IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-876
Filed: 20 March 2018
Orange County, No. 11 JT 6
IN THE MATTER OF: Z.D.
Appeal by Respondent-Mother from order entered 11 May 2017 by Judge
Joseph M. Buckner in District Court, Orange County. Heard in the Court of Appeals
22 February 2018.
Edward Eldred, Attorney at Law, PLLC, by Edward Eldred, for Petitioner-
Appellees.
Peter Wood for Respondent-Appellant Mother.
No brief for Guardian ad Litem.
McGEE, Chief Judge.
Where the evidence and findings of fact do not support the trial court’s
conclusion of law that grounds existed for termination of Respondent-Mother’s
parental rights, we reverse the trial court’s order. Respondent-Mother
(“Respondent”) appeals from the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights
as to her son (“her son,” “the son,” or “the child”) in this private termination action.
Grounds for the termination were neglect, failure to make reasonable progress to
correct the conditions that led to the removal of the son from Respondent’s care, and
dependency.
IN RE: Z.D.
Opinion of the Court
I. Facts and Procedural History
The Orange County Department of Social Services (“DSS”) received a report
on 4 October 2010 alleging that (1) Respondent was neglecting her son due to
Respondent’s mental health issues and drug use, (2) Respondent was leaving her son
in unsafe situations in the home, and (3) Respondent was choosing unsafe childcare
arrangements. Three days later, on 7 October 2010, Respondent left her son with a
woman while she went to the grocery store. Respondent had just met the woman
earlier that day. Respondent did not return to the woman’s home to pick up her son,
and later that evening family members located the son at the woman’s home and he
was placed with caretakers. Respondent was involuntarily committed to the hospital
the next day. Respondent was later released from the hospital, and Child Protective
Services provided in-home services.
Respondent was admitted to the UNC psychiatric clinic in January 2011 and
was diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder. DSS filed a juvenile petition on 25 January
2011, alleging that the child was a dependent and neglected juvenile. In an order
entered 22 March 2011, the trial court adjudicated the child dependent but did not
consider or rule upon the petition’s neglect allegations. The trial court granted
temporary custody to the child’s “initial kinship” caregivers. Respondent received
outpatient mental health services from February 2011 to March 2012. Respondent
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was then referred to the UNC Chatham Assertive Community Treatment (“ACT”)
Team, and has continued to work with the ACT Team.
After a review hearing on 2 June 2011, the trial court found that the caregivers
were no longer able to care for the child and placed him in DSS custody. DSS
subsequently placed the child in a kinship placement with Mr. and Mrs. J
(“Petitioners”), who were friends of Respondent. The trial court granted legal custody
of the child to Petitioners on 8 August 2012 and he has remained in their care since
that time. The trial court granted Respondent a minimum of one hour of supervised
visitation every two weeks and relieved DSS and the guardian ad litem of further
responsibility in the case.
Petitioners moved to Pennsylvania in 2014 and Respondent’s visitation was
changed to one week of visitation every three months at Petitioners’ home.
Respondent’s visits went well, but she continued to struggle with mental health
issues. From 2011 to 2015, Respondent was admitted for multiple psychiatric
hospitalizations, both voluntary and involuntary. Despite Respondent’s
hospitalizations, Petitioners were committed to returning the child to Respondent’s
care.
However, on 17 July 2015, Petitioners filed a motion to modify visitation,
alleging that the visitation schedule at the time was not in the child’s best interest.
In an order entered 7 October 2015, the trial court modified visitation to no longer
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Opinion of the Court
require that Petitioners allow Respondent to stay in their home during visits, but
continued the visitation schedule in all other respects.
Respondent was last hospitalized due to her mental illness in November 2015
and, since her release in December 2015, Respondent has remained symptom free
from her bipolar disorder. However, Petitioners filed a petition to terminate
Respondent’s parental rights as to her son on 21 June 2016. The petition alleged the
grounds of (1) neglect, (2) failure to make reasonable progress to correct the
conditions that led to the son’s removal from Respondent’s care, and (3) dependency.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(1)-(2), (6) (2017). After a hearing on 17 April 2017, the
trial court entered an order on 11 May 2017 terminating Respondent’s parental rights
on all three alleged grounds. Respondent appeals.
II. Analysis
“This Court reviews a trial court’s conclusion that grounds exist
to terminate parental rights to determine whether clear, cogent, and convincing
evidence exists to support the court’s findings of fact, and whether the findings of fact
support the court’s conclusions of law.” In re C.J.H., 240 N.C. App. 489, 497, 772
S.E.2d 82, 88 (2015). “If the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by ample,
competent evidence, they are binding on appeal, even though there may be evidence
to the contrary.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). We review de
novo whether a trial court’s findings support its conclusions. See In re S.N., X.Z., 194
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N.C. App. 142, 146, 669 S.E.2d 55, 59 (2008) (citation omitted), aff’d per curiam, 363
N.C. 368, 677 S.E.2d 455 (2009).
