UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS
No. 16-1208
JAMES GOLDEN, JR., APPELLANT,
V.
DAVID J. SHULKIN, M.D.,
SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.
On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals
(Argued January 19, 2018 Decided February 23, 2018)
Ethan F. Maron, of Washington, District of Columbia, for the appellant.
Sarah W. Fusina, with whom Meghan Flanz, Interim General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn,
Chief Counsel; and Selket N. Cottle, Deputy Chief Counsel, all of Washington, D.C., were on the
brief for the appellee.
Before PIETSCH, GREENBERG, and ALLEN, Judges.
GREENBERG, Judge: The appellant, James Golden, Jr., appeals through counsel that part
of a December 30, 2015, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied a disability
rating in excess of 70% for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).1 Record (R.) at 15-24. The
issue before the Court is whether the Board may use Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
scores when assigning a disability rating for psychiatric claims where the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013) (DSM-5) applies. For the following
reasons, the Court will vacate that part of the Board's December 30, 2015, decision on appeal and
remand the matter for readjudication.
I.
The appellant is a Vietnam War veteran who served on active duty in the U.S. Army from
July 1956 to March 1978, and is a recipient of the Vietnam Service Medal with four Bronze Service
1
The Board also remanded the appellant's service-connection claims for (1) bilateral hearing loss; (2) erectile
dysfunction and leakage; and (3) ischemic heart disease; the issue of a total disability rating based on individual
unemployability was remanded with these claims. R. at 24-36. These matters are not before the Court. See Hampton
v. Gober, 10 Vet.App. 481, 482 (1997).
Stars. R. at 77, 397, 875 (DD Form 214). During his decorated service in Vietnam, he endured
rocket and mortar attacks, and was fired upon. R. at 858, 875.
In April 2010 the appellant filed for benefits based on service connection for PTSD. R. at
927. The following month he sought treatment from a private psychiatrist for flashbacks,
nightmares, weekly hallucinations, mood swings, suicidal feelings, and decreased memory. R. at
874. The psychiatrist diagnosed the appellant with PTSD and assigned a GAF score of 40. Id.
In September 2010 a VA examiner noted the appellant's complaints of sleep impairment,
nightmares, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, hypervigilance, irritability, difficulties in crowds,
anger, avoidance, depressed mood, concentration problems, and exaggerated startled response. R.
at 858-60. The appellant also reported to the examiner he had retired from his job as a corrections
officer because of psychological and physical conditions. R. at 858. The examiner diagnosed the
appellant with PTSD and found moderate impairment in the appellant's social adaptability and
ability to maintain employment, and diagnosed him with PTSD; a GAF score of 54 was assigned.
R. at 859-60. In a July 2011 rating decision, the regional office (RO) granted service connection
for PTSD, and awarded a 50% disability rating. R. at 594-605.
In April 2012 the appellant underwent another VA examination where he reported
depression, anxiety, chronic sleep impairment, flattened affect and memory problems. R. at 532-
35. The examiner provided a GAF score of 50, finding that the appellant experienced disturbances
in motivation and mood, difficulty in establishing or maintaining effective work or social
relationships, a deteriorating marriage, and suicidal ideation. R. at 528-32. The appellant's PTSD
disability rating was increased to 70% in November 2012. R. at 387-403. The appellant appealed
the rating assigned. R. at 301-02. The matter was certified to the Board on June 17, 2015. R. at
65.
In December 2015 the Board issued the decision on appeal, denying the appellant a
disability rating in excess of 70% for PTSD. R. at 15-24. The Board acknowledged, as discussed
below, that the DSM-5 applied to claims certified to the Board after August 4, 2014, and that this
edition of the manual had eliminated the use of GAF scores. R. at 17. The Board then discussed
the appellant's various GAF scores, R. at 17, 19, 20, finding that
GAF scores assigned during the relevant period do not provide a basis for assigning
a higher rating. The Veteran's GAF scores have ranged from 40 to 54. Pursuant to
the DSM-IV, a GAF score from 31 to 40 is indicative of some impairment in reality
testing or communication (e.g., speech at times illogical, obscure, or irrelevant) or
2
major impairment in several areas, such as work, school, family relations,
judgment, thinking or mood (e.g., suicidal ideation, neglects family, and is unable
to work). A GAF score from 41 to 50 is indicative of serious symptoms (e.g.,
suicidal ideation, severe obsessional rituals, frequent shoplifting) or any serious
impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., no friends, unable
to keep a job). Scores from 51 to 60 reflect moderate symptoms (e.g., flat affect and
circumstantial speech, occasional panic attacks) or moderate difficulty in social,
occupational, or school functioning (e.g., few friends, conflicts with peers or co-
workers).
While the Veteran's GAF scores have fluctuated over time, his lowest score
assigned – 40 in May 2010 – is consistent with no greater impairment than that
contemplated by the assigned 70 percent rating. In fact, the Veteran has also
received GAF scores that would indicate only serious or moderate
symptomatology.
R. at 21-22.
II.
