Michael Damien Howell v. State of Indiana

FILED
Mar 13 2018, 7:00 am

CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Matthew J. McGovern Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana

Katherine Cooper
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Michael Damien Howell, March 13, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
82A05-1707-CR-1474
v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Robert J. Pigman,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
82D03-1604-MR-2081

Crone, Judge.

Case Summary
[1] Michael Damien Howell was convicted of level 2 felony voluntary

manslaughter, level 6 felony criminal recklessness while armed with a deadly

weapon, level 3 felony attempted robbery while armed with a deadly weapon,

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 and level 6 felony auto theft. On appeal, he contends that his voluntary

manslaughter conviction must be reversed because an allegedly erroneous jury

instruction resulted in fundamental error. He also argues that his convictions

for criminal recklessness and attempted robbery violate double jeopardy

principles and requests that we vacate his criminal recklessness conviction.

[2] In addition, Howell raises three challenges to his fifty-seven-year aggregate

sentence. He argues that the trial court improperly enhanced his sentence for

voluntary manslaughter for using a firearm in the commission of the offense.

He also asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing him by

finding improper aggravating factors. Finally, he argues that his sentence is

inappropriate based on the nature of the offenses and his character.

[3] We conclude that the jury instructions as a whole did not mislead the jury, and

therefore we affirm his voluntary manslaughter conviction. However, we

conclude that his criminal recklessness conviction and his attempted robbery

conviction run afoul of the constitutional protection against double jeopardy,

and therefore we remand with instructions to vacate his criminal recklessness

conviction. As for his sentencing challenges, we conclude that the trial court

did not err in enhancing his voluntary manslaughter sentence and did not abuse

its discretion in finding aggravating factors, and we conclude that he has failed

to carry his burden to show that his sentence is inappropriate. Therefore, we

affirm Howell’s sentence.

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 Facts and Procedural History
[4] In February 2016, Howell and his wife, with whom he has two children,

separated. While Howell was staying with a friend, he was introduced to

Beverly Karns. Howell moved in with her. Other individuals also lived with

Karns including Brandon Davis and Abigail Autry. Howell and Karns used

marijuana and methamphetamine together. While Howell lived with Karns,

her drug use increased and she became paranoid that someone was stealing

from her. Karns sometimes carried a gun in her purse. She owned a .38

Special revolver and a .22 rifle. Howell went with Karns to buy a .45 caliber

handgun. Karns also bought a 9-millimeter handgun. Howell and Karns

practiced shooting together. Karns began making romantic advances toward

Howell, but he was not interested.

[5] In early April 2016, Karns and Howell were in her kitchen when she

accidentally fired one of her guns in Howell’s direction. After that, Howell

moved out of Karns’s residence and stayed at a hotel. In the hotel parking lot,

while in a vehicle with his wife and children, Howell had a confrontation with

Karns, Davis, and Autry, during which Karns accused Howell of stealing her

property. During the confrontation, Autry pointed a gun at Howell and

demanded that he open his trunk, Karns pointed a gun at Howell’s wife, and

Howell pointed a gun at Davis. Eventually, Davis persuaded Karns and Autry

to back off, and Howell drove away. Later Karns called Howell to apologize.

[6] In the early morning hours of April 9, 2016, Howell was staying with Coty

Clark and his wife in Vanderburgh County. Karns came to Clark’s house, and
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 she and Howell talked and used drugs. Karns left and returned to Clark’s home

around 8:00 or 9:00 a.m. with some of Howell’s belongings. Karns told Howell

that she wanted him to move back in with her and expressed her desire to have

a romantic relationship with him. Howell told her that he was not interested

and that he never wanted to see her again. Karns became angry, and she and

Howell argued in the middle of the living room. At some point, Karns started

going through her purse. Howell saw her pull something out of her purse that

flashed like it was chrome, and he heard a clinking noise of metal on metal. He

thought that she was going to pull a gun on him, and he was frightened. He

pulled his gun from his waistband and shot Karns in the head. Tr. Vol. 3 at

175-76. Karns fell to the floor, and Howell saw that she had an e-cigarette and

not a weapon. Howell “freaked out.” Id. at 179. Karns died because of the

gunshot wound.

[7] Clark was home at the time, and Howell’s father had come to visit Howell.

Howell’s father drove Karns’s truck to the back of Clark’s house, and he and

Clark loaded Karns into the back of her truck. Howell gave his father a hug

and removed his wedding band and gave it to his father. Howell’s father told

Howell to wait a minute while he pulled his car around and they would figure

out what to do. By the time Howell’s father retrieved his car and drove it to the

back of the house, Howell had taken Karns’s truck and left.

[8] While driving in Warrick County, Howell lost control of the truck. It flipped

and landed in a ditch. Howell’s head was injured, and he was still under the

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 influence of methamphetamine and marijuana. He got out of the truck,

grabbed some stuff, and ran from the scene into a wooded area.

[9] A witness saw Howell flip the truck and land in the ditch, and she called 911.

While she talked to the dispatcher, she saw Howell get out of the truck, grab

some stuff, and run up the hill and into the woods. She went to the accident

site to see if anyone else was hurt, and she found Karns’s body wrapped in a

carpet in the truck’s camper shell, which had come off when the truck flipped.