The trial court must make “specific findings of the ultimate facts established
by the evidence, admissions and stipulations which are determinative of the
questions involved in the action and essential to support the conclusions of law
reached.” Quick v. Quick, 305 N.C. 446, 452, 290 S.E.2d 653, 658 (1982). The trial
court’s ultimate findings “must arise ‘by processes of logical reasoning from the
evidentiary facts’ found by the court.” In re A.B., ___N.C. App. ___, ___, 799 S.E.2d
445, 450 (2017) (quoting In re Anderson, 151 N.C. App. 94, 97, 564 S.E.2d 599, 602
(2002)); see also In re D.M.O., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 794 S.E.2d 858, 861 (2016) (“[A]
trial court must make adequate evidentiary findings to support its ultimate finding
of willful intent.” (citation omitted)).
In the present case, the trial court made the following evidentiary findings of
fact in support of its conclusion that grounds existed pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §
7B-1111(a)(1), (2), and (6) to terminate Respondent’s parental rights:
7. Petitioners have known Respondent since she was a
teenager and are intimately familiar with Respondent’s
mental health issues and treatment. Respondent has a
bipolar diagnosis. Since the [child] was placed with the
caregivers in 2010, Respondent has had multiple episodes
related to her mental illness that have left her incapable of
properly caring for the [child]. Petitioners have had
intimate knowledge of these episodes.
....
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IN RE: Z.D.
Opinion of the Court
10. However, Respondent’s behavior during visits in
Pennsylvania was consistently concerning and
demonstrated an ongoing and continuing inability to
provide proper care. In 2015, this [c]ourt changed the
visitation order to no longer require Petitioners to house
Respondent during her quarterly visits. Respondent’s
behavior in their home was disturbing and was adversely
impacting the [child]. Respondent has not always acted in
the [child’s] best interest during visits. By way of example,
during one visit, Respondent indicated she was hungry.
Petitioners allowed Respondent to take the [child] to a
restaurant. Respondent bought and ate food, but
Respondent did not buy anything for the [child]. By way of
further example, the [child] has directed Respondent to end
a visit early so that she might rest. While Petitioners have
felt comfortable leaving the [child] with Respondent in
their home for short unsupervised periods of time during
visits, Petitioners have never felt Respondent was capable
of supervising the [child] for any extended period of time.
11. Respondent has been working with the UNC ACT
(“Assertive Community Treatment”) team for several
years, since at least before Petitioners attempted to reunite
the [child] with Respondent in 2013. ACT provides “wrap-
around” services for individuals with significant mental
health concerns. Even with the provision of these intense
services, Respondent is unable to provide proper care for
the [child]. Dr. VanderZwaag testified Respondent would
be capable of parenting the [child] with assistance, but Dr.
VanderZwaag has never observed Respondent with the
[child]. Dr. VanderZwaag acknowledged Respondent was
last hospitalized due to her mental health illness in
December 2015, more than five years after this case began
due to similar mental health concerns.
12. Petitioners have observed Respondent over the course
of many years, and Petitioners have an intimate
familiarity with Respondent’s parenting abilities.
Petitioners are convinced Respondent lacks the ability to
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Opinion of the Court
properly care for the [child]. Petitioners would not hesitate
to reunite the [child] with Respondent if they thought
otherwise. Petitioners have allowed Respondent to have
“extra” visitation outside of the court-ordered schedule.
Petitioners did not file the termination petition lightly.
The [c]ourt believes Petitioners and accepts their
testimony as true.
The trial court then made the ultimate findings of fact that:
13. Respondent has neglected the [child] and there is a
reasonable probability Respondent would neglect the
[child] if he were returned to her care.
14. Respondent has willfully left the [child] in placement
outside the home for more than twelve months without
showing to the satisfaction of this [c]ourt that reasonable
progress under the circumstances has been made in
correcting those conditions which led to the removal of the
[child].
15. Respondent is incapable of providing for the proper
care and supervision of the [child], such that the [child] is
a dependent juvenile within the meaning of [N.C.]G.S. 7B-
101, and there is a reasonable probability that such
incapability will continue for the foreseeable future.
Respondent lacks an appropriate alternative child care
A. Reasonable Progress
Respondent first asserts the trial court erred in terminating her parental
rights pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2), which provides that the court may
terminate parental rights upon a finding that a parent has “willfully left the juvenile
in foster care or placement outside the home for more than 12 months without
showing to the satisfaction of the court that reasonable progress under the
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Opinion of the Court
circumstances has been made in correcting those conditions which led to the removal
of the juvenile.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2) (2017).
Respondent contends the trial court’s findings of fact are insufficient to support
its ultimate finding that she failed to make reasonable progress in correcting the
conditions that led to her son’s removal in that the findings are vague and incomplete
and do not address her progress or lack of progress leading up to the termination
hearing. Therefore, Respondent contends the findings of fact are insufficient to
support the trial court’s conclusion that grounds existed to terminate her parental
rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2). We agree.
The trial court must perform a two-part analysis to terminate parental rights
under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2). In re O.C. & O.B., 171 N.C. App. 457, 464, 615
S.E.2d 391, 396, disc. review denied, 360 N.C. 64, 623 S.E.2d 587 (2005).
