Leprino Foods Company v. DCI

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT March 1, 2018
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
LEPRINO FOODS COMPANY,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v. No. 17-1031
(D.C. No. 1:13-CV-02430-RM-KMT)
DCI, INC., (D. Colo.)

Defendant - Appellee.
_________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________

Before BRISCOE, HARTZ, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________

This appeal involves DCI, Inc.’s sales of crystallizer tanks to Leprino Foods

Company. Years after the sales, the tanks corroded and Leprino sued DCI for breach

of warranty and negligent nondisclosure. The district court granted summary

judgment to DCI in this diversity action, concluding that (1) the breach-of-warranty

claims were barred by the statute of limitations and (2) the claims of negligent

nondisclosure failed because Leprino had not shown a duty to disclose.

The breach-of-warranty claims are time-barred if the claims accrued upon

delivery of the tanks. Leprino argues that the claims accrued only after delivery

because the sale contracts had guaranteed the tanks’ condition beyond the delivery

*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
dates. We disagree. Accrual can be delayed only by explicitly guaranteeing

performance up to a future date or event, and no such guarantee existed here. Thus,

DCI was entitled to summary judgment on the breach-of-warranty claims.

For claims of negligent nondisclosure, liability requires a duty to disclose. But

Leprino has failed to demonstrate DCI had a duty to disclose. Thus, DCI was entitled

to summary judgment on the claims of negligent nondisclosure.

For these reasons, we AFFIRM the award of summary judgment to DCI.

I

Leprino manufactures and sells dairy products. To manufacture the dairy

products, Leprino purchased stainless steel tanks from DCI for use as lactose

crystallizers.

In 2001, Leprino agreed to buy fourteen tanks (the “2001 Agreement”); these

tanks were delivered in 2003. In 2007, Leprino bought twelve more (the “2007

Agreement”); these tanks were delivered in 2009. All twenty-six tanks were nearly

identical. They are each approximately twenty-six feet in height and hold ten

thousand gallons. The first fourteen tanks have an outer jacket made of “304

stainless steel,” while the latter twelve tanks have an outer jacket made of “2101

Duplex steel.” All twenty-six tanks have an inner sidewall made of 304 stainless

steel, and insulation (between the inner sidewall and the outer jacket) made of three-

inch expanded polystyrene and one-inch fiberglass.

Crystallizer tanks are susceptible to cracking and corrosion from chlorides

found in the insulation between the inner sidewall and the outer jacket. To help

2
prevent this, DCI applied a single barrier coat of “Thurmalox 70 silicone” to the

exterior surface of the inner sidewall of all 26 tanks. The coating was meant to

“resist[] chloride-induced stress cracking and corrosion result[ing] from water

leaching of soluble chlorides from insulation at operating temperatures over 150oF.”

Vol. I at 54. In addition, the move to 2101 Duplex steel for the 2007 Agreement was

in response to DCI’s recommendation that “[t]he duplexes are excellent against

chloride pitting and stress corrosion cracking.” Vol. V at 854.

Both the 2001 Agreement and the 2007 Agreement included the same warranty

provisions. Section 6.3 states, in relevant part:

All goods, materials and equipment furnished under this
Agreement will be fit for the purpose intended as specified in the
Agreement, of good quality, new, free from faults and defects
(whether patent or latent) in material or workmanship and in
conformance with this Agreement (which includes all exhibits
attached hereto). . . . The provisions of this Paragraph shall
survive acceptance of the Equipment by Leprino, and shall run to
Leprino’s successors, assigns, customers and users of Leprino’s
product. The provisions of this Paragraph shall not be deemed
waived by reason of Leprino’s inspection, acceptance or
payment.

Vol. I at 45, 63. Section 6.4 states, in relevant part:

In addition to all other warranties made by Seller for the benefit
of Leprino, Seller agrees that for a period of twelve months from
and after the date of Final Completion, the Equipment is
guaranteed to be and remain free from defects in material and
workmanship under normal and proper use. If the Equipment (or
any portion thereof), fails through defect in material or
workmanship during such one year period, Seller will repair or
replace such defective portion of the Equipment free of charge at
the Property. Nothing contained in this Paragraph shall be
construed to establish a period of limitation with respect to other
obligations which the Seller might have under this Agreement.

3
 Establishment of the time period of one year as described in this
Paragraph relates only to the specific obligation of Seller to
correct the Work[.]

Id. at 45–46, 63.

In May 2012, Leprino notified DCI that some of the tanks had developed

cracks. After some discussion, DCI informed Leprino that the likely cause was

chloride stress corrosion cracking. In June 2012, Leprino personnel performed

inspections inside all twenty-six tanks, and found cracks or leaks in twenty of them.

On September 6, 2013, Leprino filed suit against DCI in the United States

District Court for the District of Colorado, alleging diversity jurisdiction. Leprino

asserted the following claims: 1) breach of contract and express warranties under the

2001 Agreement; 2) breach of contract and express warranties under the 2007

Agreement; 3) negligent nondisclosure in the 2001 Agreement; 4) negligent

nondisclosure in the 2007 Agreement; and 5) negligent misrepresentation in the 2007

Agreement.1

On May 4, 2016, Leprino filed its motion for partial summary judgment, and

DCI filed its motion for summary judgment. On January 3, 2017, the district court

issued a memorandum and order granting DCI’s motion for summary judgment and

denying Leprino’s motion for partial summary judgment, reasoning that (1) the

breach-of-warranty claims were untimely because the future-performance exception

did not apply and (2) the claims of negligent nondisclosure failed because DCI had

no duty to disclose. Leprino appeals, and we affirm.

1
The claim for negligent misrepresentation is not at issue in this appeal.
4
 II

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, drawing all

reasonable inferences and resolving all factual disputes in favor of Leprino. Birch v.

Polaris Indus., 812 F.3d 1238, 1251 (10th Cir. 2015). In conducting de novo review,

we apply Colorado substantive law. Etherton v. Owners Ins., 829 F.3d 1209, 1223

(10th Cir. 2016). Our aim is to reach the same conclusion that the Colorado Supreme

Court would have reached if confronted with the same issue. Id. If that court has not

spoken on an issue, we consider opinions by Colorado’s intermediate appellate court,

appellate courts in other states, and the District of Colorado. Specialty Beverages v.