[10] While still in Warrick County, Howell came out of the woods as Charles Scales

was backing his truck out of a driveway. A witness noticed Howell standing by

Scales’s truck. She observed Scales briefly pause from backing out and Howell

reach for the back door of Scales’s truck. She saw Howell pull a gun and start

firing at Scales. Scales quickly resumed backing out. Howell fired at Scales five

times. One of the bullets hit Scales’s leg, but he was able to drive away.1 The

witness ran to get her phone and call 911. Meanwhile, Howell noticed a Ford

Explorer, saw that the keys were in the ignition, and drove it away.

[11] Law enforcement in multiple counties were dispatched, the Explorer was

located, and a car chase ensued. Eventually, Howell pulled over somewhere in

Dubois County and surrendered to police. In Vanderburgh County, the State

charged Howell with the murder of Karns and sought a sentencing

enhancement for his use of a firearm in the commission of the offense. The

1
Scales survived the encounter but died before trial from unrelated causes.

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 State also charged Howell with level 1 felony attempted murder of Scales, level

3 felony attempted robbery of Scales while armed with a deadly weapon, and

level 6 felony auto theft. Howell filed a motion to dismiss the counts for the

offenses that were committed in Warrick County. The trial court denied his

motion to dismiss, finding that his Warrick County offenses for purposes of

venue and/or joinder2 were “part of the series of events that constituted the

commission” of the offenses committed in Vanderburgh County. Appellant’s

App. Vol. 2 at 44.

[12] A jury found Howell guilty of level 2 felony voluntary manslaughter of Karns

as a lesser-included offense of murder, guilty of level 6 felony criminal

recklessness as a lesser-included offense of attempted murder of Scales, and

guilty of attempted robbery and auto theft as charged. Howell admitted to

using a firearm in the commission of voluntary manslaughter.

[13] In sentencing Howell, the trial court found the following aggravating factors:

Scales was injured and was over sixty-five years old; Howell’s history of

substance abuse; Howell’s continued abuse of drugs after completing a forensic

diversion program; children were present when he committed voluntary

manslaughter; his attempted disposal of Karns’s body; and police were forced to

engage in a high-speed chase before Howell eventually surrendered. Id. at 187-

88. The trial court found no mitigating circumstances. The trial court

2
The specific basis for Howell’s motion to dismiss is uncertain because neither his motion to dismiss nor the
supporting and opposing authorities the parties submitted to the trial court are in the record.

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 sentenced Howell as follows: twenty-five years for his voluntary manslaughter

conviction, plus fifteen years for using a firearm in its commission; two years

for his criminal recklessness conviction and fifteen years for his attempted

robbery conviction, to be served concurrent to each other but consecutive to his

sentence for voluntary manslaughter; and two years for his auto theft

conviction, to be served consecutive to the other counts, for an aggregate

sentence of fifty-seven years. This appeal ensued. Additional facts will be

provided as necessary.

Discussion and Decision

Section 1 – The jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter
did not result in fundamental error.
[14] Howell contends that his conviction for voluntary manslaughter, the lesser-

included offense of his murder charge, must be reversed because the trial court

erred in giving Final Instruction 9 (“Instruction 9”),3 which addressed lesser-

included offenses as follows:

If you find that the State has failed to prove any one of the essential
elements of the charged crimes of Murder and Attempted Murder, you
should then decide whether the State has proved beyond a
reasonable doubt all elements of the included crimes of Voluntary
Manslaughter and Criminal Recklessness which have been defined
for you.

3
Although Howell was charged with the attempted murder of Scales and was found guilty of the lesser-
included offense of criminal recklessness, he does not challenge his criminal recklessness conviction on this
basis.

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 If the State failed to prove each of the essential elements of the
included crime beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant should
be found not guilty. If the State did prove each of the elements of
the included crime beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find
the defendant guilty of the lesser included crime. You must
resolve reasonable doubt in favor of the accused downward from
the specific crime charged through the included offenses. You
may not find the defendant guilty of more than one of the
offenses. Where there is a reasonable doubt existing in your
minds as to which degree of an offense the defendant may be
guilty of, he must be convicted of the lower degree only. If there
is reasonable doubt as to all, then you must find the defendant
not guilty.

Id. at 92 (emphases added).

[15] In reviewing Howell’s contention, we observe that

[t]he manner of instructing a jury is left to the sound discretion of
the trial court. We will not reverse the trial court’s ruling unless
the instructional error is such that the charge to the jury misstates
the law or otherwise misleads the jury. Jury instructions must be
considered as a whole and in reference to each other, and even
an erroneous instruction will not constitute reversible error if the
instructions, taken as a whole, do not misstate the law or
otherwise mislead the jury.

Quiroz v. State, 963 N.E.2d 37, 41 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citations omitted).

[16] Howell acknowledges that he failed to object to Instruction 9, and thus seeks to

win reversal by claiming that it constitutes fundamental error. See Knapp v.

State, 9 N.E.3d 1274, 1281 (Ind. 2014) (“Failure to object at trial waives an

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 issue on appeal unless the appellant can show fundamental error.”). The

fundamental error exception to the contemporaneous objection rule is

extremely narrow, and applies only when the error constitutes a
blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for
harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant
fundamental due process. The error claimed must either make a
fair trial impossible or constitute clearly blatant violations of
basic and elementary principles of due process. This exception is
available only in egregious circumstances.

Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010) (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

[17] Specifically, Howell contends that Instruction 9 erroneously instructs the jury

that it “should” decide whether he was guilty of the lesser-included offense of

voluntary manslaughter “[i]f you find that the State has failed to prove any one

of the essential elements of the charged crime[] of Murder.” Appellant’s App.