The trial court must determine by clear, cogent and
convincing evidence that a child has been willfully left by
the parent in foster care or placement outside the home for
over twelve months, and, further, that as of the time of the
hearing, as demonstrated by clear, cogent and convincing
evidence, the parent has not made reasonable progress
under the circumstances to correct the conditions which led
to the removal of the child.
Id. at 464-65, 615 S.E.2d at 396.
A parent’s reasonable progress “is evaluated for the duration leading up to the
hearing on the motion or petition to terminate parental rights.” In re A.C.F., 176 N.C.
App. 520, 528, 626 S.E.2d 729, 735 (2006). In the present case, however, the trial
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IN RE: Z.D.
Opinion of the Court
court did not make any findings regarding Respondent’s conduct or circumstances
over the fifteen months prior to the termination hearing.
According to unchallenged finding of fact 3, the child was removed from
Respondent’s care due to Respondent’s mental health issues and drug use, and DSS’s
concern for the child’s care and well-being. However, a review of the record and
transcript shows that the trial court based its termination of Respondent’s parental
rights primarily on the issue of her mental health. Indeed, the trial court did not
make any findings regarding Respondent’s progress or lack of progress in correcting
her past drug use or the condition of her home at the time of the hearing. The trial
court essentially relied on three findings of fact in order to support its ultimate
finding and conclusion that grounds existed pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-
1111(a)(2) to terminate Respondent’s parental rights. These findings, however, are
insufficiently specific to support the ultimate finding that Respondent failed to make
reasonable progress.
In finding of fact 7, although the trial court found that Respondent had
multiple episodes relating to her mental illness since her diagnosis in 2011, the
finding fails to include any information pertaining to what constituted an “episode”
and the nature of the “episodes,” including Respondent’s condition and behavior
during an episode. The finding also lacks any details regarding how many or how
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Opinion of the Court
often Respondent had episodes, when the last episode occurred, or how the episodes
“left her incapable of properly caring for [her son].”
In finding of fact 10, the trial court found that Respondent’s behavior during
her visits with Petitioners was “consistently concerning” and “disturbing.” However,
the trial court failed to find with any particularity what behavior it found to be
“concerning” and “disturbing[,]” and whether this behavior related in any manner to
Respondent’s mental health and her ability to care for her son.
In finding of fact 11, the trial court found that “[e]ven with the provision of [the
ACT] intense services, Respondent is unable to provide proper care for [her son].”
However, the trial court made no finding as to why or how, despite these services,
Respondent was not able to provide proper care for her son or what specifically she
was doing or not doing to address her mental health issues.
The trial court’s findings demonstrate only that Respondent has had multiple
“episodes” since 2010 due to her mental health issues, that her last hospitalization
was in December 2015, that Respondent has been working with the UNC ACT team
for several years, and that she had exhibited some form of “concerning” and
“disturbing” behavior during visits. We conclude that these findings are insufficient
to support the trial court’s ultimate finding that, at the time of the termination
hearing in April 2017, Respondent willfully left her son in Petitioners’ care without
making reasonable progress to correct the conditions that led to his removal from her
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Opinion of the Court
care. The findings fail to address any progress or lack of progress by Respondent in
correcting the conditions that led to her son’s removal in the months prior to the
termination hearing.
Indeed, the evidence tended to show that Respondent had made significant
progress in addressing her mental health issues. Respondent’s psychiatrist testified
that Respondent had “shown progressive improvement overall,” noting that although
Respondent did have some episodes of illness over the past five years, she had been
free of all mood symptoms since the time of her last discharge in December 2015. The
evidence further showed that, although Respondent was at risk for future episodes,
as is the nature of a bipolar diagnosis, she had shown a growing understanding of
bipolar illness and her response to medications, had been stable for the fifteen months
prior to the termination hearing, and had been working with her psychiatrist about
recognizing early warning signs and interventions in order to prevent further
episodes. Respondent’s psychiatrist testified that Respondent was committed to
working on her mental health and in making changes to improve her mental health
stability, and that her overall prognosis was very good.
Further, the evidence showed Respondent had been living in an apartment for
nearly four years, was in good standing with the housing authority, had a part-time
job, and received additional income through disability. The evidence also showed that
Respondent was free from drug use and that her history of substance use was “related
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Opinion of the Court
[primarily] to . . . mood symptoms (i.e. lack of judgment and insight associated with
mania) and unrelated to an enduring pattern of disordered use.”
Petitioners testified Respondent behaved inconsistently during the visits in
their home in Pennsylvania, stating that some visits went well, while in other visits
Respondent was “less bubbly” and in a depressed mood, was “off,” or was less engaged
with her son. However, Petitioners presented no further evidence of Respondent’s
lack of reasonable progress in addressing her mental health issues and they
presented no evidence regarding Respondent’s current drug use, employment, or
housing condition. Thus, we conclude Petitioners failed to present sufficient evidence
to meet the statutory requirement of clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that
Respondent had not made reasonable progress in correcting the conditions that led
to the removal of her son from her care.
Because the evidence and findings were insufficient to support the trial court’s
ultimate finding that Respondent failed to make reasonable progress, we hold the
findings do not support the conclusion that grounds existed pursuant to N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2) to terminate Respondent’s parental rights. Therefore, the trial
court erred in terminating Respondent’s parental rights on this ground.