Pabst Brewing, 537 F.3d 1165, 1173-74 (10th Cir. 2008). We use these sources to

predict what the Colorado Supreme Court would do if confronted with the same

issue. See id. at 1174.

III

A. The breach-of-warranty claims.

The district court concluded that Leprino’s breach-of-warranty claims were

time-barred. We agree.

In Colorado, in suits involving contracts for sale, a “cause of action accrues

when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party’s lack of knowledge of the

breach. A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made[.]” Colo. Rev.

Stat. (“C.R.S.”) § 4-2-725(2). Normally, the statute of limitations for breach-of-

warranty claims begins running once the product is delivered, and at most, the

5
limitations period here was three years.2 Leprino sued more than three years after

delivery. Thus, under the default rule, the limitations period had expired on the

breach-of-warranty claims before Leprino sued.

Although accrual ordinarily occurs when the goods are delivered, an exception

exists when “a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and

discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance.” Id. If the

exception applies, the claims accrue when the breaches were discovered or should

have been discovered. Id. This exception is known as the “future-performance

exception.”

Colorado courts have narrowly applied the future-performance exception,

requiring that the warranty (1) guarantee performance of the goods and (2) explicitly

extend to a specific time or event in the future. See Boyd v. A.O. Smith Harvestore

Prods., 776 P.2d 1125, 1128 (Colo. App. 1989); Smith v. Union Supply Co., 675 P.2d

333, 335 (Colo. App. 1983); Glen Peck, Ltd. v. Fritsche, 651 P.2d 414, 415 (Colo.

App. 1981). The warranties here fail to meet this narrow exception.

1. The warranties must guarantee performance.

The warranty must be the right kind of warranty. Generally, there are two

types of warranties that arise in this context: warranties to repair or replace and

warranties for future performance. “The key distinction between these two kinds of

2
Before the district court, the parties disputed whether the appropriate
limitations period was two or three years. The difference is immaterial—Leprino
filed suit more than three years after delivery, meaning the default rule bars
Leprino’s claims under either limitations period.
6
warranties is that a repair or replacement warranty merely provides a remedy if the

product becomes defective, while a warranty for future performance guarantees the

performance of the product itself for a stated period of time.” Boyd, 775 P.2d at

1128-29 (quoting Ontario Hydro v. Zallea Sys., Inc., 569 F. Supp. 1261, 1266 (D.

Del. 1983)). Unsurprisingly, the future performance exception applies to the latter,

not the former. Id. at 1128 (holding “a warranty for future performance must

expressly provide a guarantee that the product will perform as promised in the

future” rather than promise to repair or replace). It is possible, however, for a

warranty to do both, and in such circumstances the exception would still apply.

Smith, 675 P.2d at 335.

2. The warranties must extend to a specific time or event in the future.

The future performance exception requires that a warranty “explicitly extends

to future performance of the goods.” C.R.S. § 4-2-725(2). This means that the

warranty must be both “prospective” and “explicit.” Glen Peck, 651 P.2d at 415. In

cases where a warranty was both prospective and explicit, and thus met the future

performance exception, the warranty specified a future event or a future period of

time. See id. (specific future event); Smith, 675 P.2d at 334 (specific future period of

time).

Glen Peck involved the sale of two breeding bulls. The sales agreement

contained an express warranty that “any bull Fourteen (14) months of age or over

[would] prove a breeder after being used on cows known to be breeders.” 651 P.2d at

415. The Colorado Court of Appeals concluded the warranty was sufficiently

7
“prospective” because it promised performance “not only at the moment of purchase

but at some future date as well.” Id. And the warranty was sufficiently “explicit”

because it was “adequately stated so that there was no doubt as to its meaning.” Id.

In Boyd, a case in which a warranty promised to repair or replace rather than

guaranteed future performance, the court noted that “[t]he key distinction between

these two kinds of warranties is that a repair or replacement warranty merely

provides a remedy if the product becomes defective, while a warranty for future

performance guarantees the performance of the product itself for a stated period of

time.” 776 P.2d at 1128 (quoting Ontario Hydro, 569 F. Supp. at 1266) (emphasis

omitted). Once again, a Colorado court identified that expressing “a stated period of

time” is “key” to meeting the future performance exception.

Leprino argues Glen Peck did not require specification of a future date or

event for the future-performance exception to be “prospective.” But this

interpretation disregards Glen Peck’s reasoning: Glen Peck concluded that the future-

performance exception applied only because the warranty had explicitly extended to

a specific future event (use of the bulls for breeding). See 651 P.2d at 415. Thus,

Glen Peck confirms the need for the warranty to explicitly extend to a specific date or

event in the future.3

3
Glen Peck does not explicitly require a warranty to extend to a specific date
or event in the future. Instead, Glen Peck treats a warranty extending to a future date
or event as sufficient to satisfy the future-performance exception. But Glen Peck does
not suggest any other way to satisfy the future-performance exception. Thus, based
on Glen Peck, we interpret Colorado law to confine the future-performance exception
to warranties that extend to a specific date or event in the future.
8
 In fact, most courts have limited the exception to warranties that explicitly

extend performance to a date after the delivery. See, e.g., Econ. Hous. Co. v. Cont’l

Forest Prods., 805 F.2d 319, 321 (8th Cir. 1986) (“The overwhelming weight of

authority requires a buyer like Economy to prove that its seller specifically warranted

the product for a defined period of time in the future.”); Standard All. Indus. v. Black

Clawson Co., 587 F.2d 813, 820 (6th Cir. 1978) (“[A]n express warranty which

makes no reference at all to any future date should not be allowed to extend past the

limitations period.”); LTL Acres L.P. v. Butler Mfg., 136 A.3d 682, 687 (Del. 2016)

(“To be explicit, the warranty must be unambiguous, and will normally ‘indicate that

the manufacturer is warranting the future performance of the goods for a specified

period of time.’” (quoting R.W. Murray Co. v. Shatterproof Glass Corp., 697 F.2d

818, 823 (8th Cir. 1983))); Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Certainteed Corp., 710 S.W.2d

544, 548 (Tex. 1986) (“For an express warranty to meet the exception, it must make

specific reference to a specific date in the future.”).