Vol. 2 at 92. Generally, conviction of a lesser-included offense must be

supported by proof of some, but not all, of the elements of the charged crime.

Coy v. State, 999 N.E.2d 937, 943 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). However, voluntary

manslaughter is different.

[18] Indiana Code Section 35-42-1-3 defines voluntary manslaughter as follows:

(a) A person who knowingly or intentionally:

(1) kills another human being;

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 ...

while acting under sudden heat commits voluntary
manslaughter, a Level 2 felony.

(b) The existence of sudden heat is a mitigating factor that reduces
what otherwise would be murder under section 1(1) of this
chapter to voluntary manslaughter.

(Emphasis added.)

[19] “Voluntary manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder, distinguishable

by the factor of a defendant having killed, while acting under sudden heat.”4

Evans v. State, 727 N.E.2d 1072, 1077 (Ind. 2000). To obtain a conviction for

voluntary manslaughter, the State must prove all the elements of murder and

disprove the existence of sudden heat if the defendant places sudden heat in

issue. Id.; see also Dearman v. State, 743 N.E.2d 757, 761 (Ind. 2001) (“[T]he

defendant bears no burden of proof with respect to sudden heat, but only bears

the burden of placing the issue in question where the State’s evidence has not

done so.”). Here, Instruction 9 incorrectly stated that if the State did not prove

all the elements of murder, the jury should then decide whether Howell

committed voluntary manslaughter. Nevertheless, we reject Howell’s

contention that Instruction 9 made a fair trial impossible.

4
To establish sudden heat, the defendant must show “sufficient provocation to engender ... passion.”
Johnson v. State, 518 N.E.2d 1073, 1077 (Ind. 1988). Sufficient provocation is demonstrated by “such
emotions as anger, rage, sudden resentment, or terror [that are] sufficient to obscure the reason of an ordinary
person, prevent deliberation and premeditation, and render the defendant incapable of cool reflection.” Id.

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[20] As previously mentioned, “an erroneous instruction will not constitute

reversible error if the instructions, taken as a whole, do not misstate the law or

otherwise mislead the jury.” Quiroz, 963 N.E.2d at 41. Here, the trial court

also provided Final Instruction Number 3 (“Instruction 3”), which provided,

The crime of murder is defined by law as follows:

A person who knowingly or intentionally kills another human
being, commits murder a felony.

Included in the charge in this case is the crime of voluntary
manslaughter, which is defined by law as follows:

A person who knowingly or intentionally kills another human
being while acting under sudden heat commits voluntary
manslaughter, a Level 2 Felony.

Sudden heat is a mitigating factor that reduces what otherwise
would be murder to voluntary manslaughter. The State has the
burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant
was not acting under sudden heat.

Before you may convict [Howell] on Count 1 [(murder of Karns)]
the State must have proved each of the following beyond a
reasonable doubt:

1. [Howell]

2. Knowingly or intentionally

3. Killed

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 4. Beverly Karns

5. And [Howell] was not acting under sudden heat.

If the State failed to prove each of the elements 1 through 4
beyond a reasonable doubt, you must find the Defendant not
guilty of murder as charged in Count 1.

If the State did prove each of the elements 1 through 4 beyond a
reasonable doubt, but the State failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt element 5[5] you may find the Defendant guilty
of voluntary manslaughter, a Level 2 Felony, a lesser included
offense of Count 1.

If the State did prove each of the elements 1 through 5 beyond a
reasonable doubt, you may find the Defendant guilty of murder,
a Felony, as charged in Count 1.

Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 85.

[21] Howell concedes that Instruction 3 correctly states the law, but argues that it

did not cure Instruction 9, citing Roberson v. State, 982 N.E.2d 452 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2013). However, Roberson does not support Howell’s argument. In that

case, the issue was whether Roberson’s trial counsel provided ineffective

assistance in failing to object to jury instructions. The Roberson court concluded

that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury that “[i]f the State proves

5
To be clear, although Instruction 3 refers to “element 5”, the existence of sudden heat is a mitigating factor,
not an element. Brantley v. State, No. 18S-CR-98, 2018 WL 915130, at *6 (Ind. Feb. 16, 2018). “However,
once a defendant places sudden heat into issue, the State then bears the burden of negating the presence of
sudden heat beyond a reasonable doubt.” Evans, 727 N.E.2d at 1077.

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 [Roberson] guilty of Murder, you must not consider the included crimes.” Id. at

458 (citation omitted). In addition, the jury received another instruction, which

likewise provided, “If you find that [Roberson] is not guilty of the crime of

Murder ..., you may then consider whether [Roberson] is guilty of the included

offense of Voluntary Manslaughter....” Id. at 460 (citation omitted). The

Roberson court observed that “the jury instructions as a whole indicated to the

jury that it could only consider convicting Roberson of voluntary manslaughter

if it first found him not guilty of murder.” Id. (emphasis added). The Roberson

court concluded that trial counsel’s failure to object to the jury instructions

constituted ineffective assistance. Id. at 461.