B. Neglect
Respondent next argues the findings of fact were insufficient to support
termination on the ground of neglect because the trial court made no findings
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Opinion of the Court
regarding Respondent’s situation and condition at the time of the termination
hearing in order to show a likelihood of repetition of neglect. We agree.
A trial court may terminate parental rights upon a finding that the parents
have neglected the juvenile within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15).
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1). In relevant part, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) (2017)
defines a neglected juvenile as one “who does not receive proper care, supervision, or
discipline from the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian, or caretaker; or who has
been abandoned; or who is not provided necessary medical care; or who is not provided
necessary remedial care[.]”
“Where, as here, a child has not been in the custody of the parent for a
significant period of time prior to the termination hearing, the trial court must
employ a different kind of analysis to determine whether the evidence supports a
finding of neglect.” In re Pierce, 146 N.C. App. 641, 651, 554 S.E.2d 25, 31 (2001),
aff’d, 356 N.C. 68, 565 S.E.2d 81 (2002). The trial court must consider “evidence of
changed conditions in light of the history of neglect by the parent, and the probability
of a repetition of neglect.” Id. (citing In re Ballard, 311 N.C. 708, 714, 319 S.E.2d 227,
231 (1984)).
Although the child was not previously adjudicated neglected, in finding of fact
3, the trial court found that, on 7 October 2010, Respondent left her son with a woman
she had just met earlier that day, and that Respondent did not return to the woman’s
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Opinion of the Court
home to pick up her son. Respondent does not challenge this finding, and it is now
binding on appeal. See Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731
(1991). This finding supports the trial court’s ultimate finding that Respondent had
previously neglected her son. The evidentiary findings, however, are insufficient to
support the trial court’s ultimate finding that there was a reasonable probability that
the child would be neglected if returned to Respondent’s care.
In finding of fact 7, the trial court discussed Respondent’s mental health
history, including her bipolar diagnosis and found that she “has had multiple episodes
related to her mental illness” since 2010. In finding of fact 10, the trial court found
that Respondent’s behavior during her visits in Pennsylvania “was consistently
concerning” and “disturbing[,]” “adversely impact[ed] the [child,]” and “demonstrated
an ongoing and continuing inability to provide proper care.” The trial court found in
finding of fact 11 that “[e]ven with the provision of [the ACT team] intense services,
Respondent is unable to provide proper care for [her son].”
The trial court’s ambiguous findings provide little light on the circumstances
and condition of Respondent’s mental health issues at the time of the termination
hearing or the impact they had on the child. Although the trial court found that
Respondent’s behavior adversely impacted her son, the court’s findings are not
sufficiently specific to determine what behavior Respondent was exhibiting and how
that behavior negatively impacted her son.
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Opinion of the Court
The terms “concerning” and “disturbing” are subjective and, without further
explanation detailing the specific behavior in question and how that behavior
impacted Respondent’s ability to care for her son, this finding is insufficient to show
a likelihood that the child would be neglected if returned to Respondent’s care. For
example, while one individual may find swearing to be concerning or disturbing
behavior, this behavior does not necessarily pertain to a parent’s inability to provide
proper care for a child.
The trial court further found that Respondent did not always act in the child’s
best interests during visits. In support of this finding, the trial court found that on
one occasion Petitioners allowed Respondent to take her son to a restaurant where
Respondent purchased food for herself but did not buy food for him. During another
visit, Respondent appeared tired and her son told her to go back to the hotel early so
that she might rest. However, the finding provides no detail regarding when these
instances occurred.
At most, the trial court’s findings show that Respondent has had “multiple”
episodes since 2010, has exhibited some type of “concerning” or “disturbing” behavior
during some visits, did not purchase food for her son at a restaurant on one occasion
for an unknown reason, and was tired during one visit. These findings lack any
specificity regarding Respondent’s inability to provide proper care at the time of the
termination hearing in order to support a finding of a likelihood of repetition of
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neglect if her son was returned to her care. Therefore, we hold the findings are
insufficient to support the trial court’s ultimate finding and conclusion that grounds
existed to terminate Respondent’s parental rights pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-
1111(a)(1).
Further, the probability of repetition of neglect in this case is not shown by
clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. Mr. J testified that Respondent’s visits in
Pennsylvania went well, but sometimes she was less engaged or had a depressed
mood. Although the visits were supervised, Petitioners did leave Respondent alone
with her son for an hour or two at a time. Mr. J testified that Respondent’s last visit
in December 2016 was “a little choppy” because she arrived tired and showed up late
the next day. Additionally, Mr. J testified that Respondent was “off” in making good
decisions for her son, explaining that sometime “last year,” Respondent chose to get
portraits done of her son rather than purchase pull-ups for him, and on one occasion
she did not purchase food for him at a restaurant, though he did have a bite of the
food from her plate.
Mrs. J testified that “almost a year” ago, she stopped allowing Respondent to
phone her son because Respondent refused to pick a particular day of the month to
call. Mrs. J further testified that during some visits Respondent was “absolutely
wonderful” and “so awesome with [her son]” but during some visits “she just wasn’t
there.”