Based on Glen Peck and the approach of most courts addressing the issue, we

conclude that Colorado’s future-performance exception applied only if the warranty

had explicitly extended to a specific date or event in the future.

3. The warranties here do not satisfy the future-performance
exception.

Leprino argues that three sentences in Section 6.3, taken together, meet the

future performance exception. First, Leprino claims Section 6.3 guarantees

performance:

9
 All goods, materials and equipment furnished under this
Agreement will be fit for the purpose intended as specified in the
Agreement, of good quality, new, free from faults and defects
(whether patent or latent) in material or workmanship and in
conformance with this Agreement[.]

Vol. I at 45, 63. Second, after listing several other provisions, Section 6.3 arguably

guarantees that performance in the future:

The provisions of this Paragraph shall survive acceptance of the
Equipment by Leprino, and shall run to Leprino’s successors,
assigns, customers and users of Leprino’s product. . . . [DCI]
shall protect, defend, indemnify and hold harmless Leprino from
. . . claims, demands, liens . . ., losses, costs, and expenses . . .,
and ‘liabilities’ (as defined in Paragraph 7.2) of any kind or
nature which result from or are in connection with or arising out
of any breach of expressed or implied warranties as specified in
this Agreement hereunder.

Id.

Because Section 6.3 does not offer any specific future event or date to limit the

warranty, Leprino asserts that Section 6.3 creates a warranty that lasts “indefinitely.”

Opening Br. at 20. To support this assertion, Leprino identifies four parts of Section

6.3:

1. The warranties expressly covered latent defects.
2. The warranties survived acceptance of the tanks.
3. The warranties ran to Leprino’s successors, assigns,
customers, and users.
4. DCI promised to defend and indemnify Leprino for claims
arising out of a breach of the warranties.

Leprino’s first three arguments fail because the warranty language did not explicitly

extend the guarantee of performance to a specific date or event in the future.

10
Leprino’s last argument fails because the promise to defend or indemnify did not

guarantee performance of the goods themselves.

First, the warranties stated that the tanks would be “free from faults and

defects (whether patent or latent).” Vol. I at 45, 63. Leprino argues that this

language extended the warranties to future performance because latent defects appear

only after purchase and are not discoverable through reasonable inspection. See

Cosmopolitan Homes v. Weller, 663 P.2d 1041, 1045 (Colo. 1983) (en banc)

(defining a latent defect).

Although latent defects appear after delivery, discovery and performance entail

different matters. Regardless of when the breach becomes discoverable, the future-

performance exception applies only if the warranties explicitly extend performance

to a specific date or event in the future.

The warranties here failed to explicitly extend the guarantee of performance

notwithstanding the coverage of latent defects. With no explicit extension to a

specific date or event in the future, the warranties guaranteed only that the tanks

would be free of defects when delivered, regardless of when the defect could be

reasonably discovered. Because the protection against latent defects did not explicitly

extend performance of the goods to a specific date or event in the future, the

contractual language did not trigger the future-performance exception.

Second, the warranties also provided that they would “survive acceptance of

the Equipment by Leprino” and would “not be deemed waived by reason of Leprino’s

inspection, acceptance or payment.” Vol. 1 at 45, 63. The district court concluded

11
that this language served only to allow Leprino to enforce the warranties after

accepting the goods. Leprino disagrees, arguing that the “survive acceptance”

language must extend the warranties to future performance because the district

court’s interpretation would give the same meaning to both phrases (“shall survive

acceptance of the equipment by Leprino” and “shall not be deemed waived by reason

of Leprino’s inspection, acceptance or payment”).

The problem with Leprino’s argument is that the “survive acceptance”

language did not explicitly extend the warranties to future performance. See Glen

Peck, 651 P.2d at 415 (noting that an explicit guarantee of future performance leaves

“no doubt as to its meaning”). Because the “survive acceptance” clause did not

explicitly extend to future performance, this clause did not trigger the future-

performance exception.

Third, the warranties provided that they would “run to Leprino’s successors,

assigns, customers and users of Leprino’s product.” Vol. 1 at 45, 63. This clause did

not explicitly extend the warranties to future performance. Instead, the clause

addressed only who could sue for breach of the warranty.

Leprino argues that this interpretation is absurd, but we see nothing about this

interpretation that is absurd, or even unusual. If another company acquired Leprino

and discovered a breach of warranty within the three-year period of limitations, this

clause would allow the successor to bring a breach-of-warranty claim against DCI. In

this manner, the clause extended who could enforce the warranties but did not

explicitly extend the warranties to future performance.

12
 Fourth, DCI promised to “protect, defend, indemnify and hold harmless

Leprino from any and all damages . . . , claims, demands, liens . . . , losses, costs and

expenses . . . , and ‘liabilities’ (as defined in Paragraph 7.2)” arising from a breach of

warranty. Id. Leprino argues that this language explicitly extended the warranties to

future performance because Paragraph 7.2 stated that the indemnification provisions

would “survive Final Completion of the Work.” The work was not completed until

the tanks met certain standards. As a result, Leprino asserts that the warranties

extended the guarantee to some date after delivery.

We disagree. DCI was simply guaranteeing that it would defend and

indemnify Leprino if the products failed; the language did not guarantee continued

performance of the products themselves. Cf. Boyd, 776 P.2d at 1128 (holding that a

repair-or-replace warranty does not guarantee performance, only that the seller would

repair or replace the product if it failed to perform). Because the warranties did not

guarantee performance of the goods, DCI’s promise to defend and indemnify Leprino

did not trigger the future-performance exception.

4. Potential ambiguity in the warranty language would not justify
denial of summary judgment.

The warranties did not explicitly extend to future performance. But Leprino

argues that even if the scope of the warranties had been ambiguous, summary

judgment would be inappropriate based on a triable issue of fact on the parties’

intent.

13
 In determining whether warranties explicitly extend to future performance, we

are considering a mixed question of law and fact. W. Recreational Vehicles v. Swift

Adhesives, 23 F.3d 1547, 1550 (9th Cir. 1994). A mixed question of law and fact can

be resolved on summary judgment if reasonable minds cannot differ. Resolution Tr.

v. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ins., 25 F.3d 1493, 1502 (10th Cir. 1994).

