Penske Logistics LLC v. Freight Drivers and Helpers

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 16-2115

PENSKE LOGISTICS LLC; PENSKE TRUCK LEASING CO., L.P.,

Plaintiffs - Appellees,

v.

FREIGHT DRIVERS AND HELPERS LOCAL UNION NO. 557 PENSION
FUND; JOINT BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE FREIGHT DRIVERS AND
HELPERS LOCAL UNION NO. 557 PENSION FUND,

Defendants - Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
J. Frederick Motz, Senior District Judge. (1:15-cv-03277-JFM)

Argued: September 13, 2017 Decided: January 10, 2018
Amended: January 10, 2018

Before TRAXLER, DIAZ, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by unpublished opinion. Judge Floyd wrote the majority opinion
in which Judge Traxler joined. Judge Diaz wrote a separate opinion concurring in part
and dissenting in part.

ARGUED: Corey Smith Bott, ABATO, RUBENSTEIN AND ABATO, P.A., Baltimore,
Maryland, for Appellants. David R. Levin, DRINKER BIDDLE & REATH LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Paul D. Starr, ABATO, RUBENSTEIN
AND ABATO, P.A., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellants. Brian A. Coleman,
Washington, D.C., Mark E. Furlane, DRINKER BIDDLE & REATH LLP, Chicago,
Illinois, for Appellees.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

2
FLOYD, Circuit Judge:

We are asked to review the district court’s affirmance of the Arbitrator’s

conclusion that Penske Logistics LLC and Penske Truck Leasing Co., L.P. (collectively,

“Penske”) are not liable for Leaseway Motorcar Transport Co.’s withdrawal liability

under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). We agree with

the Freight Drivers and Helpers Local Union No. 557 (the “Fund”) that the Arbitrator did

not evaluate the evidence or draw conclusions based on the appropriate burden of proof,

and therefore vacate the district court’s decision and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

I.

A.

ERISA provides a statutory framework to promote employee benefit plans in

private industries by establishing “minimum standards . . . assuring the equitable character

of such plans and their financial soundness.” 29 U.S.C. § 1001(a); see generally 29

U.S.C. §§ 1301–1461. Congress wanted to guarantee that if a worker has been promised

a defined pension benefit upon retirement—and has fulfilled the conditions required to

obtain the vested benefit—that the worker will actually receive those benefits. Concrete

Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Tr. for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 607

(1993). Multiemployer pension plans, structured in accordance with ERISA, provide for

the pooling of contributions and liabilities. See 29 C.F.R. § 4001. As enacted, however,

employers could withdraw from a multiemployer plan, leaving vested benefits unfunded

3
and threatening the plan’s solvency. Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 608; Bd. of Trs., Sheet

Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund v. BES Servs., Inc., 469 F.3d 369, 374 (4th Cir.

2006).

To “shore up the financial stability of multiemployer pension plans,” BES

Services, 469 F.3d at 374, the Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980

(MPPAA) amended ERISA to require a withdrawing employer to pay the employer’s

proportionate share of the plan’s unfunded vested benefits by creating withdrawal

liability “in rough proportion to that employer’s relative participation in the plan over the

last 5 to 10 years,” Borden, Inc. v. Bakery & Confectionary Union & Indus. Int’l Pension,

974 F.2d 528, 530 (4th Cir. 1992). See also 29 U.S.C. §§ 1381, 1391; Pension Benefit

Guar. Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 725 (1984). 1 “An employer owes

withdrawal liability when it makes a complete or partial withdrawal from a pension

plan.” Trs. of the Plumbers & Pipefitters Nat’l Pension Fund v. Plumbing Servs., Inc.,

791 F.3d 436, 440 (4th Cir. 2015) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1381(a)). An employer’s complete

withdrawal occurs when an employer permanently ceases to have an obligation to

contribute under the plan or permanently ceases all covered operations under the plan, 29

1
“An employer’s withdrawal from a multiemployer plan reduced the contribution
base, which necessitated an increase in the contribution rate of remaining employers in
order to cover the plan’s existing unfunded vested benefits. As employers withdrew, the
rising costs of continued participation in multiemployer plans increased the incentives for
further withdrawals. To reverse this trend, the MPPAA required withdrawing employers
to pay their fair share of a plan’s unfunded vested benefits by creating withdrawal
liability, and provided a streamlined process for resolving disputes over withdrawal
liability determinations, thereby limiting dispute-resolution costs and preserving plans’
assets.” BES Services, 469 F.3d at 374 (citations omitted).