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Opinion of the Court
Petitioners’ evidence pertained primarily to conduct occurring at least six
months prior to the hearing. This lack of temporal proximity simply does not support
a finding that Respondent was incapable of providing proper care at the time of the
termination hearing and that there was a likelihood of repetition of neglect. The most
recent example of Respondent’s inability to care for her son was that she appeared
tired at the December 2016 visit. Petitioners presented no evidence of Respondent’s
inability to properly care for her son at the time of the hearing other than their
assertions that they did not believe Respondent was capable. This is not clear, cogent,
and convincing evidence to support a finding that “there is a reasonable probability
Respondent would neglect [her son] if he were returned to her care.”
Because the evidence and findings are insufficient to support a finding that the
child is likely to be neglected if returned to Respondent’s care, we hold the trial court
erred in terminating Respondent’s parental rights on the ground of neglect.
C. Dependency
Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(6), a court may terminate parental
rights on the ground that the parent is incapable of providing for the proper care and
supervision of the child and the incapability will continue for the foreseeable future.
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(6). The incapability under this statute “may be the result of
substance abuse, mental retardation, mental illness, organic brain syndrome, or any
other cause or condition that renders the parent unable or unavailable to parent the
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juvenile and the parent lacks an appropriate alternative
child care arrangement.” Id. “In determining whether a juvenile is dependent, the
trial court must address both (1) the parent’s ability to provide care or supervision,
and (2) the availability to the parent of alternative child care arrangements.” In re
T.B., C.P., & I.P., 203 N.C. App. 497, 500, 692 S.E.2d 182, 184 (2010) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Respondent argues the trial court erred in terminating her parental rights on
the ground of dependency because the trial court failed to make any specific findings
regarding Respondent’s ability to care for her son at the time of the hearing.
Respondent also argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the finding that
she had a current incapability that would continue for the foreseeable future. We
agree.
The trial court found in findings of fact 7, 10, and 12 that Respondent was
unable to provide proper care for the child. However, this determination is more
properly a conclusion of law as it requires the application of legal principles to the
facts of the case, and as such must be supported by sufficient evidentiary findings.
See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(9) (2017); Guox v. Satterly, 164 N.C. App. 578, 583, 596
S.E.2d 452, 455, disc. review denied, 359 N.C. 188, 606 S.E.2d 906 (2004); see also In
re B.W., 190 N.C. App. 328, 335, 665 S.E.2d 462, 467 (2008) (“If a contested ‘finding’
is more accurately characterized as a conclusion of law, we simply apply the
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appropriate standard of review and determine whether the remaining facts found by
the court support the conclusion.”) (citations omitted).
For the same reasons discussed in sections A and B above, we hold the trial
court’s findings are insufficient to support its ultimate finding and conclusion that
Respondent was incapable of providing for the proper care of her son and that such
incapability would continue for the foreseeable future. As stated previously, the trial
court failed to include any detailed findings pertaining to Respondent’s progress or
lack of progress in addressing her mental health concerns over the fifteen months
prior to the termination hearing. Rather the findings regarding Respondent’s mental
health and parenting abilities pertain more to the historic facts of the case that
occurred at least a year prior to the hearing, and the order contains no specific
findings regarding Respondent’s condition, mental health, and alleged incapability at
the time of the hearing.
In support of Petitioners’ assertion that, at the time of the termination hearing,
Respondent was incapable of caring for her son, they testified to specific events
occurring a year before the termination hearing. The only support occurring within
six months of the termination hearing was that Respondent appeared tired at the
December 2016 visit and arrived late to Petitioners’ home the following morning.
Petitioners did not present any evidence that Respondent was not following her
mental health treatment recommendations. The uncontradicted evidence of
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Respondent’s psychiatrist showed that Respondent was participating and following
her ACT services, was committed to her treatment, and had been symptom free for
over a year. Thus, we hold Petitioners failed to present clear, cogent, and convincing
evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Respondent was currently incapable
of caring for her son and that such incapability would continue for the foreseeable
future. Cf. Matter of A.L.L., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 802 S.E.2d 598, 609 (2017)
(upholding the trial court’s termination of the mother’s parental rights based on
dependency, holding that evidence of the mother’s “longstanding mental health
conditions and her repeated failures to follow recommendations for treatment
necessary to care for her children safely constituted clear, cogent, and convincing
evidence to support the trial court’s findings of dependency”).
Because we hold that the evidence and findings were insufficient to support
the trial court’s ultimate finding and conclusion that grounds existed to terminate
parental rights pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(6), the trial court erred in
terminating Respondent’s parental rights on the ground of dependency.
III. Conclusion
The trial court’s findings were insufficient to support its ultimate findings and
conclusion that grounds existed to terminate Respondent’s parental rights pursuant
to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(1), (2), or (6). Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s
order terminating Respondent’s parental rights as to her son.
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REVERSED.
Judge STROUD concurs.
Judge BRYANT dissents with separate opinion.
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No. COA17-876 – In re Z.D.
BRYANT, Judge, dissenting.