Though ambiguity ordinarily suggests a factual issue,4 the opposite is true here

because the warranty language had to be “explicit” to trigger the future-performance

exception. By definition, the warranty language could not be “explicit” if it was

ambiguous. Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 455 (1994) (defining

“explicit” as “[e]xpressed without vagueness or ambiguity”); see also Glen Peck, 651

P.2d at 415 (concluding that an explicit guarantee of future performance leaves “no

doubt as to its meaning”). Thus, ambiguity in the warranty language would prevent

application of the future-performance exception as a matter of law. See Joswick v.

Chesapeake Mobile Homes, Inc., 765 A.2d 90, 95 (Md. 2001) (stating that ambiguity

weighs against the future-performance exception).

Because the warranties did not explicitly extend to future performance,

summary judgment was appropriate because the statute of limitations barred

Leprino’s breach-of-warranty claims.

4
See Dorman v. Petrol Aspen, Inc., 914 P.2d 909, 912 (Colo. 1996) (“[O]nce a
contract is determined to be ambiguous, the meaning of its terms is generally an issue
of fact to be determined in the same manner as other disputed factual issues.”
(quoting Union Rural Elec. Ass’n v. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 661 P.2d 247, 251 n.5
(Colo. 1983))).
14
B. The negligent nondisclosure claims.

Leprino’s negligent nondisclosure claims rely on the Restatement (Second) of

Torts (the “Restatement”) § 551. Opening Br. at 29; see also Poly Trucking, Inc. v.

Concentra Health Servs., Inc., 93 P.3d 561, 564 (Colo. App. 2004) (citing § 551 to

determine whether the defendant had a duty to disclose under a claim for fraudulent

nondisclosure).5

Section 551(2) provides five scenarios under which a party has a duty to

disclose. See § 551(2)(a)-(e) (detailing each instance in a separate subsection).

Before the district court, Leprino argued that DCI had a duty to disclose under

subsections (a), (b), and (e), but on appeal, only argues for subsections (b) and (e).

Section 551(2) provides, in relevant part:

(2) One party to a business transaction is under a duty to exercise
reasonable care to disclose to the other before the transaction is
consummated,
...
(b) matters known to him that he knows to be necessary to
prevent his partial or ambiguous statement of the facts
from being misleading; and
...

5
Although Colorado courts have adopted the Restatement § 551 to determine
whether a defendant has a duty to disclose as part of a fraudulent nondisclosure
claim, Colorado courts have yet to adopt the Restatement § 551 for negligent
nondisclosure claims. In fact, it is unclear whether a claim for negligent
nondisclosure is viable at all in Colorado. See Sheffield Servs. Co. v. Trowbridge,
211 P.3d 714, 725 (Colo. App. 2009) (“In our analysis we assume, but decline to
decide . . . a claim for negligent nondisclosure would be viable.”), overruled on other
grounds by Weinstein v. Colborne Foodbotics, LLC, 302 P.3d 263, 268-69 (Colo.
2013). Because the parties do not dispute either that a negligent nondisclosure claim
is viable or that the Restatement § 551 applies, we assume for the purposes of this
appeal that Colorado both recognizes negligent nondisclosure claims and applies
§ 551 to define a duty to disclose.
15
 (e) facts basic to the transaction, if he knows that the other
is about to enter into it under a mistake as to them, and that
the other, because of the relationship between them, the
customs of the trade or the other objective circumstances,
would reasonably expect a disclosure of those facts.

The district court granted summary judgment against Leprino, holding that

Leprino failed to establish that DCI had a duty to disclose under any subsection of

§ 551(2). Because “[w]hether a defendant had a duty to disclose a particular fact is a

question of law,” Berger v. Sec. Pac. Info. Sys., Inc., 795 P.2d 1380, 1383 (Colo.

App. 1990), we review the district court’s decision de novo.

We first address whether the district court properly considered the duty to

disclose question, and then turn to the merits of Leprino’s arguments under sections

551(2)(b) and 551(2)(e).

1. The district court properly considered the duty to disclose
argument.

Leprino argues that DCI’s motion for summary judgment “did not challenge

this element, and thus the burden never shifted to Leprino in opposing DCI’s

motion.” Opening Br. at 28 (citation omitted). Although we agree that DCI’s motion

did not challenge the duty to disclose element, we conclude that the district court

properly reached this question because Leprino cured the issue by presenting the

totality of its evidence in its response. And, even assuming the district court erred,

Leprino has failed to prove any prejudice resulting from that error.

Summary judgment is warranted “against a party who fails to make a showing

sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case.”

16
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Although a moving party

“always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for

its motion,” id. at 323, “the burden on the moving party may be discharged by

‘showing’—that is, pointing out to the district court—that there is an absence of

evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case,” id. at 325.

In most instances where the moving party (typically, the defendant) fails to

identify the absence of evidence to support an element of the nonmoving party’s

case, summary judgment—premised on the lack of evidence for that element—is

inappropriate. For example, we have explained:

To be sure, there is one situation in which the [plaintiffs] would
have no burden to show the merits of a nondisclosure claim based
on one or more of the five alternative circumstances [in Colorado
law]. If [the plaintiffs] had raised such a claim in district court
and the [defendant’s] motion for summary judgment had not
presented argument and evidence showing that the claim lacked
merit, summary judgment would have been inappropriate. After
all, it is not the party opposing summary judgment that has the
burden of justifying its claim; the movant must establish the lack
of merit.

Alpine Bank v. Hubbell, 555 F.3d 1097, 1110 (10th Cir. 2009). In such a scenario,

the nonmoving party does not then bear a burden to present evidence supporting an

unchallenged element of its case.

But, a “plaintiff confronted with such a facially deficient motion sometimes

cures defendant’s error by undertaking to set forth the totality of its evidence in its

opposition papers.” Nick’s Garage, Inc. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 875 F.3d 107,

116 (2d Cir. 2017). “Assessing the sufficiency of the evidence thus set forth, a court

17
might conclude that there is no dispute over material fact and that defendant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.

