Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-16-00559-CR
Stanley Foster BAKER,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 25th Judicial District Court, Guadalupe County, Texas
Trial Court No. 15-1755-CR-A
Honorable W.C. Kirkendall, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Irene Rios, Justice
Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Irene Rios, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 21, 2018
AFFIRMED
Stanley Foster Baker was convicted by a jury of continuous sexual abuse of a child and
indecency with a child by sexual contact. The sole issue presented on appeal is whether the trial
court abused its discretion in denying Baker’s motion to suppress. Baker sought to suppress
statements he made during an interview with two law enforcement officers in his hospital room,
asserting the interview was a custodial interrogation and he did not receive the required Miranda
warnings. Because we hold the interview was not a custodial interrogation, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
04-16-00559-CR
BACKGROUND
Jackie Barrios, a nurse manager of a hospital trauma unit, was the first witness to testify at
the suppression hearing. Barrios testified Baker was hospitalized because he attempted suicide by
jumping off a bridge. Baker was first admitted to the intensive care unit on May 12, 2015, and
then transferred to the trauma unit on May 23, 2015. Barrios described Baker as being alert,
oriented, and able to understand questions. Barrios testified police officers called her on a daily
basis requesting information regarding Baker’s estimated date of discharge.
On May 27, 2015, the day the law enforcement officers interviewed Baker, Barrios stated
Baker was alert and oriented. Barrios testified Baker was not in police custody in the hospital, but
a hospital employee observed him twenty-four hours a day because of his suicide attempt.
On cross-examination, Barrios testified Baker reported having a history of depression.
Barrios described Baker’s injuries and the treatment he had been receiving. Barrios testified Baker
was never in any restraints in the trauma unit, and no law enforcement officers were stationed
outside of Baker’s door.
Detective Jerry Grubbs, the lead detective assigned to Baker’s case on May 11, 2015, was
the only other witness to testify at the suppression hearing. After law enforcement officers located
Baker, who had been admitted to the hospital, another detective was assigned to monitor Baker’s
condition on a daily basis. Detective Grubbs testified a decision was made to interview Baker on
May 27, 2015, based on the report given by the charge nurse that Baker was in good spirits, talking,
and coherent. Law enforcement was not guarding Baker’s room, and Baker was never placed in
handcuffs before or during the interview.
Detective Grubbs testified Ranger Keith Pauska accompanied him to the hospital for the
interview, and after they introduced themselves, they asked Baker if he wanted to have a discussion
with them. Detective Grubbs recalled asking Baker several times if he needed anything during the
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interview, which lasted no longer than forty-five minutes. Detective Grubbs described Baker as
being engaged in the conversation and occasionally correcting some of the information Detective
Grubbs “put out there.”
On cross-examination, Detective Grubbs testified he went to Baker’s house on May 11,
2015, because a child protective services investigator asked him to accompany her on her initial
visit. The visit was the result of outcries three girls made that Baker, their stepfather, had molested
them. The purpose of the initial visit was for the investigator to drop off a packet for the children’s
mother.
Detective Grubbs testified that the following day, May 12, he and the investigator returned
to Baker’s house to have a conversation with the children’s mother. The children’s mother was
not home, but Baker told them where she was. Detective Grubbs and the investigator made contact
with the children’s mother, informed her about the reason for the investigation, and arranged
forensic interviews for the children that same day. Detective Grubbs testified he observed the
forensic interviews from outside the room and believed the children’s statements were true. Later
that same day, the children underwent sexual assault examinations; however, Detective Grubbs
was not present during those examinations.
Before interviewing Baker on May 27, Detective Grubbs testified he reviewed the
videotapes of the forensic interviews and spoke with the sexual assault nurse examiner, who
informed him of her findings and provided him with her documentation. Detective Grubbs also
was present during a search of the residence during which an item of evidence was recovered
corroborating one of the children’s statements. When he interviewed Baker, Detective Grubbs
agreed Baker was a suspect in the case, but he had not obtained a warrant because he did not feel
“confident to swear out the warrant.” Although Detective Grubbs believed Baker “had done
something with [the] children,” he was not sure about the specifics. With regard to whether Baker
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asked for an attorney, Detective Grubbs testified Baker asked whether an attorney should be
present, and he told Baker they were just having a conversation and “it was up to him.” He also
told Baker if he was not comfortable in answering the questions, they could stop at any time.
Detective Grubbs testified he prepared the affidavit to obtain an arrest warrant a couple of days
after the interview when he was informed that Baker was going to be discharged from the hospital.
Detective Grubbs stated Baker would have been free to leave the hospital on May 27 or May 28,
but he would have made additional efforts to obtain the warrant and to find Baker’s location so
Baker could be served with the warrant. Detective Grubbs did not recall whether he told Baker he
was free to leave the hospital.
Following the witnesses’ testimony, the trial court watched and listened to video and audio
recordings of the interview which were admitted into evidence. A transcript of the interview also
was admitted into evidence. After hearing the testimony and the recordings, the trial court denied
Baker’s motion to suppress stating:
THE COURT: All right. The following will be the ruling of the Court. I
make the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
The defendant, during this statement, appeared to be alert and oriented as to
time and circumstances. He was not under arrest or in custody. He freely and
voluntarily made the statement that was offered, and the motion to suppress is
overruled, except as to two portions. One, where he was questioned about other
victims and the Ranger made the statement that there’s never not others, which
would be approximately Page 43, Line 10 to Line 22, and then when he was
questioned about child pornography and he denied it, which would be
approximately Page 44, Line 6, to Page 44, Line 25, and when he was — the Officer
Grubbs made the statement that he was going to remember more stuff in time,
which is Page 46, Line 22 to 25.