4
U.S.C. § 1383(a), and a partial withdrawal occurs when an employer’s contribution

obligation declines 70% according to the calculation provided in the statute, 29 U.S.C.

§ 1385(a). See also Teamsters Joint Council No. 83 v. Centra, Inc., 947 F.2d 115, n.1

(4th Cir. 1991). “Plan sponsors”―the designated plan administrators―assess

withdrawal liability on employers at the end of each year, and ERISA requires that any

dispute over the plan sponsor’s assessment of liability be subject to arbitration. 29 U.S.C.

§§ 1301(a)(10), 1385(a), 1401(a); 29 C.F.R. § 4221.1.

Under the MPPAA, all trades or businesses under common control are treated as a

single employer, and each member of the controlled group is liable for the withdrawal of

any other member. 29 U.S.C. § 1301(b)(1); 29 C.F.R. § 4001. If a parent company sells

the stock of a subsidiary, however, the parent is not liable for the subsidiary’s subsequent

withdrawal liability unless a principal purpose of the transaction was to evade or avoid

withdrawal liability. 29 U.S.C. § 1392(c); Santa Fe Pac. Corp. v. Cent. States, Se. & Sw.

Areas Pension Fund, 22 F.3d 725, 727 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 987 (1994). The

plan sponsors―during their assessment of withdrawal liability―are the first to determine

whether a principal purpose of such a transaction was to evade or avoid withdrawal

liability. See 29 U.S.C. § 1401(e)(1). “[T]he MPPAA makes it clear that an employer

can have more than one principal purpose in conducting a transaction,” especially when

“one principal purpose can be said to motivate the decision about whether to sell the

company at all, while another principal purpose can be said to motivate the decision

about how to sell the company.” Sherwin-Williams Co. v. N.Y. State Teamsters Conf.

Pension & Ret. Fund, 158 F.3d 387, 395 (6th Cir. 1998); see also Borden, 974 F.2d at

5
530 (acknowledging that under 29 U.S.C. § 1384 a company can avoid triggering

withdrawal liability by structuring the sale in certain ways).

B.

The Fund is a multiemployer pension plan, organized under ERISA to provide

pension benefits to plan participants and their beneficiaries. Leaseway Motorcar

Transport Co. (“Leaseway”) had long been a contributing employer to the Fund; it

employed over 200 Fund participants in 1996, but only 33 by 2003. Penske acquired

Leaseway in 1995, and Leaseway became a member of the Penske-controlled group for

MPPAA purposes in 1996. On March 26, 2004, Penske sold 100% of the Leaseway

stock to Performance Logistics Group (PLG) (the “Transaction”) in exchange for a

secured $25 million note and 43.5% of the PLG stock, among other things.

In early 2006, the Fund’s Board of Trustees―who are the plan sponsors (the

“Fund Sponsors”)―issued an assessment of withdrawal liability to Penske for the partial

withdrawal of Leaseway that was effective December 31, 2004, stating that Leaseway’s

contribution obligation to the Fund had declined at least 70% in 2004. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1385(a). 2 Penske objected to the assessment alleging, inter alia, that its sale of

Leaseway terminated its liability for Leaseway’s withdrawal liability. The Fund

Sponsors reviewed this objection and determined that a primary purpose of the

Transaction was to evade or avoid withdrawal liability such that Penske should retain

2
The Fund seeks satisfaction of this assessment from Penske, in part, because
Leaseway had filed for bankruptcy by the time the assessment was completed, and PLG
had claims pending before the bankruptcy court.

