[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
richarCOURT OF
APPEALS STARK
COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES:
: Hon. John W . W ise, P.J.
Plaintiff - Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
: Hon. Earle E. W ise, J.
-vs- :
:
ROJE RICHARDSON : Case No. 2017CA00063
:
Defendant - Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court
of Common Pleas, Case No. 2016
CR 2314
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: March 13, 2018
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
JOHN D. FERRERO GEORGE URBAN
Prosecuting Attorney 116 Cleveland Avenue NW , Suite 808
Canton, Ohio 44702
By: KRISTINE W . BEARD
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
Appellate Section
110 Central Plaza South, Suite 510
Canton, Ohio 44702-1413
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00063 2
Baldwin, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Roje Richardson appeals his conviction and sentence
from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas on attempt to commit aggravated arson.
Plaintiff-appellee is the State of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} On January 6, 2017, the Stark County Grand Jury indicted appellant on one
count of attempt to commit aggravated arson in violation of R.C. 2909.02(A)(1) and
2923.02(A)(1), a felony of the second degree, and one count of attempt to commit
aggravated arson in violation of R.C. 2909.02(A)(2) and 2923.02(A), a felony of the third
degree. At his arraignment on January 13, 2017, appellant entered a plea of not guilty to
the charges.
{¶3} Subsequently, a jury trial commenced on March 20, 2017. The following
testimony was adduced at trial.
{¶4} In December of 2016, Jennifer Cox was living on Harrison Avenue in
Canton, Ohio with her four children. At trial, she testified that appellant lived with them
from late April of 2016 until the beginning of November of 2016. Cox testified that she
met appellant through an online dating site and that, in April of 2016, he told her that he
needed a place to stay. At the time, the two were in a relationship that continued until
they broke up in early November of 2016. Cox testified that she had reason to be afraid
of appellant and, over objection, testified that he had made threats to her and was
physically abusive to her. According to Cox, after appellant moved out of her residence,
he “kept on texting me, wouldn’t leave me alone.” Trial Transcript at 161. Appellant also
showed up uninvited at her residence.
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
{¶5} On December 2, 2016, Cox, who was home with her four children, had
received some texts from appellant at approximately 9:00 p.m. stating that he would be
there in a few minutes. Cox testified that she texted appellant back and told him to stay
away and that she did not want anything to do with him. Appellant, however, kept texting.
Cox testified that at around 9:00 p.m., appellant came to her house, knocked on her
bedroom window and told her to open the door. She refused to do so. At approximately
10:45 or 11:00 p.m. on the same evening, a rock was thrown through Cox’s bedroom
window and landed on the kitchen floor. The rock was followed by a plastic juice bottle
filled with gasoline and stuffed with a rag for a wick. The bottle landed beside Cox and her
son on the bed. According to her, while the rag had been lit, it had burnt out. Cox, who
indicated that she smelled gasoline, called the police at approximately 11:08 p.m and
they responded to the scene.
{¶6} Cox further testified that after the incident, one of the keys to her shed,
which contained her lawn mower and gasoline, was missing. She testified that appellant
usually had the other key and that there was no damage to the shed.
{¶7} On cross-examination, Cox testified that appellant had told her that his
name was Trey Roberts and that he had lied to her. She testified that she told appellant
that he had to get out of her house in November of 2016 because he was harassing her
with text messages and was physically abusive. W hen asked if appellant was the only
person around that time who was threatening her, Cox responded “No.” Trial Transcript
at 189. She testified that after appellant moved out of her house, Tyrone Card moved in
with her. She testified that due to a dispute between the two, charges were filed against
Card who was not at Cox’s house that night. Cox admitted that she did not see appellant
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
knocking on her door, but testified that she heard him and knew his voice. Cox testified
that she did not answer appellant’s later texts on December 2, 2017 because she was
“scared for her life.” Trial Transcript at 191. She testified that Tyrone Card could not have
taken the key to her shed because the key was missing before Card moved into her house
in November of 2016. She also testified that appellant must have had the key because,
whenever she would kick him out of the house, he would sleep in the shed. Cox admitted
the she did not tell this to investigators. Cox also admitted that she did not see anyone
that night because her blinds were drawn, but that she thought the man outside was
appellant.