Because I believe the evidence and findings were sufficient to support the trial
court’s ultimate finding that respondent failed to make reasonable progress in
correcting the conditions which led to the child’s removal to the satisfaction of the
trial court, I would hold the findings support the conclusion that grounds existed
pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2) to terminate respondent’s parental
rights. Thus, for the following reasons, I respectfully dissent.
“If the trial court’s findings of fact ‘are supported by ample, competent
evidence, they are binding on appeal, even though there may be evidence to the
contrary.’ ” In re S.C.R., 198 N.C. App. 525, 531, 679 S.E.2d 905, 906 (2009) (quoting
In re Williamson, 91 N.C. App. 668, 674, 373 S.E.2d 317, 320 (1988)). We
review whether a trial court’s findings of fact support its conclusions of law de
novo. See In re S.N., 194 N.C. App. 142, 146, 669 S.E.2d 55, 59 (2008) (citation
omitted). “We review the trial court’s decision to terminate parental rights for abuse
of discretion.” In re Anderson, 151 N.C. App. 94, 98, 564 S.E.2d 599, 602 (2002)
(citation omitted). “The trial court is ‘subject to reversal for abuse of discretion only
upon a showing . . . that the challenged actions are manifestly unsupported by
reason.’ ” In re J.L.H., 224 N.C. App. 52, 57, 741 S.E.2d 333, 337 (2012) (alteration
in original) (quoting Clark v. Clark, 301 N.C. 123, 129, 271 S.E.2d 58, 63 (1980)).
Here, in support of its conclusion that grounds existed pursuant to N.C. Gen.
IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(1), (2), and (6) to terminate respondent’s parental rights, the trial
court made the following evidentiary findings of fact:
7. Petitioners have known Respondent since she was a
teenager and are intimately familiar with Respondent’s
mental health issues and treatment. Respondent has a
bipolar diagnosis. Since the juvenile was placed with the
caregivers in 2010, Respondent has had multiple episodes
related to her mental illness that have left her incapable of
properly caring for the juvenile. Petitioners have had
intimate knowledge of these episodes.
....
10. However, Respondent’s behavior during the visits in
Pennsylvania was consistently concerning and
demonstrated an ongoing and continuing inability to
provide proper care. In 2015, this Court changed the
visitation order to no longer require Petitioners to house
Respondent during her quarterly visits. Respondent’s
behavior in their home was disturbing and was adversely
impacting the juvenile. Respondent has not always acted
in the juvenile’s best interest during visits. By way of
example, during one visit, Respondent indicated she was
hungry. Petitioners allowed Respondent to take the
juvenile to a restaurant. Respondent bought and ate food,
but Respondent did not buy anything for the juvenile. By
way of further example, the juvenile has directed
Respondent to end a visit early so that she might rest.
While Petitioners have felt comfortable leaving the juvenile
with Respondent in their home for short unsupervised
periods of time during visits, Petitioners have never felt
Respondent was capable of supervising the juvenile for any
extended period of time.
11. Respondent has been working with the UNC ACT
(“Assertive Community Treatment”) team for several
years, since at least before Petitioners attempted to reunite
the juvenile with Respondent in 2013. ACT provides “wrap-
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
around” services for individuals with significant mental
health concerns. Even with the provision of these intense
services, Respondent is unable to provide proper care for
the juvenile. Dr. VanderZwaag testified Respondent would
be capable of parenting the juvenile with assistance, but
Dr. VanderZwaag has never observed Respondent with the
juvenile. Dr. VanderZwaag acknowledged Respondent was
last hospitalized due to her mental health illness in
December 2015, more than five years after this case began
due to similar mental health concerns.
12. Petitioners have observed Respondent over the course
of many years, and Petitioners have an intimate
familiarity with Respondent’s parenting abilities.
Petitioners are convinced Respondent lacks the ability to
properly care for the juvenile. Petitioners would not
hesitate to reunite the juvenile with Respondent if they
thought otherwise. Petitioners have allowed Respondent to
have “extra” visitation outside of the court-ordered
schedule. Petitioners did not file the termination petition
lightly. The Court believes Petitioners and accepts their
testimony as true.
(Emphasis added). The trial court then made ultimate findings of fact:
13. Respondent has neglected the juvenile and there is a
reasonable probability Respondent would neglect the
juvenile if he were returned to her care.
14. Respondent has willfully left the juvenile in
placement outside the home for more than twelve months
without showing to the satisfaction of this Court that
reasonable progress under the circumstances has been
made in correcting the conditions which led to the removal
of the juvenile.
15. Respondent is incapable of providing for the proper
care and supervision of the juvenile, such that the juvenile
is a dependent juvenile within the meaning of G.S. 7B-101,
and there is a reasonable probability that such incapability
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
will continue for the foreseeable future. Respondent lacks
an appropriate child care arrangement.
Respondent does not contest that she willfully left her child in placement
outside the home for more than twelve months; indeed, it has been over five years.
Instead, respondent contends—and the majority agrees—that the trial court’s
findings of fact are insufficient to support its ultimate finding that she failed to make
reasonable progress in correcting the conditions that led to the child’s removal. She
challenges the findings as being “vague” and “incomplete,” arguing that they do not
address her progress or lack of progress leading up to the termination hearing. As a
result, the majority has determined that the findings of fact are insufficient to
support its conclusion that grounds existed to terminate her parental rights pursuant
to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2). I respectfully disagree.