6
liability for Leaseway’s withdrawal. See 29 U.S.C. § 1392(c). Penske initiated

arbitration to contest its liability and, as is required by statute, paid the withdrawal

liability assessed while it awaited review. 29 U.S.C. § 1401(a), (d). Subsequently, the

Fund Sponsors assessed Penske for withdrawal liability for Leaseway’s second partial

withdrawal from the Fund for its declining contribution obligation in 2005, effective

December 31, 2005, and then for Leaseway’s complete withdrawal in 2006 after ceasing

covered operations under the Fund, effective December 15, 2006―both of which Penske

also contested. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1383(a), 1385(a). The parties agreed to consolidate the

three challenges.

The arbitration record contains over 50,000 pages of documentary evidence

gathered over six years of discovery, five days of hearings, and two rounds of briefing,

and includes the Arbitrator’s Phase One Rulings, issued July 13, 2012, and the 123-page

final award (the “Award”), issued September 30, 2015. In the Phase One Rulings, the

Arbitrator determined that Penske is not liable for Leaseway’s complete withdrawal

because unrelated predicates for liability were not satisfied. The Arbitrator’s final Award

held that Penske is not liable for either of Leaseway’s partial withdrawal assessments

based on his conclusion that a principal purpose of the Transaction was not for Penske to

evade or avoid withdrawal liability. The Arbitrator ruled that the Fund must refund

Penske’s withdrawal liability payments, amounting to $9,586,345.39, plus interest, and

that Penske was entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees due to the Fund’s discovery abuse.

See 29 C.F.R. §§ 4219.31(d), 4219.32, 4221.10(c); J.A. 252; see also 29 U.S.C.

§ 1401(d).

7
 On October 16, 2015, Penske filed a motion with the Arbitrator for modification

of the Award pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 4221.9(b)(3) to clarify the interest rate and amount

of attorneys’ fees, and the Fund filed a motion in opposition. With no ruling on the

motion and no communication from the Arbitrator, on October 27, 2015, Penske filed a

complaint to enforce the Award in district court pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1401(b)(2). The

Fund responded with a counterclaim to vacate the Award, alleging that the Arbitrator

applied the wrong burden of proof to determine whether a principal purpose of the

Transaction was to evade or avoid withdrawal liability. The Fund also filed a motion to

stay proceedings pending the Arbitrator’s consideration of Penske’s motion for

modification, which the district court denied. The parties filed cross-motions for

summary judgment, and the district court summarily affirmed the Award.

II.

The Fund raises three challenges on appeal: (1) that the court erred in denying its

motion to stay the proceedings pending the Arbitrator’s decision on the motion for

modification; (2) that the court erred in affirming the award because the Arbitrator

applied the wrong burden of proof, incorrectly concluded that the burden was satisfied,

and clearly erred in reaching several factual conclusions; and (3) that the court erred in

determining that the attorneys’ fees awarded were reasonable. We address each in turn.

A.

We reject the Fund’s contention that the district court erred in declining to stay the

proceedings to wait for the Arbitrator to rule on the motion for modification. The statute

8
does not require a party to wait indefinitely for a response from an arbitrator, and the

Public Pension Benefit Guarantee’s (the “PBGC”) implementing regulation provides that

“[t]he arbitrator shall grant or deny the motion for modification or reconsideration, and

may render an opinion to support his or decision within 20 days . . . or within 30 days

after the motion is filed if an objection is also filed.” 29 C.F.R. § 4221.9(c). Although

the Fund would read the time limits as prescribing only the ability of the arbitrator to

issue a supporting opinion, we believe such a reading is illogical. There is no colorable

argument why the regulation would be concerned with limiting the ability of an arbitrator

to provide a written explanation for his ruling, but not his underlying power to do so.

Accordingly, we take the clear meaning of the PBGC’s regulation to mean that when the

Arbitrator failed to grant or deny the motion in accordance with the 30-day regulatory

time limit, the district court was permitted, pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1401(b)(2), to

enforce, vacate, or modify the award. Therefore, the court did not abuse its discretion in

denying the Fund’s motion to stay the proceedings.

B.

Next, we consider the Fund’s contention that the court erred in affirming the

award. This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

applying the same standards as the district court. Reynolds v. Am. Nat’l Red Cross, 701

F.3d 143, 149 (4th Cir. 2012). When considering an arbitrator’s award issued under the

MPPAA, this Court reviews findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of law de

novo. See 29 U.S.C. § 1401(c); BES Services, 469 F.3d at 375. Under the terms of the

statute, “there shall be a presumption, rebuttable only by a clear preponderance of the

9
evidence, that the findings of fact made by the arbitrator were correct.” 29 U.S.C.