{¶8} On redirect, Cox testified that at some point in mid-November of 2016, there
was a physical altercation between herself and Tyrone Card and that she told the
investigators about Card. Card was charged with domestic violence.
{¶9} The next witness to testify was Kenneth W right, a fire investigator with the
Canton Fire Department. He testified that the Canton Police Department called him out
to the scene at approximately 11:43 p.m. because of the incendiary device found in the
house. He testified that Cox’s bed was damp and that there was a strong odor of gasoline
in her room and throughout the house. He described the device as “a plastic bottle the
size of a juice bottle …; and it had a, a clothe (sic) towel inside of it. It was filled about
halfway with gasoline whenever I got there.” Trial Transcript at 213. W right collected the
bottle and emptied out most of the gasoline into a gas can in Cox’s shed while saving the
rest for a sample. He testified that the rag had a burn mark on it. W right sent the incendiary
device to the State Fire Marshal’s lab for analysis and DNA testing. He also collected the
rock and had it sent to Bureau of Criminal Investigation for DNA analysis. No DNA was
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
recovered off of the rock. W right also collected a lighter found outside of Cox’s bedroom
window and Cox’s bedding. No fingerprints were located on the lighter. W right testified
that if the incendiary device had not gone out and had caught the bedding on fire, it would
have created a substantial risk of physical harm to the house’s residents and the structure.
He testified that the residents would have been have been very badly hurt, if not killed.
{¶10} W right further testified that, during his investigation, he learned that Tyrone
Card was in jail on December 2, 2016. He never spoke with Card. He further located
video showing that appellant and Robyn Williams were walking into a Taco Bell on
Tuscarawas Avenue at 11:39 p.m. W right testified that the Taco Bell was five to eight
minutes away from Cox’s house and a minute or two away from the Crown Motel.
{¶11} On cross-examination, W right testified that when he spoke with appellant,
appellant denied involvement. W right admitted that he did not ask for DNA analysis on
the lighter and did not test the padlock outside on Cox’s shed. When asked, W right
testified that he asked Robyn W illiams several times if she drove appellant, who does not
have a driver’s license or car, to Cox’s house and she denied that she did. W illiams had
told W right that she was with appellant on the night of December 2, 2017 at the Crown
Motel. He agreed that it was not possible to walk from Cox’s house to the Taco Bell and
back in half an hour and that is why he was questioning W illiams about driving appellant.
He testified that he believed appellant was driven.
{¶12} Jayden Cox, Cox’s 15 year old son, testified that he was home on
December 2, 2016 along with his mother, siblings and a friend when he heard a “big
crash.” Trial Transcript at 251. He testified that he went to his window and saw someone
opening up the shed with a key, putting something away, and then relocking the shed. He
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
agreed that because he saw the person opening and closing the shed door, he inferred
that the person was using a key. W hen asked if he recognized the person, Jayden testified
that the person had the same clothes and bag as appellant. He testified that person
had been wearing a gray hoodie and had a black and red drawstring bag and that appellant
usually wore the drawstring bag when he left the house. Jayden further testified that he
recognized appellant’s build. Jayden testified that the person “looked sort of like” appellant
and that he believed the person to be appellant. Trial Transcript at 254. On cross-
examination, he denied telling the police when they first came that night that the person
was appellant. On redirect, he testified that he was sure that it was appellant based on
what he saw and that he had indicated to his mother that he thought the person was
appellant.
{¶13} Molly Jordan, who is a forensic scientist with the State Fire Marshal’s Lab,
testified that she was asked to analyze the evidence. Jordan swabbed the mouth and
outside of the bottle and sent the swabs to the Bureau of Criminal Investigation for DNA
analysis. She testified that the liquid in the plastic bottle tested positive for gasoline and
that she also found gasoline on the bedding. On cross-examination, Jordan testified that
she was not asked to look for fingerprints on the bottle and was not sent the lighter, the
rock or the lock to the shed for testing.