The trial court subsequently entered written findings of fact and conclusions of law containing the
first three sentences of its verbal ruling. Baker appeals, arguing he was in custody while being
interviewed; therefore, he was entitled to his Miranda warnings.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of
review. Furr v. State, 499 S.W.3d 872, 877 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Alford v. State, 358 S.W.3d
647, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We afford almost complete deference to the trial court’s
determination of historical facts, especially when those determinations are based on assessments
of credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo the trial court’s application of the law to fact
questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. Furr, 499 S.W.3d at 877; Alford, 358
S.W.3d at 652. “The decision as to whether custodial questioning constitutes ‘interrogation’ under
Miranda is a mixed question of law and fact, and we defer to the trial court’s fact findings that
turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Alford, 358 S.W.3d at 653. “If credibility and
demeanor are not necessary to the resolution of an issue, whether a set of historical facts constitutes
custodial interrogation under the Fifth Amendment is subject to de novo review because that is an
issue of law: it requires application of legal principles to a specific set of facts.” Id.
APPLICABLE LAW REGARDING CUSTODY
The United States Supreme Court has held that an individual is “in custody” for Miranda
purposes if, under the circumstances, a reasonable person would believe “[his] freedom of action
is curtailed to a ‘degree associated with formal arrest.’” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 440
(1984). The custody determination must be made on an ad hoc basis after considering all of the
objective circumstances. Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
A person may be in custody under any of these four general situations:
(1) when the suspect is physically deprived of his freedom in any significant
way,
(2) when a law enforcement officer tells the suspect he cannot leave,
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(3) when law enforcement officers create a situation that would lead a
reasonable person to believe his freedom of movement has been significantly
restricted, and
(4) when there is probable cause to arrest and law enforcement officers do not
tell the suspect he is free to leave.
Id.; Martinez-Hernandez v. State, 468 S.W.3d 748, 757–58 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, no
pet.). “The first three situations require that the restriction on a suspect’s freedom of movement
must reach ‘the degree associated with an arrest’ instead of an investigative detention.” State v.
Saenz, 411 S.W.3d 488, 496 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255). “The
fourth situation requires an officer’s knowledge of probable cause to be manifested to the suspect.”
Id. “Such manifestation could occur if information substantiating probable cause is related by the
officers to the suspect or by the suspect to the officers.” Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255. “Custody,
however, is not established by the fourth situation unless the manifestation of probable cause
combined with other circumstances of the interview, such as duration or factors of the exercise of
police control over a suspect, would lead a reasonable person to believe that he is under restraint
to the degree associated with an arrest.” Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496 (internal quotations omitted).
ANALYSIS
Baker argues he was in custody because he could not leave the hospital room and “the
officers gave no indication that they were willing to leave his room.” Baker also focuses on
Detective Grubbs’s admission that he believed Baker had done something with the children and
argues the officers had probable cause to arrest him.
With regard to Baker’s first argument, “police questioning of a defendant while they are
being treated in a hospital, without more, does not automatically rise to the level of a custodial
interrogation.” LaCarbonera v. State, No. 08-13-00262-CR, 2015 WL 2437862, at *3 (Tex.
App.—El Paso May 20, 2015, no pet.) (not designated for publication); see also Joyner v. State,
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No. 04-16-00677-CR, 2017 WL 4158086, at *6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Sept. 20, 2017, no pet.)
(not designated for publication) (holding detectives’ questioning of gunshot victim in hospital did
not constitute custody); Martinez v. State, 496 S.W.3d 215, 219-20 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2016, pet. filed) (holding restraint on appellant’s freedom did not constitute custody
“because the physical deprivation of Appellant’s freedom was due to medical treatment, not the
actions of law enforcement”); Yarborough v. State, 178 S.W.3d 895, 901-02 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d) (“Yarborough’s movement was restrained only to the extent that he
was receiving medical treatment for his stab wounds.”). Furthermore, even if we assume the
officers’ knowledge of probable cause was manifested to Baker, the record must demonstrate that
“other circumstances of the interview, such as duration or factors of the exercise of police control
over a suspect, would lead a reasonable person to believe that he is under restraint to the degree
associated with an arrest.” Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496 (internal quotations omitted). As the United
States Supreme Court has held the “compulsive aspect of custodial interrogation, and not the
strength or content of the government’s suspicions at the time the questioning was conducted”
determines whether a suspect is in custody. Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 323 (1994).
In this case, Baker points to no evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe he
was under restraint to a degree associated with an arrest. The interview lasted only about forty-
five minutes. The officers repeatedly told Baker they were simply trying to obtain his version of
the events. Initially, Ranger Pauska told Baker they wanted to know why he attempted to take his
own life. Even after Baker admitted he “did some things sexual in nature” to the children, Ranger
Pauska reiterated that the interview was “all voluntary. You’re not under arrest.” Detective
Grubbs reinforced the voluntary nature of the interview, telling Baker “You’re not under arrest.
You’re not in custody. But like the ranger was talking about, there’s always two or three sides to
the story. And we got the girls’ side, now — now I want to hear your side. Okay? That — that’s
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all we’re doing is having a conversation.” The officers also told Baker that he could terminate the
interview at any time. Specifically, Detective Grubbs told Baker “if we start talking about
something that you don’t want to talk about, just tell us to stop. Okay?” Finally, upon the
completion of the interview, the officers thanked Baker and left his room. Having reviewed the
record as a whole and considering all of the objective circumstances, we hold Baker was not in
custody while being interviewed by the officers. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying
Baker’s motion to suppress.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Irene Rios, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
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