[22] Here, Instruction 3 correctly informed the jury of the definitions of murder and

voluntary manslaughter, that sudden heat is a mitigating factor that reduces

murder to voluntary manslaughter, and that the State had the burden of proving

that Howell was not acting under sudden heat, and Instruction 3 laid out

specifically the circumstances under which the jury was required to find him not

guilty of murder, guilty of voluntary manslaughter, or guilty of murder based on

the State’s success or failure to prove the required elements. Therefore, the

instructions taken as a whole did not mislead the jury. As such, Instruction 9

did not result in reversible error, let alone fundamental error. Therefore, we

affirm Howell’s voluntary manslaughter conviction.

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 Section 2 – Howell’s convictions for attempted robbery and
criminal recklessness violate the Indiana Constitution’s
double jeopardy provision.
[23] Howell asserts that his convictions for both attempted robbery with a deadly

weapon and criminal recklessness while armed with a deadly weapon violate

the Indiana Constitution’s prohibition against double jeopardy and requests that

we vacate his criminal recklessness conviction. “Questions of double jeopardy

implicate fundamental rights and, as such, may be raised for the first time on

appeal, or even by this court sua sponte. Whether convictions violate double

jeopardy is a pure question of law, which we review de novo.” Street v. State, 30

N.E.3d 41, 46 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. The Indiana Constitution

provides, “No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense.” IND.

CONST. art. 1, § 14. “Indiana’s Double Jeopardy Clause ... prevent[s] the State

from being able to proceed against a person twice for the same criminal

transgression.” Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999). “[T]wo or

more offenses are the ‘same offense’ in violation of Article I, Section 14 of the

Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to either the statutory elements of the

challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements

of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements of another

challenged offense.” Id.

[24] Howell’s double jeopardy challenge is based on the actual evidence used to

convict him. Under the “actual evidence” test, the actual evidence presented at

trial is examined to determine whether each challenged offense was established

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 by separate and distinct facts. Id. at 53. To show that two challenged offenses

constitute the “same offense” in a claim of double jeopardy, a defendant must

demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the fact-

finder to establish the essential elements of one offense may also have been used

to establish all the essential elements of a second challenged offense. Spivey v.

State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 833 (Ind. 2002). Our supreme court has explained,

[A] reasonable possibility that the jury used the same facts to
reach two convictions requires substantially more than a logical
possibility. The reasonable possibility standard fairly implements
the protections of the Indiana Double Jeopardy Clause and also
permits convictions for multiple offenses committed in a
protracted criminal episode when the case is prosecuted in a
manner that insures that multiple guilty verdicts are not based on
the same evidentiary facts. The existence of a reasonable
possibility turns on a practical assessment of whether the fact
finder may have latched on to exactly the same facts for both
convictions. We evaluate the evidence from the jury’s perspective
and may consider the charging information, jury instructions,
and arguments of counsel

Garrett v. State, 992 N.E.2d 710, 720 (Ind. 2013) (citations, quotation marks,

and brackets omitted).

[25] To convict Howell of level 3 felony attempted robbery while armed with a

deadly weapon, the State was required to prove that he knowingly or

intentionally engaged in conduct that constituted a substantial step toward taking

property from Scales or from the presence of Scales by using or threatening the

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 use of force on Scales while armed with a deadly weapon.6 Ind. Code §§ 35-42-

5-1 (robbery) and 35-41-5-1 (attempt). To convict Howell of level 6 felony

criminal recklessness while armed with a deadly weapon, the State was required

to prove that he recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally performed an act that

created a substantial risk of bodily injury to Scales while armed with a deadly

weapon. Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2. Specifically, Howell asserts that the actual

evidence that established the substantial step for the attempted robbery charge is

the same evidence that established that he performed an act that created a

substantial risk of bodily injury to Scales, namely the evidence that he

discharged a firearm into a vehicle occupied by Scales and/or in his direction.

We agree.

[26] A comparison of the charging informations and the jury instructions supports

Howell’s assertion. In charging Howell with attempted robbery with a deadly

weapon, the State alleged that Howell “engag[ed] in conduct that constituted a

substantial step toward the commission of the crime of Robbery, by knowingly or

intentionally attempting to take the property of [Scales] from or from the

presence of [Scales], by discharging a firearm into a vehicle occupied by [Scales]

and/or in the direction of [Scales].” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 54 (emphases

added). The State did not charge Howell with criminal recklessness, but

because the jury convicted Howell of criminal recklessness as a lesser-included

6
Robbery is a level 5 felony and is raised to a level 3 felony if it is committed while armed with a deadly
weapon or results in bodily injury to any person other than a defendant. Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1(b).

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 offense of attempted murder, we consider the charging information for

attempted murder. In the charging information, the State alleged that Howell

“knowingly or intentionally discharg[ed] a firearm into a vehicle occupied by [Scales]

and/or in the direction of [Scales] with the intent to kill, which conduct constituted

a substantial step toward the commission of said crime of Murder.” Id. at 38

(emphases added). Similarly, the jury was instructed that to convict Howell of

attempted murder, the State must have proved that he, acting with the specific

intent to kill Scales, “[d]id knowingly or intentionally discharge a firearm into a

vehicle occupied by [Scales] and/or in the direction of [Scales] with the intent to kill[,]

which [] conduct constituted a substantial step toward the commission of the

intended crime of killing [Scales].” Id. at 86 (emphases added). Therefore, the

charging information for attempted robbery, the charging information for

attempted murder, and the jury instruction for attempted murder are based on

Howell’s conduct of discharging a firearm.7

[27] Turning to closing argument, we note that the prosecutor told the jury that she

would address the attempted robbery charge and the attempted murder charge

“together.” Tr. Vol. 4 at 131. The prosecutor argued,

[Howell] had already driven [Karns’s] vehicle, had a wreck, took
off running to continue his escape and now he needed another
vehicle and [Scales] was in the way of him taking off in [Scales’s]

7
The jury instruction for attempted robbery did not specify what conduct constituted the substantial step.
That instruction advised the jury that to convict Howell of attempted robbery, the State must have proved
that he knowingly or intentionally engaged in conduct constituting a substantial step toward committing
robbery while armed with a deadly weapon. Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 88.

