating, “This is
Alex my phone died. The house is on Jordan by 17th”; followed by five other
messages interspersed throughout A.G.’s messages. The five messages stated,
“Who’s this[,]” “Okay what],]” “What[,]” “Hey call me real quick I need to ask
you somethugb [sic]![,]” and “Something[.]” State’s Ex. 2. There is nothing in
the text messages that is incriminating, and Robertson himself admitted in his
statement to police that he had been in communication with A.G. In light of
A.G.’s testimony; the physical evidence that she had, in fact, been attacked; and
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Robertson’s request to Hurst that he lie in court for him, any error in the
admission of the text messages could only be considered harmless.
III. Transcript of Robertson’s
Videotaped Statement to Police
[16] Robertson alleges the trial court erred in admitting a transcript of his videotaped
statement to police. (Appellant’s Brief at 29-30). As mentioned above, a trial
court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence, and its
ruling will be disturbed only where it is shown that the court abused that
discretion. Curley, 777 N.E.2d at 60. When Robertson’s videotaped statement,
which was identified as State’s Exhibit 13, and the transcript of the statement,
which was identified as State’s Exhibit 14, were offered, Robertson objected to
the admission of the transcript and the following discussion occurred:
TRIAL COURT: Okay, I mean, I guess the most important
thing is the, I’m gonna be watching the DVD and during the
trial, right?
PROSECUTOR: Right, and it’s just used to assist you, Your
Honor. I mean, we can just offer it for demonstrative purposes to
assist you as you’re listening to, um, the audio tape, video tape.
TRIAL COURT: You’re okay with the DVD?
DEF. COUNSEL: I’m fine with the DVD.
TRIAL COURT: Well, well let’s admit the DVD and I probably
won’t even need the transcript if I listen to the video myself. But
if I, if I have someplace that I have some confusion about, we’ll
talk about it. How’s that?
DEF. COUNSEL: Fair enough.
Tr. Vol. I p. 144.
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[17] Even assuming, arguendo, that the transcript of Robertson’s videotaped
statement was erroneously admitted, we fail to see how that could have
prejudiced him in any way. After all, the trial court watched Robertson’s
videotaped statement, which was admitted without objection. At worst, a
transcript of the statement would have been cumulative of the videotaped
statement. “[A]n error in the admission of evidence is harmless if the
erroneously admitted evidence is cumulative of other evidence appropriately
admitted.” Collins v. State, 826 N.E.2d 671, 679 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans.
denied. Any error the trial court may have committed in relation to the
transcript of Robertson’s statement could only be considered harmless.
IV. Vouching
[18] Robertson challenges the testimony of several witnesses based on Indiana
Evidence Rule 704(b), which provides that “[w]itnesses may not testify to
opinions concerning intent, guilt, or innocence in a criminal case; the truth or
falsity of allegations; whether a witness has testified truthfully; or legal
conclusions.” Robertson did not object on this basis at trial and has therefore
waived the issue for appellate review. Robertson attempts to avoid the effects
of his waiver by arguing that the admission of the testimony amounts to
fundamental error.
[19] The fundamental error exception is “extremely narrow, and applies only when
the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential
for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant
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fundamental due process.” Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010)
(quoting Mathews v. State, 849 N.E.2d 578, 587 (Ind. 2006)). The error claimed
must either “make a fair trial impossible” or constitute “clearly blatant
violations of basic and elementary principles of due process.” Id. (quoting Clark
v. State, 915 N.E.2d 126, 131 (Ind. 2009)). This exception is available only in
“egregious circumstances.” Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 799 N.E.2d 1064, 1068
(Ind. 2003)); see also Absher v. State, 866 N.E.2d 350, 355 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
[20] Robertson initially alleges that Nicole Downs and Kelly Evans, other residents
of A.G.’s dormitory, vouched for A.G. by “insisting on the victim’s self-
assessment for further injury even after A.G. said that she had not been
raped[.]” Appellant’s Brief p. 24. In the portion of Downs’s testimony to
which Robertson refers, Downs stated that she had suggested that A.G. “check
herself out” for injuries after A.G. said that she had lost consciousness. Tr. Vol.
I p. 93. Similarly, Evans testified that after A.G. told her what happened,
Evans and Downs told A.G. that “she should go check herself to make sure
everything was okay.” Tr. Vol. I p. 102. We conclude that Evans’s and
Downs’s testimony did not amount to impermissible vouching. Downs testified
that A.G. was “in hysterics”; Evans testified that she was “shaking, crying,
[and] clearly upset”; and both witnesses testified that they saw the marks on
A.G.’s neck, so recommendations that she not ignore them seems perfectly
reasonable, however she acquired them. Tr. Vol. I pp. 91, 101. Quite simply,
Robertson does not point to any testimony by Downs or Evans stating that they
believed A.G. or expressing an opinion as to the truth of A.G.’s statements.
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Vouching occurs when a witness testifies that she believes another witness or
opines that what another person has said is true, and that did not occur here.
See Gutierrez v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1030, 1033-1035 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012)
(determining that a case manager’s testimony that she “absolutely” believed
what the victim had said, as well as a sexual-assault nurse’s testimony that she
“believe[d] that the victim was telling the truth,” was impermissible vouching
testimony).
[21] Robertson also claims that Detective Short vouched for A.G. by testifying as
follows: “if there’s cases that need followed up on or they need more attention,
investigator’s then given that case[;]” “I could tell that it was not just a simple
battery case, that it was something more than that[;]” and that after speaking
with A.G., he collected evidence from her room and prepared a report, which
he forwarded to his supervisor. Tr. Vol. 1 pp. 131, 135. Again, none of these
statements amounted to vouching. Detective Short merely indicated that he
pursued his investigation. While this was presumably, at least in part, because
of what A.G. told Detective Short, this is not the same as opining that she was
telling the truth, only that what she said was worth investigating. Robertson
has failed to show any error due to impermissible vouching, much less
fundamental error.
Conclusion
[22] We conclude that Robertson’s convictions for battery and strangulation violate
prohibitions against double jeopardy and consequently vacate those
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convictions. We also conclude that Robertson has failed to show that the trial
court committed any harmful error in admitting evidence of text messages
exchanged by A.G. and Robertson or the transcript of Robertson’s videotaped
statement to police. Finally, we conclude that Robertson has failed to show the
admission of allegedly vouching testimony amounted to error, much less
fundamental error.
[23] We affirm the judgment of the trial court in part and reverse in part.
Robb, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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