When DCI moved for summary judgment against Leprino, DCI included only

a passing mention to Leprino’s failure to prove DCI had a duty to disclose—an

essential element of Leprino’s nondisclosure claim. Vol. I at 116. Specifically,

DCI’s motion stated:

Leprino made only vague allegations of concealment or
misrepresentation in its Complaint, claiming “DCI had reason to
suspect that there were defects in the design and/or fabrication of
its Tanks which would render them unfit for Leprino Foods’
intended purpose,” and that DCI had a duty to disclose its alleged
concerns to Leprino prior to the parties’ execution of the 2001
and 2007 Agreement[s].

Id. (quoting the complaint).

Given DCI’s failure to raise the duty to disclose issue in its moving papers, the

burden did not shift to Leprino, and Leprino did not have to respond to an argument

that DCI arguably forfeited. See Alpine Bank, 555 F.3d at 1110. On appeal,

Leprino—in a single sentence—makes this exact argument: “DCI’s moving papers

did not challenge [the duty to disclose] element, and thus the burden never shifted to

Leprino in opposing DCI’s motion.” Opening Br. at 28 (citation omitted). But,

Leprino “cure[d] [DCI]’s error by undertaking to set forth the totality of its evidence

in its opposition papers,” Nick’s Garage, 875 F.3d at 116, that DCI owed a duty to

Leprino, by stating in its response:

At all relevant times, DCI owed a duty of disclosure to Leprino
because of the parties’ relationship of trust and confidence, the
historic relationship between them, and other objective

18
 circumstances. Leprino had purchased equipment from DCI for
decades prior to the events at issue. DCI held itself out to
Leprino and the public as expert in the design and manufacture of
[lactose crystallizers] to fit the customers’ intended uses.
Consistent with its advertised “DCI Process,” DCI collected the
information from Leprino it requested to custom design and
manufacture [lactose crystallizers] to meet Leprino’s needs. DCI
then provided Leprino with DCI’s “solutions to [Leprino’s]
technical requirements” in the form of proposals recommending
the materials of construction (including steel grade, insulation
and Thurmalox 70) and the type of cooling medium. Leprino
also turned to DCI for guidance following its discovery of
discolored legs on one [lactose crystallizer] in October 2009, and
again in May 2012 following Leprino’s discovery of cracks and
leaks. Finally, DCI’s President acknowledged the parties’ special
relationship to DCI’s management team.

Vol. VI at 1122-23 (internal citations omitted).

Though DCI’s initial motion did not address the duty to disclose, the district

court granted summary judgment against Leprino, discussing Leprino’s evidence and

holding that it was inadequate to support a duty to disclose. Id. at 1279-86. This was

not error.

But, even assuming the district court erred, we do not reverse for procedural

errors when “the [appellants] have failed to show prejudice.” Alpine Bank, 555 F.3d

at 1115. In such a case, “[t]he district court’s failure does not entitle them to any

relief.” Id. Here, Leprino does not indicate what additional evidence, if any, it

would have provided to support DCI’s duty to disclose if DCI had robustly

challenged the duty to disclose element. In fact, its entire argument before us rests

on facts presented to the district court. See, e.g., Opp’n Br. at 30-31 (arguing DCI’s

representations about Thurmalox 70 created a false impression that required

19
disclosure of additional facts to correct); id. at 32-33 (arguing DCI’s “relationship”

with Leprino, based upon their past business transactions and DCI’s President’s

remarks, created a duty to disclose). Because Leprino has “failed to show any

prejudice from the district court’s failure,” “we grant no relief.” Alpine Bank, 555

F.3d at 1114.6

2. Negligent nondisclosure under § 551(2)(b)

Restatement § 551(2)(b) creates a duty to disclose “matters known to [a party]

that he knows to be necessary to prevent his partial or ambiguous statement of the

facts from being misleading.” The comments to § 551 make clear that there are two

instances when a statement may be misleading under § 551(2)(b): (1) “when it

purports to tell the whole truth and does not” and (2) when “made so ambiguously

that it may have two interpretations, one of which is false.” Restatement § 551 cmt.

g (commenting directly on § 551(2)(b)); see also Level 3 Commc’ns, LLC v. Liebert

Corp., 535 F.3d 1146, 1164 (10th Cir. 2008) (applying Colorado law and § 551(2)(b),

6
In this particular case, holding otherwise would simply waste judicial
resources. We have the entire record before us, and on appeal, the parties have fully
briefed and argued the duty to disclose issue. Reversing and remanding to the district
court would entail the parties making the exact same arguments on the exact same
record in additional summary judgment briefs, or it would entail the district court
permitting plaintiffs to proceed to trial on a deficient claim.
If this same forfeiture issue arises in another case, and the nonmoving party
again cures the movant’s error, the district court there would have several options
available to it. Among them would be to permit additional submissions under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e)(1), or to sua sponte give notice to the
nonmoving party of a deficient claim under Rule 56(f)(3) before considering
summary judgment on its own.
But, given that this issue has been fully briefed and argued before us, we
exercise our discretion to reach the merits of the duty to disclose issue.
20
and concluding that a “refer[ence] to the six-minute batteries as ‘new’” was

misleading because it was “ambiguous in that it can be understood to represent one of

at least two things: (1) that the batteries are brand-new, or (2) that the batteries are

new only insofar as they are not the same as the old order of 15-minute batteries”).

Here, Leprino argues DCI made the misleading statements that Thurmalox 70:

(1) “resists chloride-induced stress cracking and corrosion result[ing] from water

leaching of soluble chlorides from insulation”; and (2) “resists chloride induced

cracking and corrosion.” Opening Br. at 30-31 (quoting Vol I at 54, 69). DCI

allegedly “knew when it made these statements that they would create the false

impression that Thurmalox would provide Leprino with adequate protection against

[corrosion].” Id. at 31. These statements, Leprino argues, created a duty “to disclose

the fact that (i) a barrier coating may not have been necessary in the first instance had

DCI fabricated the [tanks] with a chloride-free insulation, which was available and

used by other DCI customers to reduce the risk of [corrosion], or (ii) that the barrier

coating should be used in conjunction with chloride-free insulation, a disclosure DCI

made to other tank customers.” Id.