{¶14} Hallie Dreyer, a forensic scientist with the Bureau of Criminal Investigation,
testified that she received a swab from the outside of the bottle and one from the mouth
of the bottle for testing. She testified that there was DNA from more than one individual on
the mouth of the bottle and that an unknown male was detected. Dreyer received DNA
collected from appellant and compared his DNA with that recovered from the mouth of
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
the bottle. She testified that she was not able to exclude appellant as a major source of
the DNA and that appellant’s donor match was one in a trillion unrelated individuals. On
cross-examination, she admitted that she could not say when the DNA was deposited on
the mouth of the bottle. The outside of the bottle had too many mixtures of DNA and was
not suitable for comparisons.
{¶15} After the State rested and appellant’s motion for a judgment of acquittal was
overruled, appellant called Robyn W illiams as a defense witness. She testified that she
and appellant had been dating in December of 2016 and that, on December 2, 2016, she
got off of work at 3:30 p.m., took a shower, and then went to see appellant at the Crown
Motel. According to her, they left the motel at around 5:30 p.m. and went to the Game
Stop and then she drove appellant to the Speedway in Kent, Ohio to purchase something
off of Craig’s List. The two then went to the Walmart and Dollar Tree in Brimfield,
approximately 40 to 45 minutes away from Canton, Ohio. W illiams testified that she and
appellant went back to the Crown Motel at around 10:00 p.m. and that appellant was in
and out of the room.
{¶16} W illiams further testified that at around 11:30 p.m., they left to go to Taco
Bell on Tuscarawas Avenue. When asked where appellant was at 9:00 that night, she
testified that he was at the Walmart with her and that appellant could not have been
knocking on a door in a house in downtown Canton on that night. She denied driving
appellant to Cox’s house and stated that, to her knowledge, appellant did not take her car
and drive over there. Williams further testified that she had a device installed on her car
that is called a Snapshot and was provided by to her by Progressive Insurance. The
device records when car is idle and when it is moving. W illiams testified that she looked
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
at the Snapshot report online and that it showed that her car was idle between 10:00 p.m.
and 11:30 p.m. on December 2, 2016. The report was never printed off by W illiams or
provided to investigators.
{¶17} On cross-examination, W illiams testified that on the way back from
Walmart, appellant was looking at his phone and became agitated and really angry.
Appellant told her to “Shut up, bitch.” Trial Transcript at 321. W illiams did not know why
appellant was aggravated. When they got back to the Crown Motel, appellant was pacing
and going in and out of the bathroom. Williams testified that she heard appellant mutter
“If you fuck with me I’ll kill you and your whole family.” Trial Transcript at 323. Appellant
then threw his phone on the bed and left at around 10:30 p.m. According to her, he was
gone for about 30 minutes. W illiam testified that when appellant returned, they went to
Taco Bell and went inside rather than using the drive-thru, which was unusual. Later that
evening at around midnight, appellant asked W illiams to wash the clothes that he had
been wearing. Appellant had told W illiams that his name was Jay and did not tell her his
real name until the day of his arrest.
{¶18} Appellant testified at trial in his own defense. He testified that he never took
the key to the shed and that he never slept in the shed because he had OCD and was
obsessed with cleanliness. Appellant testified that on the night on December 2, 2016,
Williams picked him up at the Crown Motel at around 5:00 p.m. and drove him to Game
Stop and then to Kent. He testified that they arrived back at the motel around 10:00 or
10:30 p.m. that night and that it was not possible for him to have been outside Cox’s door
at 9:00 p.m. because they were still in Kent. When asked about the text messages, he
testified that he was a “bit of a prankster” and liked to push Cox’s buttons and piss her off
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
a little. Trial Transcript at 354. According to appellant, he was texting Cox to see if she
needed money to fix her car. Appellant admitted to having had a disagreement with
Williams in the car. Appellant denied being anywhere near Cox’s house and denied
throwing a Molotov cocktail through her window.
{¶19} At the conclusion of the evidence and the end of deliberations, the jury, on
March 21, 2017, found appellant guilty of both counts. The trial court, pursuant to a
Judgment Entry filed on April 3, 2017, ordered that the two counts merge for sentencing
purposes and sentenced appellant to a prison term of seven years for attempt to commit
aggravated arson, a felony of the second degree. The trial court also found that appellant
was an arson offender and ordered him to register in person, upon his release from prison,
with the Sheriff in the county in which he resides pursuant to R.C. 2909.14.