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 truck. [Howell] admitted to shooting [] Scales because he got
angry. He shot five rounds at [Scales] and [Scales] was lucky that
only one of those rounds struck him. [Howell] wanted that truck
to continue his escape and [Scales] was in the way and he had to
shoot at [Scales] so that he could get that truck.

Id. at 132. Thus, consistent with the charging informations and jury instruction,

closing argument reflects that the substantial step to support both attempted

robbery and attempted murder was based on Howell’s discharging a firearm

into a vehicle while Scales was in it and/or in Scales’s direction.

[28] Howell’s conviction for criminal recklessness, as a lesser-included offense, was

based on the charging information and jury instructions for attempted murder.

The jury was instructed that “[i]f you find that the State failed to prove any one

of the essential elements of the charged crime of Attempted Murder as set out in

this count you should then decide whether the State has proved beyond a

reasonable doubt all elements of the included crime of Criminal Recklessness.”

Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 86. To convict Howell of criminal recklessness, the

jury was instructed that the State was required to prove that he recklessly,

knowingly, or intentionally “[p]erform[ed] an act that created a substantial risk

of bodily injury to Scales” while armed with a deadly weapon. Id. at 87.

Because the criminal recklessness conviction was based on the charges and jury

instructions for the attempted murder charge, the act that created a substantial

risk of bodily injury to Scales refers to Howell’s conduct in discharging a

firearm into a vehicle occupied by Scales and/or in the direction of Scales.

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 That is the same conduct that constitutes the substantial step that supports

Howell’s attempted robbery conviction.

[29] The State argues that the crimes of attempted robbery and criminal recklessness

each include

evidence or facts not essential to the other. The attempted taking
of property from Scales supports the attempted robbery, but is not
[an] element of the other crime. Further, in order to convict
Howell of criminal recklessness, the jury had to find that he
performed an act that created a substantial risk of bodily injury to
Scales, which it did not need to find in order to convict Howell of
attempted robbery.

Appellee’s Br. at 17. But the State’s argument merely echoes the obvious point

that the statutory elements of the two crimes are different. The State fails to

discuss the actual evidence that the jury might have reasonably relied on to

decide that the State proved these statutory elements. We conclude that based

on the charging informations, jury instructions, and closing arguments, there is

a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used to establish that Howell

took a substantial step toward committing robbery may also have been used to

establish that Howell performed an act that created a substantial risk of bodily

injury to Scales. See Stewart v. State, 866 N.E.2d 858, 864-65 (Ind. Ct. App.

2007) (concluding that there was reasonable possibility that trial court used the

same evidence—Stewart fired at or into occupied vehicle—to establish all

elements of both attempted battery and criminal recklessness): Rutherford v.

State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 871 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (same); but see Lee v. State, 892

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 N.E.2d 1231, 1237 (Ind. 2008) (concluding that convictions of burglary and

attempted armed robbery did not violate double jeopardy where there was

distinct evidence that Lee barged into a residence to support the burglary

conviction and evidence that he made threats to establish the substantial step of

attempted armed robbery). Accordingly, Howell’s convictions for attempted

robbery and criminal recklessness violate the prohibition against double

jeopardy.

[30] “When two convictions are found to contravene double jeopardy principles, a

reviewing court may remedy the violation by reducing either conviction to a

less serious form of the same offense if doing so will eliminate the violation. If

it will not, one of the convictions must be vacated.” Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at

54 (citation omitted). Here, even if we reduced the attempted robbery to a level

5 felony, the substantial step element, and thus the double jeopardy violation,

would remain. Therefore, because the violation cannot be eliminated by

reducing either conviction to a less serious form of the same offense, we remand

with instructions to vacate Howell’s conviction for criminal recklessness.

Section 3 – The trial court did not err in enhancing Howell’s
sentence for voluntary manslaughter pursuant to the Firearm
Enhancement Statute.
[31] Howell argues that the trial court improperly applied Indiana Code Section 35-

50-2-11 (“the Firearm Enhancement Statute”) to enhance his sentence for

voluntary manslaughter for using a firearm in the commission of the offense.

His argument raises a question of statutory interpretation.

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 When interpreting a statute, our primary goal is to fulfill the
legislature’s intent. [T]he best evidence of that intent is the
statute’s language. If that language is clear and unambiguous,
we simply apply its plain and ordinary meaning, heeding both
what it does say and what it does not say.

Day v. State, 57 N.E.3d 809, 812 (Ind. 2016) (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

[32] The Firearm Enhancement Statute provides as follows:

(b) As used in this section, “offense” means:

(1) a felony under IC 35-42 that resulted in death or
serious bodily injury;

(2) kidnapping; or

(3) criminal confinement as a Level 2 or Level 3 felony.

….

(d) The state may seek, on a page separate from the rest of a
charging instrument, to have a person who allegedly committed
an offense sentenced to an additional fixed term of imprisonment
if the state can show beyond a reasonable doubt that the person
knowingly or intentionally used a firearm in the commission of
the offense.

