NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 17-1594
___________
OFFICE DEPOT, INC.;
NORTH AMERICAN CARD AND COUPON SERVICES, LLC,
Appellants
v.
SECRETARY OF FINANCE FOR THE STATE OF DELAWARE;
STATE ESCHEATOR OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE;
AUDIT MANAGER FOR THE STATE OF DELAWARE
___________________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Delaware
(D. Del. Civ. No. 1-16-cv-00609)
District Judge: Honorable Leonard P. Stark
___________________________________________
Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) *
on September 27, 2017
Before: AMBRO and KRAUSE, Circuit Judges, and CONTI, Chief District Judge. **
(Opinion filed: January 22, 2018)
*
The case was held in abeyance pending this Court’s decision in Marathon
Petroleum Corp. v. Secretary of Finance, 876 F.3d 481 (3d Cir. 2017).
**
Honorable Joy Flowers Conti, Chief Judge of the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
____________
OPINION ***
____________
KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.
In this case we are asked to decide whether Delaware may conduct an audit
examining whether monies paid for stored-value gift cards issued by a Delaware
company’s out-of-state subsidiary are held by the parent company and thus subject to
escheat, or whether such an audit is preempted by the federal common law governing
escheat. Appellants are Office Depot, Inc., a Delaware corporation with a principal place
of business in Florida, and North American Card and Coupon Services, LLC (NACCS),
Office Depot’s special-purpose subsidiary organized in Virginia.
In all material respects, this case is identical to Marathon Petroleum Corp. v.
Secretary of Finance, 876 F.3d 481 (3d Cir. 2017)—which we decided after the District
Court issued its opinion in this case—and compels the same result. Like the appellants in
Marathon, Office Depot and NACCS contend that the District Court erred in (1) ruling
that private parties lack standing to invoke the federal common law to challenge a state’s
authority to escheat property, and (2) dismissing Appellants’ claim that the Texas
trilogy—a set of cases in which the Supreme Court set out the rules of priority governing
the escheat of intangible property—preempted Delaware’s audit of NACCS’s gift cards.
***
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
2
See Texas v. New Jersey, 379 U.S. 674 (1965); Pennsylvania v. New York, 407 U.S. 206
(1972); Delaware v. New York, 507 U.S. 490 (1993). 1
Appellants are correct that, as we indicated in New Jersey Retail Merchants Ass’n
v. Sidamon-Eristoff, 669 F.3d 374, 383 (3d Cir. 2012), and recently squarely held in
Marathon, 876 F.3d at 493, private parties have standing to challenge a state’s authority
to conduct an audit and escheat abandoned property. However, as we explained at length
in Marathon, the Texas cases do not prevent Delaware from initiating an inquiry to
determine the true holder of abandoned property. Id. at 499. The Supreme Court has
observed that the first step in assessing a state’s right to escheat intangible personal
property is “determin[ing] the precise debtor-creditor relationship as defined by the law
that creates the property at issue,” Delaware, 507 U.S. at 499, and Delaware may seek
information that will assist it in making that determination, Marathon, 876 F.3d at 499.
“We do not read the Texas trilogy as foreclosing a state’s right to conduct an appropriate
examination to determine if there is fraud or another basis for determining that property
may be escheated, even if a contract viewed in isolation might suggest otherwise.” Id. at
501. Therefore, we must reject Appellants’ claim.
That said, we emphasized in Marathon that our resolution of the narrow issue of
whether Delaware may conduct an audit does not bar private parties from bringing suit to
1
Just as in Marathon, here Delaware contends that Appellants’ preemption claim
is not ripe. But the claim is ripe insofar as Appellants are challenging Delaware’s
authority to initiate the audit at all; it is not ripe to the extent they are challenging the
scope or means of the examination because “Delaware has as yet taken no formal steps to
compel cooperation with its audit,” Marathon, 876 F.3d at 497 n.18.
3
challenge the audit if and when the state’s demands for information become “so
obviously pretextual or insatiable . . . that ‘it is evident that the result of [the] process
must lead to conflict preemption.’” Id. (quoting NE Hub Partners, L.P. v. CNG
Transmission Corp., 239 F.3d 333, 348 (3d Cir. 2001)). An audit process that extends
beyond a legitimate inquiry into whether a subsidiary company is bona fide may well
trigger the priority rules. Although no such argument is available where, as here, the
state has not initiated an enforcement proceeding, it is possible that Appellants will have
a viable claim as to the scope of the audit at a future date. 2
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand
with instructions to dismiss Office Depot and NACCS’s preemption claim without
prejudice.
2
Appellants allege that, in light of their failure to provide requested documents,
the third-party auditor employed by Delaware, Kelmar, notified them that it had referred
the matter to the Attorney General’s office for consideration of enforcement action,
whereas in Marathon the subsidiaries alleged only that Kelmar had threatened to refer the
matter. This factual distinction is not material, however, because in neither case has the
state formally sought compliance.
4