Leprino does not argue that Thurmalox 70 does not, in fact, help resist

corrosion. Indeed, it is unclear whether Leprino is arguing that DCI’s statements

“purport[] to tell the whole truth and do[] not” or that they are “made so ambiguously

that [they] may have two interpretations, one of which is false.” Restatement § 551

cmt. g.

21
 Under either argument, Leprino loses. Nothing about DCI’s statements

“purports to tell the whole truth.” And the statements are not ambiguous; Thurmalox

70 resists corrosion under any reasonable interpretation. To succeed on this point,

Leprino must argue that “resists corrosion” does not obviously mean “resists

corrosion,” but could also mean “provides adequate protection, alone, to prevent

corrosion.” That stretches DCI’s statements too far.

3. Negligent nondisclosure under § 551(2)(e)

Section 551(2)(e) creates a duty to disclose “facts basic to the transaction, if he

knows that the other is about to enter into it under a mistake as to them, and that the

other, because of the relationship between them, the customs of the trade or the other

objective circumstances, would reasonably expect a disclosure of those facts.” This

analysis has two subparts: (1) were the “facts basic to the transaction”; and (2) was

there a “relationship” between the parties such that plaintiff “would reasonably

expect a disclosure of those facts.”

Facts basic to the transaction

Comment j describes the meaning of “basic facts”:

A basic fact is a fact that is assumed by the parties as a basis for
the transaction itself. It is a fact that goes to the basis, or
essence, of the transaction, and is an important part of the
substance of what is bargained for or dealt with. Other facts may
serve as important and persuasive inducements to enter into the
transaction, but not go to its essence. These facts may be
material, but they are not basic.

Restatement § 551 cmt. j. Comment k further explains when a fact is not basic:

“When the facts are patent, or when the plaintiff has equal opportunity for obtaining

22
information that he may be expected to utilize if he cares to do so . . . there is no

obligation to give aid to a bargaining antagonist[.]”

Leprino argues that the nondisclosed facts (previously listed in Leprino’s

argument for § 551(2)(b) nondisclosures) are “basic” to its transaction with DCI

because “DCI’s Tank proposals expressly specified and acknowledged that the

[tanks] would be exposed to chlorides daily from Leprino’s lactose permeate, the

City-provided cooling water, and DCI’s two layers of chloride-containing

insulation.” Opening Br. at 32 (citations omitted).

First, this argument shows that the facts were important, but not necessarily

basic. Comment j establishes that basic facts go to the “essence” of the transaction; it

is possible for a fact to be “material” but not “basic.” The illustrations to comment j

bear this out. Compare Restatement § 551 cmt. j, illus. 3 (“A sells to B a dwelling

house, without disclosing to B the fact that the house is riddled with termites. This is

a fact basic to the transaction.”), with id. illus. 4 (“A sells to B a dwelling house,

knowing that B is acting in the mistaken belief that a highway is planned that will

pass near the land and enhance its value. A does not disclose to B the fact that no

highway is actually planned. This is not a fact basic to the transaction.”).

Second, Leprino does not argue that these facts are not “patent”—that Leprino

could not, through its own investigation, discover that chloride-free insulation exists,

or that Thurmalox 70 alone might not provide adequate protection. Simply put, DCI

is not under a duty to disclose every possible option Leprino could have purchased

for its stainless steel tanks.

23
 Relationship between the parties

Comment l to § 551 describes when a relationship is sufficient under

§ 551(2)(e): “In general, the cases in which the rule stated in Clause (e) has been

applied have been those in which the advantage taken of the plaintiff’s ignorance is

so shocking to the ethical sense of the community, and is so extreme and unfair, as to

amount to a form of swindling, in which the plaintiff is led by appearances into a

bargain that is a trap, of whose essence and substance he is unaware.” Restatement

§ 551 cmt. l.

For example, “a seller who knows that his cattle are infected with tick fever or

contagious abortion is not free to unload them on the buyer and take his money, when

he knows that the buyer is unaware of the fact, could not easily discover it, would not

dream of entering into the bargain if he knew and is relying upon the seller’s good

faith and common honesty to disclose any such fact if it is true.” Id.

In Colorado, “when parties are dealing as vendor and vendee they deal at

arm’s length.” Mallon Oil Co. v. Bowen/Edwards Assocs., Inc., 965 P.2d 105, 112

(Colo. 1998) (quoting Williams v. Wagers, 184 P.2d 497, 500 (Colo. 1947)) (refusing

to conclude “a special relationship” existed under § 551(2)(e) where the parties dealt

as vendor and vendee, even though the defendant’s employee “played integral roles”

in “negotiating” and “encouraging” the transaction).

Leprino argues that such a relationship existed with DCI because their

relationship was “long-standing.” Opening Br. at 32. This is irrelevant. The

transaction here is not a case where “the advantage taken of the plaintiff’s ignorance

24
is so shocking to the ethical sense of the community, and is so extreme and unfair, as

to amount to a form of swindling, in which the plaintiff is led by appearances into a

bargain that is a trap, of whose essence and substance he is unaware.” Restatement

§ 551 cmt. l.

Leprino and DCI dealt as vendor and vendee. They were sophisticated

businesses dealing at “arm’s length.” See Mallon Oil Co., 965 P.2d at 112. Leprino

has shown nothing to overcome this default rule in Colorado law, meaning that no

special relationship existed under § 551(2)(e).

Because Leprino presented the totality of its evidence regarding DCI’s

purported duty to disclose, and still failed to establish DCI had such a duty, summary

judgment was appropriate against Leprino’s nondisclosure claims.

IV

The breach-of-warranty claims are time-barred because the warranties do not

explicitly extend to future performance, and the claims of negligent nondisclosure

fail because DCI had no duty to disclose.7 Accordingly, we affirm the grant of

summary judgment to DCI.

Entered for the Court

Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge

7
Because we conclude that DCI did not have a duty to disclose, we need not
address DCI’s alternative argument for affirmance under the economic-loss rule.
25
Leprino Foods Co. v. DCI, Inc., No. 17-1031
BACHARACH, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

This case involves claims of breach of warranty and negligent

nondisclosure arising from the sale of crystallizer tanks. Leprino Foods

Company appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to DCI,

Inc., and the majority affirms on all claims.