§ 1401(c).

In assessing withdrawal liability, the plan sponsor makes a factual determination

of whether a principal purpose of a parent company’s stock sale of its subsidiary was to

evade or avoid withdrawal liability. Under ERISA, as clarified in Concrete Pipe, this

factual finding is entitled to a presumption of correctness. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1392(c),

1401(a)(3)(A); Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 620–21. An employer challenging this finding

has “the burden . . . to disprove [the] challenged factual determination by a

preponderance.” Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 629; see also 29 U.S.C. § 1401(a)(3)(A)

(“[A]ny determination made by a plan sponsor under [29 U.S.C. § 1392(c)] is presumed

correct unless the party contesting the determination shows by a preponderance of the

evidence that the determination was unreasonable or clearly erroneous.”). “Congress

intended to shift the burden of persuasion to the employer in a dispute over a sponsor’s

factual determination,” Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 629, to prevent the employer from

“forcing the plan sponsor to prove every element involved in making an actuarial

determination,” id. at 628. “It is indeed entirely sensible to burden the party more likely

to have information relevant to the facts about its withdrawal from the Plan with the

obligation to demonstrate that facts treated by the Plan as amounting to a withdrawal did

not occur as alleged.” Id. at 626. However, other factual and legal determinations made

by the plan sponsor, including the legal determination of whether an employer is liable

for withdrawal liability, are reviewed de novo by the arbitrator.

10
 Here, the Fund Sponsors determined that Penske was liable for Leaseway’s

withdrawal liability, despite having sold Leaseway, based on their factual determination

that a principal purpose of the Transaction was for Penske to evade or avoid withdrawal

liability. The parties agree that Penske has the burden to disprove this challenged factual

finding. See id. at 629. The parties disagree, however, on whether this burden was

actually applied by the Arbitrator. We agree with the Fund that the Arbitrator

erroneously placed the burden on the Fund to prove by a preponderance that a principal

purpose of the Transaction was to evade or avoid withdrawal liability, and that this

failure to apply the correct burden amounted to clear error.

In the entire 123-page Award, the Arbitrator never once concludes that Penske

disproved by a preponderance that a principal purpose of its stock sale of Leaseway was

to evade or avoid withdrawal liability. Instead, the Arbitrator concluded Penske was not

liable because the Fund failed to prove evasion or avoidance as a principal purpose of the

Transaction. The Arbitrator expressly “found that the preponderance of the record

evidence failed to establish that a principal purpose of the Transaction was to evade or

avoid withdrawal liability . . . .” J.A. 132; see also J.A. 118 (titling a subsection in the

Award, “The Record Failed to Substantiate the Fund’s Claim that a Principal Purpose of

the Transaction was to Evade or Avoid Withdrawal Liability”). This error is particularly

glaring because the Arbitrator correctly applied the burden to an unrelated finding that

was also entitled to a presumption of correctness. See J.A. 132 (“Penske has failed to

shoulder its burden under Concrete Pipe to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

11
the [Fund Sponsor’s] determination that Leaseway suffered a partial withdrawal due to a

70% decline in [contribution base units] is incorrect . . . .”).

A review of the Award in its entirety confirms our conclusion. The Arbitrator’s

statements throughout the Award indicate that his findings resulted from a lack of

evidence that a principal purpose was to evade or avoid withdrawal liability, thereby

erroneously placing the burden on the Fund rather than the Employer. For example, the

Arbitrator stated that “[t]here was no direct evidence of any intent to evade or avoid

withdrawal liability by Penske.” J.A. 120. But, under the correct burden, the Arbitrator

should have found evidence disproving that Penske intended to evade or avoid

withdrawal liability. By stating, “I am unable to find that withdrawal liability was a

principal purpose of Penske selling Leaseway to PLG in the form of a stock sale,” the

Arbitrator again failed to apply the required presumption of correctness and did not place

the burden on Penske. J.A. 130. This failure is contrary to Congress’s clear intent to

“burden the party more likely to have information relevant to the facts about its

withdrawal from the Plan with the obligation to demonstrate that facts treated by the Plan

as amounting to a withdrawal did not occur as alleged.” Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 626;

see also J.A. 121 (stating that evidence did not “warrant[] an inference that a principal

purpose of the Transaction was to evade or avoid withdrawal liability”); J.A. 131 (“[T]he

fact that a business is sold as a stock transaction without more does not give rise to an

inference that a principal purpose of the sale is to evade or avoid the imposition of

withdrawal liability.”).