{¶20} Appellant now raises the following assignments of error on appeal;
{¶21} I. APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS WERE AGAINST THE SUFFICIENCY
AND MANIFEST W EIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶22} II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S
OBJECTIONS TO TESTIMONY REGARDING PRIOR ACTS EVIDENCE.
{¶23} III. THE STATE OF OHIO’S ARSON REGISTRY SCHEME VIOLATES THE
SEPARATION OF POWERS DOCTRINE, RENDERING IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
I
{¶24} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that his convictions for
attempt to commit aggravated arson were against the sufficiency and manifest weight of
the evidence. W e disagree.
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
{¶25} On review for sufficiency, a reviewing court is to examine the evidence at
trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would support a conviction. State v.
Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). “The relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jenks at paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99
S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). On review for manifest weight, a reviewing court is to
examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of witnesses and determine “whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d
172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist. 1983). See also, State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d
380, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541. The granting of a new trial “should be exercised only
in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.”
Martin at 175.
{¶26} W e note the weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the
witnesses are issues for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d
212 (1967). The trier of fact “has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, attitude, and
credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on the written page.”
Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 1997-Ohio-260, 674 N.E.2d 1159.
{¶27} Appellant was convicted of attempt to commit aggravated arson in violation
of R.C. 2909.02(A)(1) and 2923.02(A) and attempt to commit aggravated arson in violation
of R.C. 2909.02(A)(2) and 2923.02. R.C. 2909.09 states, in relevant part, as
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
follows: A) No person, by means of fire or explosion, shall knowingly do any of the
following:
{¶28} (1) Create a substantial risk of serious physical harm to any person other
than the offender;
{¶29} (2) Cause physical harm to any occupied structure;
{¶30} R.C. 2923.02 states, in relevant part, as follows: “(A) No person, purposely
or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission
of an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the
offense.”
{¶31} Appellant contends that his convictions were against the sufficiency and
manifest weight of the evidence because there was a lack of scientific evidence that he
was the one who committed the offenses and the testimony of the witnesses as to identity
was not credible.
{¶32} At trial, Jennifer Cox testified that on December 2, 2016, she received text
messages from appellant at around 9:00 p.m. indicating that he would be at her house in
a few minutes. She testified that she told him to stay away. She testified that appellant
responded by texting her to “tell your dude u got to get to the door ok.” Trial Transcript at
171. Cox further testified that after she texted appellant that she would not answer the
door, at 9:08 p.m., appellant responded “Y, is he scared lol.” Trial Transcript at 172.
Approximately two hours later, a jug containing gasoline was thrown through appellant’s
window. There was testimony at trial that appellant’s DNA was on the lip of the bottle.
{¶33} In addition, Jayden Cox, Cox’s son, testified that when he looked out his
window after hearing a loud crash, he saw a man who physically resembled appellant
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
opening up the shed, putting something inside the shed, and then relocking the shed. He
inferred based on what he saw that the person had a key to the shed. According to Jayden,
the neighbor’s light was on in the back. He testified that that the person he saw had the
same clothes and the same black and red drawstring bag usually carried by appellant.
Jayden testified that he indicated to his mother that the person outside was appellant.
Moreover, there was testimony at trial that the key to the shed was missing from where
it was kept in Cox’s house.
{¶34} As is stated above, Robyn W illiams testified that on their way back from
Walmart, appellant was looking at his phone and became aggravated and told her to shut
up. When they got back to the motel, appellant was pacing and muttered “If you fuck with
me I’ll kill you and your whole family.” Trial Transcript at 323. Williams testified that
appellant then threw his phone on the bed and left at around 10:30 p.m. According to her,
he was gone for about 30 minutes. There was testimony that it was possible to get from
the motel to Cox’s house and back and the Taco Bell within the time frame in which the
offense is alleged to have occurred. Later the same evening, appellant asked W illiams
to wash the clothes that he had been wearing.
{¶35} Based on the foregoing, we find that viewing the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found that appellant
committed the offenses of attempt to commit aggravated arson beyond a reasonable
doubt. We further find that the jury did not clearly lose its way in convicting appellant.