I concur with the majority’s affirmance on the warranty claims. In

my view, however, DCI was not entitled to summary judgment on the

claims of negligent nondisclosure. The district court ruled that Leprino had

failed to show a duty of disclosure, but DCI’s summary-judgment motion

had not raised this issue in district court. Thus, the burden to show a duty

never shifted to Leprino. And in the absence of a burden shift, summary

judgment could not be granted based on Leprino’s failure to show a duty of

disclosure.

DCI also urges an alternative basis to affirm on the claims of

negligent nondisclosure, invoking the economic-loss rule. I would reject

DCI’s alternative argument because the claims arose from a duty outside of

the contracts. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent on the majority’s

treatment of the claims of negligent nondisclosure.

I. Leprino had no burden to present evidence of a duty of
disclosure.

Summary judgment is ordinarily appropriate for the defendant if the

plaintiff “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an
element essential to that party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 322 (1986). But this showing is required only if the defendant

demonstrates “the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and

entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.” Split Rail Fence Co. v. United

States, 852 F.3d 1228, 1237 (10th Cir. 2017).

The Supreme Court explained in Celotex Corp. v. Catrett that the

burden shifts to the plaintiff only if the defendant informs the district court

of the basis for summary judgment and identifies materials that would

preclude a genuine issue of material fact. 477 U.S. at 322. This burden is

satisfied by showing the district court that there is a lack of evidence

supporting the plaintiff’s claim. Id. at 325. If the defendant fails to satisfy

its initial burden, the burden never shifts to the plaintiff. See Alpine Bank

v. Hubbell, 555 F.3d 1097, 1110 (10th Cir. 2009); 1 cf. Tavery v. United

States, 32 F.3d 1423, 1427 n.5 (10th Cir. 1994) (refusing to affirm the

1
There we explained:

To be sure, there is one situation in which the
[plaintiffs] would have no burden to show the merits of a
nondisclosure claim [based on Colorado’s five ways to
establish a duty of disclosure]. If [the plaintiffs] had raised
such a claim in district court and the [defendant’s] motion for
summary judgment had not presented argument and evidence
showing that the claim lacked merit, summary judgment would
have been inappropriate. After all, it is not the party opposing
summary judgment that has the burden of justifying its claim;
the movant must establish the lack of merit.

Hubbell, 555 F.3d at 1110.

2
award of summary judgment on an alternative ground because the moving

party had not raised the issue in district court, failing to put the nonmoving

party on notice of a duty to present evidence on the issue).

DCI asserted at oral argument that the summary-judgment motion had

alleged a failure to show a duty of disclosure. DCI’s assertion fails for two

reasons:

1. The argument was first made in oral argument.

2. DCI’s cursory mention of a duty of disclosure did not satisfy
its initial burden under Celotex.

After Leprino raised the burden-shifting issue in the opening appeal

brief, DCI responded that it was fair to consider the existence of a duty of

disclosure because Leprino had urged such a duty in responding to the

summary-judgment motion. Because Leprino had discussed the duty, DCI

argued that its own failure to raise the existence of the duty in the

summary-judgment motion was irrelevant. But DCI’s argument misses the

point: Leprino would never have incurred a burden to show a duty of

disclosure if DCI had failed to raise the issue in its summary-judgment

motion. See Malhotra v. Cotter & Co., 885 F.2d 1305, 1310 (7th Cir. 1989)

(“When a party moves for summary judgment on ground A, his opponent is

not required to respond to ground B—a ground the movant might have

presented but did not.”).

3
 Perhaps for this reason, DCI changed its approach at oral argument,

stating that it had in fact raised the issue in its summary-judgment motion.

We do not generally consider arguments first raised at oral argument.

Chavez v. City of Albuquerque, 402 F.3d 1039, 1043 (10th Cir. 2005). But

DCI’s argument would fail even if it had been properly raised.

DCI bore the initial burden to

 inform the district court that the motion for summary judgment
had been based at least partly on Leprino’s failure to establish
a duty of disclosure and

 show the district court that Leprino had failed to present
evidence supporting a duty of disclosure.

See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). DCI failed to

satisfy either burden.

DCI did not inform the district court of a challenge to the existence

of a duty of disclosure. The sole mention of duty in DCI’s summary-

judgment motion was this sentence:

Leprino made only vague allegations of concealment or
misrepresentation in its Complaint, claiming “DCI had reason
to suspect that there were defects in the design and/or
fabrication of its Tanks which would render them unfit for
Leprino Foods’ intended purpose,” and that DCI had a duty to
disclose its alleged concerns to Leprino prior to the parties’
execution of the 2001 and 2007 Agreement[s].

Appellant’s App’x, vol. 1 at 116. Preceding this sentence was a paragraph

listing the elements that Leprino had to prove. Id. Nowhere in that

paragraph did DCI state that Leprino had to prove a duty of disclosure.

4
After the sentence mentioning a duty, DCI argued only that Leprino had

failed to present evidence of a factual misrepresentation or omission.

DCI’s single sentence in the summary-judgment motion did not

inform the district court of a challenge to the existence of a duty of

disclosure. DCI was arguing instead that Leprino had failed to show a

misrepresentation or omission. The reference to a duty was in DCI’s

summary of what Leprino had asserted, not in a separate argument.

Even if the brief mention of a duty of disclosure had satisfied the

burden to raise the issue, DCI did not argue that Leprino had lacked

evidentiary support for the duty. Thus, DCI did not satisfy its initial

burden to identify an issue involving a duty of disclosure. Because the

burden never shifted to Leprino, the district court erred in granting

summary judgment to DCI on the claims of negligent nondisclosure.

The majority acknowledges that DCI failed to satisfy its threshold

burden in district court. But the majority concludes that this failure was

cured by Leprino’s voluntary submission of evidence. For this conclusion,

the majority relies on language in Nick’s Garage, Inc. v. Progressive

Casualty Insurance Co., 875 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. 2017). There the Second

Circuit reversed an award of summary judgment because the movant had

failed to satisfy its initial burden under Celotex. Nick’s Garage, 875 F.3d

at 114-15. In dicta, however, the court indicated that the nonmoving party

5
might “cure” such a failure by “undertaking to set forth the totality of its

evidence in its opposition papers.” Id. at 116. I disagree with this dicta.