12
 We also reject the notion that the few instances in which the Arbitrator mentions

the correct burden can cure the Arbitrator’s failure to apply the presumption of

correctness as statutorily required. Most notably, although the Arbitrator initially stated

the burden of proof correctly in his July 2012 ruling—in advance of his Award ruling—

the next page of that ruling offered a follow-up statement indicating how he would apply

the incorrect burden:

If the preponderance of the evidence establishes that a principal purpose of
the transaction was to evade or avoid withdrawal liability, then the March
26, 2004 stock sale will be disregarded when determining Penske’s liability
for Leaseway’s withdrawal(s). If, on the other hand, the preponderance of
the evidence fails to establish that a principal purpose of the transaction was
to evade or avoid withdrawal liability, then the [] stock sale will be given
full effect . . . . The issue of burden of proof would be significant in this
case, therefore, only in the highly improbable situation that the totality of
the evidence on this question, viewed as a whole, is equally balanced.

J.A. 190. This statement reflects that the Arbitrator was erroneously looking for evidence

proving what the Fund Sponsors had already determined, instead of looking for evidence

disproving that fact. And although the Arbitrator stated that, “[Mr. Angelbeck’s]

testimony that the evasion or avoidance of withdrawal liability was not a principal

purpose (or even a non-principal purpose) of the Transaction is supported by a number of

record facts,” without more, we decline to find that this single reference to one witness is

a conclusive statement by the Arbitrator that Penske met its burden. J.A. 119.

Upon reviewing the entire Award, there is insufficient evidence that the Arbitrator

reached his conclusions under the correct burden. By ignoring the presumption of

correctness and instead requiring the Fund to prove that evasion or avoidance was a

principal purpose of the Transaction, the Arbitrator committed clear error.

13
 Moreover, we decline to find that this error is harmless. Because the Arbitrator

was analyzing and applying the facts under the wrong burden, the error impacts nearly

every finding made and will likely require review of the entire arbitration record.

Undertaking this extensive review ourselves would undermine ERISA’s express intention

for these matters to be handled in arbitration rather than in the courts. 29 U.S.C.

§ 1401(a) (“Any dispute between an employer and the plan sponsor of a multiemployer

plan concerning a determination made under sections 1381 through 1399 of this title shall

be resolved through arbitration.”); see also Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 630 (“[T]he

arbitrator’s decision fails to reveal the force with which factual conclusions by the

trustees here were presumed correct, and in such a case we would ordinarily reverse the

judgment below for consideration of the extent to which the arbitrator's application of the

presumption was contrary to the construction we adopt today.”). Therefore, we decline to

opine about whether the evidence supports the same conclusions under the correct

burden, and whether the Arbitrator erred by ignoring or failing to consider material

evidence in reaching his conclusions, and remand for further proceedings.

C.

Finally, we consider the Fund’s contention that the attorneys’ fees awarded to

Penske were not reasonable because the Arbitrator did not follow the United States

District Court for the District of Maryland Local Rules, Appendix B, in determining the

amount of the fees. Because we are vacating the court’s affirmance of the Award and

remanding for further consideration, we decline to consider whether the court erred in

determining that the attorneys’ fees issued as part of that Award were reasonable.

14
 III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

VACATED AND REMANDED.