….

(g) If the jury (if the hearing is by jury) or the court (if the hearing
is to the court alone) finds that the state has proved beyond a
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 reasonable doubt that the person knowingly or intentionally used
a firearm in the commission of the offense under subsection (d),
the court may sentence the person to an additional fixed term of
imprisonment of between five (5) years and twenty (20) years.

….

(i) A person may not be sentenced under subsections (g) and (h)[8] for
offenses, felonies, and misdemeanors comprising a single episode of
criminal conduct.

(Emphasis added).

[33] Howell does not dispute that his voluntary manslaughter conviction qualifies as

an “offense” for purposes of the Firearm Enhancement Statute pursuant to

subsection (b). However, he argues that pursuant to subsection (i), the statute

cannot be applied to him because his offenses constitute a single episode of

criminal conduct. According to Howell, his sentence for voluntary

manslaughter may not be enhanced because that offense and his offenses for

attempted robbery and auto theft comprise a single episode of criminal conduct.

Howell interprets subsection (i) to bar a sentencing enhancement for an offense

when that offense was committed with other offenses comprising a single

episode of criminal conduct. We disagree.

8
Subsection (h) deals with pointing and discharging a firearm in the commission of felonies and
misdemeanors against police officers.

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[34] By its plain language, subsection (i) states that a person may not be sentenced

under subsection (g) for offenses—plural—comprising a single episode of

criminal conduct. Thus, subsection (i) prohibits a trial court from imposing a

sentence enhancement on more than one conviction where a defendant is

convicted of multiple offenses comprising a single episode of criminal conduct,

even if more than one of the offenses would otherwise be eligible for a

sentencing enhancement. To read subsection (i) as Howell suggests would lead

to the absurd result that a person who was convicted of committing a single

qualifying offense, say voluntary manslaughter, would be subject to a

sentencing enhancement, but a person who committed voluntary manslaughter

as part of an episode of criminal conduct could not be subject to a sentencing

enhancement. Accordingly, we conclude that subsection (i) simply means that

not more than one offense in a single episode of criminal conduct is subject to

the sentencing enhancement. Thus, even if Howell’s offenses can be said to

comprise a single episode of criminal conduct, the Firearm Enhancement

Statute permits a sentencing enhancement of one of his offenses (as long as that

offense meets the definition provided in subsection (b), and as noted, there is no

dispute that voluntary manslaughter qualifies).

[35] That said, even if we were to accept Howell’s interpretation of subsection (i),

we are unpersuaded by his argument that his offenses constitute a single episode

of criminal conduct. He claims that the trial court has already found that his

offenses comprise a single episode of criminal conduct because in denying his

motion to dismiss the offenses committed in Warrick County, the trial court

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 found that his Warrick County offenses were “part of the series of events that

constituted the commission” of the offenses committed in Vanderburgh

County. Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 44. Howell asserts that the trial court’s

language meets the definition of “episode of criminal conduct” as defined in the

statute governing consecutive and concurrent terms, Indiana Code Section 35-

50-1-2. His argument contains two underlying assumptions: (1) that Section 35-

50-1-2(b)’s definition of episode of criminal conduct applies to the Firearm

Enhancement Statute; and (2) that the standard that the trial court applied to

determine whether his crimes should be prosecuted together is the same

standard that applies for purposes of sentencing under Section 35-50-1-2. We

address each assumption in turn.

[36] Subsection (i) of the Firearms Enhancement Statute provides, “A person may

not be sentenced under subsections (g) and (h) for offenses, felonies, and

misdemeanors comprising a single episode of criminal conduct.” The Firearm

Enhancement Statute does not define a single episode of criminal conduct. The

only definition of episode of criminal conduct in Title 35, Criminal Law and

Procedure, is provided by Section 35-50-1-2-(b), which reads, “As used in this

section, ‘episode of criminal conduct’ means offenses or a connected series of

offenses that are closely related in time, place, and circumstance.” 9 (Emphasis

added). The Firearm Enhancement Statute is not in that section, but rather in

9
Section 35-31.5-2-121 unhelpfully provides, “‘Episode of criminal conduct’, for purposes of IC 35-50-1-2,
has the meaning set forth in IC 35-50-1-2(b).” We also note that Indiana Code Sections 35-38-9-2 and -5 refer
to “the same episode of criminal conduct” but do not cite the definition in Section 35-50-1-2(b) or provide an
independent definition.

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 Chapter 35-50-2. Nor does Subsection (i) of the Firearm Enhancement Statute

refer to 35-50-1-2(b). However, another section of Chapter 35-50-2, Section 35-

50-2-1.3 (“Advisory sentence”), refers to “an episode of criminal conduct, in

accordance with IC 35-50-1-2.” In addition, “‘[s]tatutes relating to the same

general subject matter are in pari materia [on the same subject] and should be

construed together so as to produce a harmonious statutory scheme.’” Taylor v.

State, 7 N.E.3d 362, 365 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting State v. Vankirk, 955

N.E.2d 765, 767 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied (2012)). Because both

Section 35-50-1-2 and the Firearm Enhancement Statute deal with sentencing,

we conclude that the definition of episode of criminal conduct in Section 35-50-

1-2(b) is applicable to the Firearm Enhancement Statute.