The Second Circuit’s dicta and its application here run afoul of

Celotex. See p. 2, above. Celotex states that the burden shifts to the

nonmoving party only if the moving party satisfies its initial burden. DCI

did not carry its initial burden on the duty of disclosure. See p. 2, above.

So how could Leprino fail to satisfy a burden it never had?

The majority states that Leprino’s voluntary submission of evidence

cured DCI’s failure. I respectfully disagree: Leprino never incurred a

burden to present evidence on a duty of disclosure, and no federal

appellate court has ever held that voluntary submission of evidence can

cure the movant’s failure to satisfy its threshold burden under Celotex.

We might surmise, as the majority does, that Leprino presented all of

its evidence supporting a duty of disclosure and would have presented the

same evidence if DCI had challenged the existence of a duty in the

summary-judgment motion. But DCI did not assert such a challenge. And

under Celotex, Leprino never incurred a burden to present evidence

supporting a duty of disclosure in the absence of such a challenge.

There is nothing in Celotex or our other precedents to suggest that a

claimant might assume an otherwise nonexistent burden by voluntarily

presenting evidence. Regardless of whether Leprino voluntarily submitted

evidence, it couldn’t have assumed a burden that had always remained with

6
DCI. Without a burden on Leprino to present evidence of a duty of

disclosure, the district court could not grant summary judgment to DCI

based on Leprino’s failure to fulfill that burden.

The majority also concludes that even if the district court had erred,

reversal would be unwarranted because Leprino had failed to show

prejudice. For this conclusion, the majority relies on Alpine Bank v.

Hubbell, 555 F.3d 1097 (10th Cir. 2009). There we rejected two of the

appellants’ arguments for failure to show prejudice. 555 F.3d at 1114-15.

But there the error involved only the sequence of the district court’s

rulings on multiple motions, not the grant of summary judgment against a

plaintiff who had no duty to present any evidence. See id. Neither Alpine

Bank nor any other federal appellate opinion has ever required an appellant

to show prejudice in order to obtain reversal from a district court’s grant

of summary judgment in the absence of a duty to present supporting

evidence. See, e.g., Conoshenti v. Pub. Serv. Elec. & Gas Co., 364 F.3d

135, 145-46 (3d Cir. 2004) (reversing without discussion of prejudice a

grant of summary judgment on claim because the moving party failed to

carry its initial summary-judgment burden); Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co.

v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1107 (9th Cir. 2000) (same).

The majority views reversal as a waste of judicial resources based on

Leprino’s ultimate inability to present evidence supporting a duty of

disclosure. As the majority suggests, Leprino’s claims of negligent

7
nondisclosure might ultimately fail in a subsequent summary-judgment

motion or at trial. But we are obligated to follow Celotex, a Supreme Court

precedent. Under Celotex DCI bore the initial burden on the duty of

disclosure, and the majority acknowledges that DCI failed to satisfy this

burden. In light of the failure to satisfy this burden, the district court erred

in granting summary judgment to DCI on the claims of negligent

nondisclosure, and I would reverse the grant of summary judgment on that

claim.

II. The economic-loss rule did not apply.

Alternatively, DCI urges affirmance under the economic-loss rule.

But this rule did not apply because DCI’s alleged duty of disclosure had

arisen outside of the contracts.

The economic-loss rule bars tort recovery for economic losses arising

from a contractual duty. Town of Alma v. AZCO Constr., 10 P.3d 1256,

1262-63 (Colo. 2000) (en banc). To determine whether the economic-loss

rule applies, Colorado courts “focus on the source of the duty alleged to

have been violated.” Id. at 1263. Absent an independent duty of care, a

party suffering only economic loss from the breach of a contractual duty

cannot recover for a tort that arises from the breach. Id. at 1264.

Colorado courts have generally concluded that claims of negligent

misrepresentation are not subject to the economic-loss rule because they

are based on misrepresentations preceding entry into the contract. See Van

8
Rees v. Unleaded Software, 373 P.3d 603, 607 (Colo. 2016) (“Van Rees’s

tort claims are based on misrepresentations made prior to the formation of

the contracts, which he alleges induced him to enter into the contracts and

therefore violated an independent duty in tort to refrain from such

conduct.”). 2

Leprino contends that DCI incurred a duty of disclosure from

misleading statements, party relationships, and industrial customs. See

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 551(2)(b), (e). For these contentions,

Leprino relies on § 551 of the Second Restatement of Torts rather than

anything in the contracts. As Leprino points out, the Colorado Court of

Appeals has held that § 551 creates a duty of disclosure independent of the

contract, preventing application of the economic-loss rule for an alleged

nondisclosure. Gattis v. McNutt, 318 P.3d 549, 557 (Colo. App. 2013).

DCI argues that the claims of negligent nondisclosure were based on

contractual duties, pointing to two cases: BRW, Inc. v. Dufficy & Sons, 99

P.3d 66 (Colo. 2004) (en banc), and A Good Time Rental v. First American

Title Agency, 259 P.3d 534 (Colo. App. 2011). In these cases, the alleged

misrepresentation consisted only of the defendant’s assertion that it was

complying with the contract. BRW, 99 P.3d at 74; A Good Time Rental, 259

2
Leprino’s claims involve negligent nondisclosure, not negligent
misrepresentation. But both parties rely on case law involving negligent
misrepresentation.

9
P.3d at 541. Here, however, the omissions preceded entry into the

contracts. This difference is critical because BRW distinguished cases in

which the misrepresentation had preceded entry into the contract. BRW, 99

P.3d at 75.

Leprino’s claims of negligent nondisclosure were based on a duty

that

 was independent of the contracts and

 had arisen before entering into the contracts.

Therefore, the economic-loss rule did not apply.

III. Conclusion

On summary judgment, the moving party bears the initial burden.

Because DCI failed to satisfy this burden, Leprino never incurred a burden

to show a duty of disclosure. And the economic-loss rule does not apply

here because the claims of negligent nondisclosure were based on an

independent duty that had arisen prior to the contracts. Thus, I would

reverse the grant of summary judgment to DCI on the claims of negligent

nondisclosure.

10