15
DIAZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part 1:

My colleagues rely on a few inartful sentences in a 123-page opinion to conclude

the Arbitrator misstated, and therefore, presumably misapplied the burden of proof in this

case. According to the majority, the Arbitrator was “erroneously looking for evidence

proving what the Fund Sponsors had already determined” as to Penske’s principal

motivation for selling Leaseway (the “Transaction”). Maj. Op. at 13. In their view,

given the presumption of correctness owed to a Fund’s determination under the

Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 (the “MPPAA”), the Arbitrator

should instead have been “looking for evidence disproving” that determination. Maj. Op.

at 13 (emphasis added).

This error (says the majority) “impacts nearly every finding made and [thus] likely

require[s] review of the entire arbitration record.” Maj. Op. at 14. Inexplicably,

however, my colleagues claim that conducting such an “extensive review ourselves

would undermine ERISA’s express intention for these matters to be handled in arbitration

rather than in the courts.” Maj. Op. at 14. Consequently, they punt, opting instead to

require the Arbitrator to start over. Because this disposition rests on a flawed

understanding of the Arbitrator’s opinion, ignores the record, and undermines clear

congressional objectives, I respectfully dissent.

1
While I concur in the majority’s conclusion that the district court did not err in
declining to stay the proceedings, I dissent as to the remaining portions of the opinion,
including parts II.B and II.C.

16
 I.

First, I do not agree that the Arbitrator applied the incorrect burden of proof.

Rather, the framework the Arbitrator set out in his July 2012 ruling, and which the

majority quotes at ante 13, states the question that needs to be answered, the requisite

degree of certainty with which it needs to be answered, and what is to happen if the

evidence is equipoised. My colleagues are no fans of the Arbitrator’s syntax, but that

alone does not constitute legal error.

Second, even if the Arbitrator did apply the wrong burden, we are still obligated to

review both the Arbitrator’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. 29 U.S.C. §

1401(c). The former category includes the Arbitrator’s determination regarding the

principal purposes of the transaction, which we review for clear error. See Sherwin-

Williams Co. v. N.Y. State Teamsters Conference Pension, Ret. Fund, 158 F.3d 387, 393

(6th Cir. 1998). Under this standard, we may reverse the arbitrator’s findings only if,

“after reviewing the entire record, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed.” Id. (citing Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S.

564, 570 (1985)).

My colleagues mistakenly decline to consider whether the Arbitrator clearly erred

in finding “Penske’s principal motivations in looking to sell Leaseway were business

motivations, not the evasion or avoidance of withdrawal liability.” J.A. 120. There was

no such error. Penske offered evidence disproving the Fund’s claim that avoiding

withdrawal liability was a principal purpose behind the Transaction. And after presenting

17
its affirmative evidence, Penske rebutted the Fund’s case by pointing out the lack of

“direct evidence of any intent to evade or avoid withdrawal liability.” J.A. 120.

Despite quoting from and criticizing language found at the end of the award, the

majority does not address the first ninety-eight pages of the Arbitrator’s decision, which

detail the evidence offered by both sides. This lengthy discussion makes clear that the

Arbitrator’s findings rest on evidence offered by Penske, not on the Fund’s failure to

meet a misapplied burden. Some of the critical evidence the Arbitrator considered

includes: (1) Penske’s continuous efforts to sell Leaseway since acquiring the company in

1995; (2) Penske’s limited knowledge of any withdrawal liability linked to Leaseway;

and (3) Penske’s belief that Performance Logistics Group (“PLG”) would be a profitable

company following the Transaction. J.A. 120–26.

The record shows that Penske’s original reason for purchasing Leaseway was to

obtain its advanced computer logistics system, and because neither of Leaseway’s two

operating units aligned with Penske’s core businesses, its plan was always to resell the

company. Penske sold Leaseway’s leasing unit in August 1996 and had been in talks to

sell the auto-carrier division as early as March 1996. J.A. 89. Though this effort fell

through, Penske talked with three other buyers in 1998, 1999, and 2000. J.A. 120.

Importantly, these efforts all occurred when the Fund had no withdrawal liability, and the

record is devoid of any other ERISA liability linked to Leaseway during that time. While

sales talks with PLG did not begin until early 2002, the Arbitrator noted (I believe

correctly) that this “prior behavior is strong evidence that Penske’s principal motivations

18
in looking to sell Leaseway were business motivations, not the evasion or avoidance of

withdrawal liability.” J.A. 120.