[37] As for the trial court’s finding that Howell’s Warrick County offenses were

“part of the series of events that constituted the commission” of the

Vanderburgh County offenses, we are unpersuaded that it is equivalent to a

finding that Howell’s offenses comprise a single episode of criminal conduct as

defined in Section 35-50-1-2-(b). Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 44. While Section

35-50-1-2-(b) describes an episode of criminal conduct in part as “offenses or a

connected series of offenses,” it requires more than that the offenses be merely

connected; the offenses must be “closely related in time, place, and

circumstance.” We find it instructive that this Court has previously declined to

treat the analysis of crimes for joinder purposes the same as that for sentencing.

In Slone v. State, 11 N.E.3d 969, 973 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), another panel of this

Court rejected the defendant’s argument that the State’s successful effort to join

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 two causes for trial proved that his crimes arose out of an episode of criminal

conduct. In doing so, the Slone court observed,

We have previously stated that while the phrase “episode of
criminal conduct” may involve somewhat similar language to
Indiana Code section 35-34-1-9(a), “we decline to conflate the
‘episode of criminal conduct’ analysis for sentencing defendants
with the ‘single scheme or plan’ analysis for charging them.”
State v. Dixon, 924 N.E.2d 1270, 1273 n.4 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)
(citing Deshazier v. State, 877 N.E.2d 200, 213 n.12 (Ind. Ct. App.
2007) (declining to apply “single scheme or plan” analysis to
consecutive sentencing case), trans. denied ).

Id. Accordingly, the trial court’s denial of Howell’s motion to dismiss is not

conclusive as to whether his offenses constitute a single episode of criminal

conduct for purposes of sentencing.

[38] Turning to the merits of Howell’s claim that his offenses comprise a single

episode of criminal conduct, we reiterate that an “episode of criminal conduct”

is defined as “offenses or a connected series of offenses that are closely related

in time, place, and circumstance.” Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(b). “Whether certain

offenses constitute a ‘single episode of criminal conduct’ is a fact-intensive

inquiry.” Schlichter v. State, 779 N.E.2d 1155, 1157 (Ind. 2002).

In determining whether multiple offenses constitute an episode of
criminal conduct, the focus is on the timing of the offenses and
the simultaneous and contemporaneous nature, if any, of the
crimes. Additional guidance on the question can be obtained by
considering whether the alleged conduct was so closely related in
time, place, and circumstance that a complete account of one

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 charge cannot be related without referring to the details of the
other charge.

Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 631 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citations, quotation

marks, and brackets omitted).

[39] Here, it is undisputed that the offenses were not committed simultaneously or

contemporaneously. In addition, they were not closely related in place; Howell

committed voluntary manslaughter in Vanderburgh County, but committed

attempted robbery and auto theft in Warrick County. We also cannot say that

they are closely related in circumstance. Howell shot Karns because they were

arguing, he knew she owned guns, and he thought she was drawing a gun.

After Coty and Howell’s father loaded Karns’s body into her truck, Howell

drove the truck away. He testified that he drove in the direction of his wife’s

home because he wanted to see her and his children again before he called the

police. Tr. Vol. 3 at 183. However, he wrecked the truck. He testified that he

was hurt and scared and was still under the influence of methamphetamine and

marijuana. Id. at 185. He fled the scene and ran into the woods. When he

came out of the woods, he encountered Scales. When he was unable to take

Scales’s truck, he stole the Explorer. Howell’s attempt to rob Scales’s truck and

his theft of the Explorer appear to flow from his vehicle accident and use of

drugs. Although the attempted robbery and theft may be closely related in

time, place, and circumstance, those two offenses are not closely related in

time, place, and circumstance to the shooting of Karns. As such, we conclude

that Howell’s voluntary manslaughter offense is not part of a single episode of

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 criminal conduct for purposes of the Firearm Enhancement Statute.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in enhancing Howell’s

sentence for voluntary manslaughter.

Section 4 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
finding aggravating factors.
[40] Howell asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing him by

finding invalid aggravating factors. We note that sentencing decisions rest

within the sound discretion of the trial court. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d

482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218. So long as the sentence

is within the statutory range, it is subject to review only for an abuse of

discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs if the decision is clearly against

the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or the

reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn therefrom. Id. at 491.

A trial court abuses its discretion during sentencing by: (1) failing to enter a

sentencing statement at all; (2) entering a sentencing statement that includes

aggravating and mitigating factors that are unsupported by the record; (3)

entering a sentencing statement that omits reasons that are clearly supported by

the record; or (4) entering a sentencing statement that includes reasons that are

improper as a matter of law. Id. at 490-91.

[41] Specifically, Howell claims that the trial court improperly found as aggravating

factors that he lacked remorse and that he intended to harm Scales. At the

sentencing hearing, the trial court considered Howell’s expressions of remorse

and concluded as follows:

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 There’s nothing about anything you did from the moment you
pulled that trigger that suggests you had even an ounce of
remorse for what you did. …. I have no idea today whether any
of your statements of remorse [are] genuine or not. I hope they
are. I hope sincerely that you have found personal redemption for
the horrific thing that you’ve done here but I can’t — I will not
base my judgment on that because you’re the only one that can
possibl[y] know that with any degree of certainty. Therefore the
Court finds no mitigating circumstance.

Tr. Vol. 4. at 227-28. Howell contends that the first part of this quote suggests

that the trial court considered lack of remorse as an aggravating factor. We find

nothing in the trial court’s statement that suggests that it considered lack of

remorse as an aggravating factor. Further, lack of remorse was not listed as an

aggravating factor in the written sentencing order.