The appellant argues that the Board failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons or
bases when it failed to discuss favorable DSM-5 provisions. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 4-10. At
oral argument, the appellant clarified his position that he believed that GAF scores of record were
still relevant evidence although the DSM-5 applied to the appellant's appeal. Oral Argument
(O.A.) at 8:00-15:30, Golden v. Shulkin, U.S. Vet.App. 16-1208 (oral argument held Jan. 19,
2018), http://www.uscourts.cavc.gov/oral_arguments_audio.php. However, he argued that these
scores must be addressed in the context of the DSM-5's acknowledgement that the GAF scale was
methodologically flawed and was particularly unreliable as applied to PTSD. Appellant's Br. at 7;
see also O.A. at 19:00-:30.
The appellant also argues that the Board erred by failing to remand the matter of
extraschedular consideration as inextricably intertwined with the remanded service-connection
matters. Appellant's Br. at 8. The appellant further discussed extraschedular consideration at oral
argument. See O.A. at 2:30-:30.
The Secretary agrees with the appellant that the mere consideration of GAF scores in the
Board's decision was not error and that, in fact, the Board is obligated to consider all pertinent
evidence. Secretary's Br. at 6-7; see Appellant's Supplemental (Supp.) Br. at 2 (the Board has a
"statutory obligation to consider all evidence of record" and therefore "must continue to consider
GAF scores of record in claims certified to the Board after August 4, 2014"). However, the
3
Secretary's argument diverges from the appellant's in that the Secretary contends that the Board
properly considered the totality of the evidence and the appellant's medical history, and that the
GAF scores were just "another factor" in determining that the appellant was not entitled to a
disability rating in excess of 70% for PTSD. Secretary's Br. at 8. The Secretary also contends
that, in any event, any usage of the GAF scores in the Board's December 2015 decision was not
prejudicial because the Board relied on the actual symptomatology to deny a higher rating. O.A.
at 42:00-45:00. At oral argument, the Secretary suggested that VA's adoption of the DSM-5 was
relevant to its duty to assist and that medical examiners should not use GAF scores after August
4, 2014, when providing medical opinions; however, VA adjudicators were still required to
consider existing GAF scores when determining the severity of a claimant's psychological
disability. O.A. at 41:00-42:00.
The Secretary also argues that the record did not reasonably raise a collective-impact
extraschedular issue, and thus the appellant's argument that this matter should have been remanded
as inextricably intertwined with his other remanded claims is without merit. Secretary's Br. at 9-
10 (citing Johnson v. McDonald, 762 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2014) and Yancy v. McDonald,
27 Vet.App. 484, 495-96 (2016)).
III.
The "Global Assessment of Functioning" scale was a scale ranging from 0 to 100, that was
created to reflect "psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum
of mental health illness." See DSM-IV at 32. In other words, a GAF score was a numerical
summary on a standardized scale reflecting the presence and severity of psychological symptoms
and their effects. Id. The goal of ensuring uniformity through the use of GAF scores did not appear
to have been achieved, as "[i]t was recommended that the GAF [score] be dropped from [the]
DSM-5 for several reasons, including its conceptual lack of clarity (i.e. including symptoms,
suicide risk, and disabilities in its descriptors) and questionable psychometrics in routine practice."
DSM-5 at 16.
Effective August 4, 2014, VA amended the portion of its Schedule for Rating Disabilities
dealing with mental disorders to remove outdated references to the DSM-IV and replace them with
references to the DSM-5. See 79 Fed. Reg. 45,093, 45,094 (Aug. 4, 2014). VA adopted as final,
without change, the interim final rule and clarified that the provisions of the final rule did not apply
4
to claims that were pending before the Board, this Court, or the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit on August 4, 2014, even if such claims were subsequently remanded to the agency
of original jurisdiction. See 80 Fed. Reg. 14,308 (Mar. 19, 2015).
IV.
The Court recognizes that, when the Board evaluates a disability, it is essential "that [the]
disability be viewed in relation to its history," 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2017), and it is well established
that the Board is obligated to consider all pertinent medical and lay evidence when rating a
disability, Schafrath v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 589, 593 (1991). To that end, the parties agree that
GAF scores are at least minimally relevant as part of a veteran's psychiatric history. See Appellant's
Br. at 7; Secretary's Br. at 6-7. However, both parties also agree that, although GAF scores were
designed to help quantify and summarize the severity of symptoms associated with mental
disorders, the DSM-5 eliminated GAF scores because of their "conceptual lack of clarity" and
"questionable psychometrics in routine practice." DSM-5 at 16; see also Appellant's Br. at 6-7;
Secretary's Br. at 5-6. Given that the DSM-5 abandoned the GAF scale and that VA has formally
adopted the DSM-5, the Court holds that the Board errs when it uses GAF scores to assign a
psychiatric rating in cases where the DSM-5 applies.