The Arbitrator also considered internal documents and testimony from Penske

executives, which showed that Penske had little knowledge of any withdrawal liability

linked to Leaseway even when it was finally sold in 2004. J.A. 83, 97. The only

concurrent document discussing possible pension liability tied to Leaseway was a 2003

diligence chart identifying just under $20 million in withdrawal liability for all Penske

controlled groups. J.A. 83; 97–98. But that figure was also contingent on Leaseway and

or Penske ceasing their contributions to the relevant pension funds, something Penske did

not believe was likely to happen. J.A. 129. Because there was “no indication that Penske

was in possession of any information that reasonably should have suggested” it would be

“responsible for complete withdrawal liability to the Fund,” the Arbitrator reasonably

concluded that the amount of withdrawal liability was not “demonstrated to be a

motivating factor.” J.A. 126, 129.

Finally, the Fund’s case rests heavily on the assumption—born of hindsight—that

PLG was not economically viable, and therefore any equity Penske received as part of the

Transaction was worthless. From this premise, the Fund offered expert testimony that the

Transaction only made sense if viewed as a way of shedding $20 million in potential

withdrawal liability. But Penske attacked both the logic of this conclusion and its factual

premise. The Arbitrator found nothing to support the Fund’s assertion that “Penske knew

or should have known that the stock was, and would be, worthless,” relying instead on

evidence which “revealed that Penske believed that PLG would be a viable and profitable

19
concern.” J.A. 122. The reasonableness of Penske’s subjective belief was bolstered by

the actions of investment banks and private equity firms, which

“after performing their due diligence, similarly believed in the viability of PLG after the

Transaction as evidenced by their willingness to make significant loans to PLG, as did

PLG’s backers.” J.A. 122–23. Thus, rather than ditching Leaseway “to evade or avoid

withdrawal liability,” the record shows that Penske anticipated Leaseway to survive in

the form of a “merged business” with PLG that would produce “significant savings.”

J.A. 122.

On this record, I am unable to come to the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been made. Accordingly, I would affirm the Arbitrator’s award in its

entirety. 2

2
Given its disposition, the majority does not reach the Arbitrator’s separate award
of attorneys’ fees. The Arbitrator awarded fees due to the Fund’s discovery misconduct
pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 4221.10, which is largely analogous to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37. The
only requirement from the text of § 4221.10 is that the fees be reasonable, and the Fund
claims that the district court erred by not considering Appendix B of the District of
Maryland Local Rules on the question of the reasonableness of the award. This argument
is without merit.

By its terms, Appendix B applies to fee awards for a “prevailing party.” Local
Rules, United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Appendix B (July 2016).
The problem for the Fund is that Penske need not be a prevailing party to receive a fee
award under § 4221.10. Unlike the fee-shifting statutes addressed by Appendix B, the
fees awarded here serve as a sanction for discovery misconduct and compensate Penske
regardless of its success on the underlying merits. The district court was therefore not
obligated to consult Appendix B before ruling on the reasonableness of the award. While
the Fund could have attacked reasonableness on other grounds, it failed to do so.
Accordingly, I would affirm the award of attorneys’ fees.

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 II.

The majority’s decision to vacate the award also frustrates clear congressional

objectives. The MPPAA requires arbitration in order to “create a more efficient dispute-

resolution process,” “thereby limiting dispute-resolution costs and preserving plans’

assets.” Bd. of Trustees, Sheet Metal Workers' Nat’l Pension Fund v. BES Servs., Inc.,

469 F.3d 369, 374 (4th Cir. 2006). This streamlined process includes judicial review of

an award, but with the understanding that the arbitrator’s decision is “presumptively

correct and may be rebutted only by a clear preponderance of the evidence.” Republic

Indus., Inc. v. Teamsters Joint Council No. 83 of Virginia Pension Fund, 718 F.2d 628,

641 (4th Cir. 1983).

By refusing to consider whether the evidence supports the award in spite of the

Arbitrator’s alleged mistake regarding the burden of proof, the majority gives short shrift

to this carefully crafted statutory scheme and (regrettably) exalts form over substance.

I respectfully dissent.

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