To terminate parental rights under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2), “the trial
court must perform a two-part analysis.” In re O.C. & O.B., 171 N.C. App. 457, 464,
615 S.E.2d 391, 396 (2005) (citing In re Baker, 158 N.C. App. 491, 494, 581 S.E.2d
144, 146 (2003)).
The trial court must determine by clear, cogent and
convincing evidence that a child has been willfully left by
the parent in foster care or placement outside the home for
over twelve months, and, further, that as of the time of the
hearing, as demonstrated by clear, cogent and convincing
evidence, the parent has not made reasonable progress
under the circumstances to correct the conditions which led
to the removal of the child.
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
Id. at 464–65, 615 S.E.2d at 396.
“Willfulness is established when the respondent had the ability to show
reasonable progress, but was unwilling to make the effort.” Id. at 465, 615 S.E.2d at
396 (quoting In re McMillon, 143 N.C. App. 402, 410, 546 S.E.2d 169, 175 (2001)). “A
finding of willfulness is not precluded even if the respondent has made some efforts
to regain custody of the child[ ].” Id. (quoting In re Nolen, 117 N.C. App. 693, 699,
453 S.E.2d 220, 224 (1995)).
According to unchallenged Finding of Fact No. 3, the child was removed from
respondent’s care due to respondent’s mental health issues and drug use and DSS’s
concern for the juvenile’s care and well-being. A review of the record and transcript
indicates the competent evidence also supports the trial court’s other findings of fact.
In Finding of Fact No. 7, the trial court found that respondent has had multiple
episodes relating to her mental illness since her diagnosis in 2011. Respondent
argues the finding fails to include any information pertaining to what constituted an
“episode” and the nature of the “episodes,” including respondent’s condition and
behavior during one.
However, the transcript reveals that the latest episode respondent experienced
was “a manic episode,” for which she was hospitalized and involuntarily committed.
From these facts, the trial court could reasonably infer that these episodes, including
the one she suffered fifteen months prior, were of a dangerous nature—at least one
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
resulted in her hospitalization and involuntarily commitment. See In re W.R.D., ___
N.C. App. ___, ___, 790 S.E.2d 344, 347 (2016) (“To support an involuntary
commitment order, the trial court is required to ‘find two distinct facts by clear,
cogent, and convincing evidence: first that the respondent is mentally ill, and second,
that he is dangerous to himself or others.’ ” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)
(quoting In re Lowery, 110 N.C. App. 67, 71, 428 S.E.2d 861, 863–64 (1993)). Thus,
we conclude the competent evidence supports the trial court’s Finding of Fact No. 7,
which finding is also sufficiently specific to support the trial court’s ultimate findings
and conclusions of law. See In re D.M.O., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 794 S.E.2d 858, 861
(2016) (“[A] trial court must make adequate evidentiary findings to support its
ultimate finding . . . .” (citation omitted)).
In Finding of Fact No. 10, the trial court found that respondent’s behavior
during her visits was “consistently concerning” and “disturbing.” Respondent argues
the trial court failed to find with any particularity what behavior it found to be
“concerning” and “disturbing[,]” and whether this behavior related in any manner to
respondent’s mental health and her ability to care for the child.
To the contrary, the trial court included a specific example of respondent’s
behavior that the trial court found to be “disturbing”—the fact that respondent took
the juvenile to a restaurant and purchased food only for herself. By arguing that the
trial court was insufficiently particular in making this finding, respondent is
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
essentially asking this Court to reweigh the evidence, in other words, reconsider the
evidence in making a determination of what constitutes “disturbing” or “concerning”
behavior. This Court should decline to engage in such reweighing of the evidence.
Here, the competent evidence supports the trial court’s Finding of Fact No. 10.
At the hearing, the petitioner caregivers testified as follows regarding respondent’s
behavior:
Q. . . . [Y]ou said earlier she was in and out of the
hospital. Was she out of the hospital and into a hospital at
any time when you were in Pennsylvania?
A. Yes, she was.
Q. When was that?
Q. I think in 2015. But I remember she was in -- in
the hospital in -- at UNC, but they felt that was too long a
timespan in the psychiatric care. And then she had to go to
a long -- longer term hospitalization.
Q. How do you know that? She told you that?
A. Yes, she told us.
Q. Did that interfere with any of her visits?
A. I think we had two. We -- we -- she had to skip a
visit at the time.
Q. When was the last visit you had with her? Or
when was the last time -- she was in Pennsylvania to visit
[the child]?
A. Last Christmas 2016.
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
Q. How did that visit go?
A. That visit was a little choppy. She -- she -- on the
day she was to be there at 5:00 -- at -- at noon, it was 2:30
we were calling her to say where are you, where are you?
And the day before that she seemed too tired that [the
child] had to say well, why don’t you just go home and go to
sleep?
....
Q. During that visit did you -- your opinion change
about whether you’d feel comfortable leaving [the child]
with her as a full-time caregiver?