The Court disagrees with the Secretary's characterization at oral argument that the adoption
of the DSM-5 pertained solely to VA examiners and the adequacy of VA examinations. See O.A.
at 41:00-42:00. Although it is true that examiners no longer use these scores, an adjudicator is not
permitted to rely on evidence that the American Psychiatric Association itself finds lacking in
clarity and usefulness. Any reliance on evidence that expert consensus—as adopted by VA—has
determined to be unreliable would be impossible to justify with an adequate statement of reasons
or bases. See 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1) ("Each decision of the Board shall include . . . a written
statement of the Board's findings and conclusions, and the reasons or bases for those findings and
conclusions, on all material issues of fact and law presented in the record."); Gilbert v. Derwinski,
1 Vet.App. 49, 56-57 (1990) (finding that Congress mandated, by statute, that the Board provide
a written statement of reasons or bases for its conclusions that is adequate to enable the appellant
to understand the precise basis for the Board's decision and to facilitate review in this Court); see
also, e.g., Fagan v. Shinseki, 573 F.3d 1282, 1284 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting a VA examiner's
statement acknowledging that considering hearing loss using a disfavored whispered test "does not
5
provide frequency or ear specific information and therefore does not rule out, or confirm, high
frequency hearing loss").
The Court also rejects the appellant's argument that the Board must consider GAF scores
to rate psychiatric disorders so long as the Board discusses how the unreliability of those scores
affects the weight they should be assigned.2 Appellant's Supp. Br. at 2, 5. It makes little sense to
impose a heightened reasons-or-bases requirement by obligating the Board to discuss how the
American Psychiatric Association's rejection of GAF scores should affect the weight of such
evidence. Instead, the Court provides far simpler guidance: the Board should not use such
evidence at all when assigning a psychiatric rating in cases where the DSM-5 applies.
The Board's rating analysis for psychiatric disorders has always been "symptom driven,"
meaning that "symptom[s] should be the fact finder's primary focus when deciding entitlement to
a given disability rating." Vazquez-Claudio v. Shinseki, 713 F.3d 112, 116-17 (Fed. Cir. 2013);
see also Bankhead v. Shulkin, 29 Vet.App. 10, 22 (2017) (requiring VA to "engage in a holistic
analysis" of the claimant's symptoms to determine the proper disability rating); Mauerhan v.
Principi, 16 Vet.App. 436, 440-41 (2002) (VA must consider "all the evidence of record that bears
on occupational and social impairment," and then "assign a disability rating that most closely
reflects the level of social and occupational impairment a veteran is suffering"). The Court simply
clarifies that, to the extent that the Board may have been tempted to use numerical GAF scores as
a shortcut for gauging psychiatric impairment, such use would be error.
Further, the adequacy of medical examinations has never depended upon the use or
inclusion of GAF scores. A medical examination is adequate "where it is based upon consideration
of the veteran's prior medical history and examinations and also describes the disability, if any, in
sufficient detail so that the Board's evaluation of the claimed disability will be a fully informed
one." Stefl v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 120, 123 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted)). An
examiner is tasked with thoroughly describing a claimant's current disability to allow an
adjudicator to assign the appropriate rating, and must consider the current disability. See Monzingo
v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 97, 105 (2012) (per curiam) (holding that an adequate medical
2
At oral argument, the appellant also suggested that GAF scores may be useful where the same examiner
provided multiple examinations over time because the difference in GAF scores helped the adjudicator identify the
examiner's opinion that a claimant's condition had changed. O.A. 12:04-12:50. However, an adequate examination
must also be based "upon consideration of the veteran's prior medical history" and thus an examiner is already tasked
with explaining any fluctuations in the severity of mental disability. See id. The Court therefore disagrees that GAF
scores offer any added value for this purpose.
6
examination "sufficiently inform[s] the Board of a medical expert's judgment on a medical
question and the essential rationale for the that opinion."). If the examiner does not provide this
information with the requisite specificity, the examination is inadequate regardless of whether a
GAF score is included.
Although the Secretary argues that any mention of GAF scores in this case was not
prejudicial error, the Court cannot deem the inclusion of these GAF scores harmless. See 38 U.S.C.
§ 7261(b)(2) (requiring Court to "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"). Although it
is possible that the Board may have analyzed the appellant's GAF scores in response to his
argument that his low GAF score of 40 entitled him to a higher rating, R. at 420-21 (Apr. 2013
Substantive Appeal), the Board did not provide this explanation, and the Court is unable to
conclude that the Board's decision would have been the same had the discussion of GAF scores
been removed. The Court does not hold that the Board commits prejudicial error every time the
Board references GAF scores in a decision, but in this case, it is unclear whether the Board's
discussion of the GAF scores was prejudicial. Therefore, remand is required for the Board to
provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its decision.
As the Court is remanding the appellant's claim on a schedular basis, it is premature to
address the appellant's arguments pertaining to extraschedular consideration. On remand, the
appellant may present, and the Board must consider, any additional evidence and arguments. See
Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002). This matter is to be provided expeditious treatment.
See 38 U.S.C. § 7112; see also Hayburn's Case, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) at 410, n. ("[M]any unfortunate
and meritorious [veterans], whom Congress have justly thought proper objects of immediate relief,
may suffer great distress, even by a short delay, and may be utterly ruined, by a long one.").
V.
For the foregoing reasons, the Board's December 30, 2015, decision is VACATED and the
matter is REMANDED for readjudication consistent with this decision.
7