[42] As for Howell’s claim that the trial court found that he intended to harm Scales,

the trial court stated,

I have no doubt that you intended to harm Mr. Scales or at a
minimum, acted with a callous disregard of whether you were
going to harm him or not when you fired into his truck in an
effort to get control of that truck so you could evade
responsibility for this act.

Id. at 227. Howell asserts, “Contrary to the trial court’s statement, the only

conclusion to be drawn from the jury’s verdict was that [Howell] did not intend

to harm Scales when he fired into his vehicle.” Appellant’s Br. at 43. We

disagree. The jury acquitted Howell of the attempted murder of Scales.

[43] Further, our supreme court has explained,
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 When evaluating the nature of the offense, the trial court may
properly consider the particularized circumstances of the factual
elements as aggravating factors. The trial court must then detail
why the defendant deserves an enhanced sentence under the
particular circumstances. Generally, this aggravator is thought to
be associated with particularly heinous facts or situations.

McElroy v. State, 865 N.E.2d 584, 589-90 (Ind. 2007) (citations and quotation

marks omitted). Here, Howell did not merely threaten Scales or use physical

force to compel Scales to relinquish control of his truck, he fired at Scales five

times at close range. That is significantly more than required to support a

conclusion that he intended to harm Scales. We conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Howell.

Section 5 – Howell has failed to meet his burden to show that
his sentence is inappropriate.
[44] Howell asks us to reduce his fifty-seven-year aggregate sentence10 pursuant to

Appellate Rule 7(B), which states, “The Court may revise a sentence authorized

by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds

that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the

character of the offender.” When reviewing a sentence, our principal role is to

leaven the outliers rather than necessarily achieve what is perceived as the

correct result in each case. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind. 2008).

“We do not look to determine if the sentence was appropriate; instead we look

10
Although we vacate Howell’s conviction for criminal recklessness, it will not affect his aggregate sentence
because the sentence for that conviction was concurrent to his sentence for attempted robbery.

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 to make sure the sentence was not inappropriate.” Conley v. State, 972 N.E.2d

864, 876 (Ind. 2012). “[S]entencing is principally a discretionary function in

which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference.”

Cardwell, 895 N.E.2d at 1222. “Such deference should prevail unless overcome

by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense

(such as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the

defendant’s character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples

of good character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015). In

conducting our review, we may consider all aspects of the penal consequences

imposed by the trial court in sentencing, i.e., whether it consists of executed

time, probation, suspension, home detention, or placement in community

corrections, and whether the sentences run concurrently or consecutively.

Davidson v. State, 926 N.E.2d 1023, 1025 (Ind. 2010). In addition, as we assess

the nature of the offense and character of the offender, “we may look to any

factors appearing in the record.” Boling v. State, 982 N.E.2d 1055, 1060 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2013). Howell has the burden to show that his sentence is

inappropriate. Anglemyer, 868 N.E.2d at 490.

[45] Turning first to the nature of the offenses, we observe that “the advisory

sentence is the starting point the Legislature selected as appropriate for the

crime committed.” Pierce v. State, 949 N.E.2d 349, 352 (Ind. 2011). Howell’s

fifty-seven-year aggregate sentence comprises three consecutive sentences, all of

which are above the advisory sentence. Howell received a twenty-five-year

sentence for level 2 felony voluntary manslaughter plus a fifteen-year firearm

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 enhancement, a fifteen-year sentence for level 3 felony attempted robbery, and a

two-year sentence for level 6 felony auto theft. The penalty for a level 2 felony

is ten to thirty years, with an advisory sentence of seventeen and a half years.

Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4.5. The penalty for a level 3 felony is three to sixteen

years, with an advisory sentence of nine years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5(b). The

penalty for a level 6 felony is six months to two and a half years, with an

advisory sentence of one year. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7(b).

[46] Howell argues that the nature of the offenses shows that he is not a cold-

blooded killer, but a person who made tragic mistakes based on fear and panic.

Although the jury acquitted him of the murder and attempted murder charges,

Howell’s crimes were nevertheless brutal and he showed no restraint. He shot a

woman in the head and then fled with her body. After he wrecked her vehicle,

he attempted to rob another victim of his vehicle by firing multiple shots at him

resulting in bodily injury to the victim’s leg. He then stole a third victim’s

vehicle. The existence of multiple crimes and victims justifies imposition of

enhanced and consecutive sentences “to vindicate the fact that there were

separate harms and separate acts against more than one person.” Serino v. State,

798 N.E.2d 852, 857 (Ind. 2003). On balance, we cannot say that Howell has

shown compelling evidence portraying the nature of the offenses in a positive

light.

[47] As for Howell’s character, he argues that he has a “minor” criminal history of

two felony convictions both related to substance abuse and that the current

offenses mark a substantial departure from his character. However, his

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 substance abuse has a long history and he was under the influence of drugs

when committing the current offenses. We conclude that Howell has failed to

carry his burden to show that his sentence is inappropriate based on the nature

of the offenses and his character. Accordingly, we affirm his aggregate

sentence.

Conclusion
[48] Based on the foregoing, we remand with instructions to vacate Howell’s

conviction for level 6 felony criminal recklessness. In all other respects, we

affirm.

[49] Affirmed and remanded.

Robb, J., and Bradford, J., concur.

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