{¶36} Appellant’s first assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
II
{¶37} Appellant, in his second assignment of error, contends that the trial court
erred in overruling his objections to testimony regarding prior acts evidence.
{¶38} The trial court has broad discretion in the admission and exclusion of
evidence, including evidence of other acts under Evid.R. 404(B). State v. Morris, 132 Ohio
St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 22. Unless the trial court has “clearly
abused its discretion and the defendant has been materially prejudiced thereby, this court
should be slow to interfere” with the exercise of such discretion. State v. Hymore, 9 Ohio
St.2d 122, 128, 224 N.E.2d 126 (1967). We have defined “abuse of discretion” as an
“unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable use of discretion, or as a view or action that
no conscientious judge could honestly have taken.” State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d 375,
2008-Ohio-4493, 894 N.E.2d 671, ¶ 23.
{¶39} Evid.R. 404(A) provides that evidence of a person's character is not
admissible to prove the person acted in conformity with that character. Evid.R. 404(B) sets
forth an exception to the general rule against admitting evidence of a person's other bad
acts. The Rule states as follows: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity
therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident.”
{¶40} In the case sub judice, the State asked Cox if she had reason to be afraid
of appellant, whether he threatened her and if he was ever physically abusive to her.
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
Appellant objected to the questions and Cox responded yes to the questions. At the
conclusion of her testimony, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
I’m going to give you what is referred to as a limiting instruction relative
to some of the testimony that you heard: And that is that there was testimony
relative to possible threats and abuse by the defendant towards this witness;
ah, that testimony was allowed not to show the character of this defendant
or that he acted in conformity with that character on all times relevant in the
case, but rather to show motive and, ah, pattern of conduct. But that’s the
limited purpose and for no other reason was that allowed.
{¶41} Trial Transcript at 205.
{¶42} Cox’s trial testimony about physical and emotional abuse was extremely brief
and did not go into specific details about the incidents of abuse. The testimony was
relevant to show appellant’s motive in throwing the incendiary device into her home and,
as noted by appellee, “provided the jury with context about [appellant’s] pattern of conduct
toward Cox.” W e additionally note the trial court gave the above limiting instruction to
the jury. It is well-established that juries are presumed to follow and obey the limiting
instructions given them by the trial court. State v. Dorsey, 5th Dist. Licking No. 11 CA 39,
2012–Ohio–611, ¶ 44, citing State v. DeMastry, 155 Ohio App.3d 110, 127, 2003-Ohio-
5588, 799 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 84.
{¶43} Appellant’s second assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.
III
{¶44} Appellant, in his third assignment of error, argues that Ohio’s arson offender
registry scheme violates the separation of powers doctrine and is unconstitutional.
[Cite as State v. Richardson, 2018-Ohio-947.]
{¶45} In the case sub judice, appellant did not argue before the trial court that
Ohio’s arson offender registry scheme violated the separation of powers doctrine and was
unconstitutional.1 Rather, appellant’s counsel, at the sentencing hearing, stated to the trial
court that appellant had signed the arson registration form and that “we do object to the
classification of that and reserve the right to appeal that issue.” Transcript from March 22,
2017 sentencing hearing at 447. No specific reason for objecting to the classification was
provided to the trial court which, therefore, had no opportunity to hear and consider
arguments relating to appellant’s separation of powers argument.
{¶46} In State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), syllabus, the
Ohio Supreme Court held: “Failure to raise at the trial court level the issue of the
constitutionality of a statute or its application, which issue is apparent at the time of trial,
constitutes a waiver of such issue and a deviation from this state's orderly procedure, and
therefore need not be heard for the first time on appeal.”
{¶47} Accordingly, we find that the constitutional argument was not raised below
and is deemed waived.
{¶48} Appellant’s third assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.
1
In contrast, in State v. Dingus, 4th Dist. Ross No. 16CA3525, 2017-Ohio-2619, 81 N.E.3d 513, which is cited by
appellant, the specific issue of whether the arson officer registry scheme unconstitutionally violated the separation
of powers doctrine was raised in the trial court.
{¶49} Accordingly, the judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is
affirmed.
By: Baldwin, J.
John W ise, P.J. and
Earle W ise, J. concur.