A. Yeah, it’s -- it’s one of those times we felt this --
this won’t -- this won’t work. It wouldn’t work to -- to -- to
leave her because the difficult thing is -- is -- it’s not
knowing which [respondent] were -- we have. We know
[respondent] by nature is a very caring about her son. But
in terms of her engagement and doing the things that are
necessary in making the right decisions, it’s -- we feel it’s
off in deciding -- like the prior visit she would decide that
taking portraits for the son is more important than getting
him say pull-ups to keep him from soiling his bed. . . .
....
A. . . . [W]e suggested to her -- well, see [the child]
was soiling his bed and we -- we -- we get him pull-ups and
we -- and we said well, why don’t you get him some pull-
ups. Just invest a little bit in getting some pull-ups. But
she said I only have money to have portraits done, so I can’t
get -- you know, the pull-ups is not something I can get.
And so -- and so it happened that the day that she
went to do the portrait, she couldn’t do that at the time
because they didn’t have appointment and she took him out
to -- she went with him, because she felt she was hungry,
she went and -- and sat and ate. And -- and so [the child]
said well, I’m hungry now when he -- when they returned.
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
And she said well, that you -- did you eat with your mom
and he said well, he had some bite[s] from her meal, but
she ate and did not provide food for him at the time. So it’s
just -- that’s what I mean by not knowing which
[respondent] is going to show up.
....
Q. In your opinion, can she be a full-time caregiver
to [the child]?
A. No, not at this time I don’t think so.
Q. Do you feel pretty confident about that?
A. Yes.
The other petitioner caregiver testified as follows regarding respondent’s progress:
Q. Do you have concerns about [respondent’s]
behavior that you’ve witnessed during [her] visits [with the
child]?
A. I’ve witnessed [respondent] not being the same
[respondent] each time. She’s always a little different.
Sometimes she’s very attentive. Like one visit I thought
let’s just send him home right away, because she was so
awesome with him. She helped him with his homework and
she was -- she was loving and she did all the right things
and she disciplined him.
And then the next one, she was totally out to lunch.
It was like a totally different person compared to the
person that was there before. And it -- and it’s been
consistent like that. Some days -- some visits she’d be --
she’d be absolutely wonderful and some visits she just
wasn’t there.
Q. Are there any specific instances of behavior that
you found troubling?
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
A. Well, the last one, because it’s in my mind so
clearly is when she drove and she got in a little later than
she thought. So she went to -- and slept and then she woke
up and came over to the house and [the child] felt that she
was tired. And he suggested that she go home. And -- and
he told me, he said, you know, I told my mom that she’s
tired and she has to go home. And I said, oh, okay. You
know, what am I going to say? [The child] loves his mother
dearly. He knows his mother. He doesn’t believe that his
mother can take care of him, but he cares very much about
her wellbeing.
So the next day, we were waiting for her to come and
at 2:30 I called and I said well, aren’t you going to come and
have time with [the child]? And she was just getting up. So
by the time she did come, it was a little bit later. But [the
child] happened to be sick that day. So she was able to stay
longer with him. And she even -- I had to go out and she
stayed with him for two hours. I had set up everything so
that it was pretty simple for her to -- to -- to do.
I mean, I had dinner ready for her to make and I had
-- I had his -- his stuff altogether and so it was pretty
straightforward.
....
Q. Would you support the mother having custody of
[the child] if you thought she could do it?
A. If I thought she could do it, I would definitely
support that, yes.
Q. I gather you do not think she can do it?
A. I do not think she can do it at this time.
The testimonial evidence above shows that even as late as December 2016,
respondent’s last visit with the juvenile, she had not progressed to the point where
she could take custody and care of the child.
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
In Finding of Fact No. 11, the court found that “[e]ven with the provision of
[the ACT] intense services, Respondent is unable to provide proper care for the
juvenile.” Respondent argues the trial court made no finding as to why or how,
despite these services, respondent was not able to provide proper care for the child or
what specifically she was doing or not doing to address her mental health issues.
Respondent’s argument to the contrary, the testimony excerpted above is competent
evidence that illustrates that respondent continued to exhibit signs of mental
instability and was not able to provide proper care for the child—petitioners, whom
the trial court specifically found it “believed” and that whose trial testimony it
accepted “as true,” testified that respondent could not properly care for the child at
the time of the hearing. There was simply no evidence before the trial court that
respondent had made reasonable progress—for over five years—in correcting the
conditions that led to removal of the child.
The competent evidence supports the trial court’s Findings of Fact Nos. 10 and
11, which in turn support the trial court’s ultimate finding and conclusion that
respondent has willfully left the child in placement outside the home for more than
twelve months without showing reasonable progress has been made under the
circumstances. Because the evidence and findings were sufficient to support the
court’s ultimate finding that respondent failed to make reasonable progress in
correcting the conditions which led to the child’s removal to the satisfaction of the
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IN RE Z.D.
BRYANT, J., dissenting
court, I would hold the findings support the conclusion that grounds existed pursuant
to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2) to terminate respondent’s parental rights.
Therefore, there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court in ordering the
termination of respondent’s parental rights.
Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court’s order terminating respondent’s
parental rights to the child. I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.
12