In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16‐3838
HEUNG K. BAEK, et al.,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
v.
PATRICIA A. CLAUSEN, et al.,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:14‐cv‐03928 — Thomas M. Durkin, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 27, 2017 — DECIDED APRIL 2, 2018
____________________
Before RIPPLE, SYKES, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Clark & Leland Condominiums, LLC
(“C & L”), and its shareholders, Heung Baek and Hyun
Baek‐Lee (collectively “the Baeks”), brought this action
against Northside Community Bank (“NCB”) and several of
its employees, alleging violations of the Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c).
2 No. 16‐3838
The predicate acts set forth in the complaint focus on the al‐
legedly fraudulent and abusive acts committed by NCB in the
course of a lending relationship with the plaintiffs.
This RICO action is the last in a series of legal actions be‐
tween the parties: the first, a foreclosure action (“Foreclosure
Action”), was brought by NCB in state court in 2010; the sec‐
ond, an action on the loan guaranty (“Guaranty Action”), fol‐
lowed in 2012; and, finally, a fraud and breach of contract ac‐
tion (“Parallel Action”), was brought by Mr. Baek and
Ms. Baek‐Lee in 2014. The latter two actions were consoli‐
dated in the Circuit Court of Cook County.
In response to the RICO complaint, NCB initially moved
to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the proceeding under
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424
U.S. 800 (1976). After the state court struck or dismissed all of
the plaintiffs’ claims and granted summary judgment to NCB
on its claims, NCB amended its motion to assert an alternative
ground for dismissal: res judicata. The district court granted
NCB’s amended motion.
On reconsideration, the district court vacated its earlier
dismissal because it is not clear under Illinois law whether an
adjudication is final for purposes of res judicata if an appeal
is pending. The district court therefore stayed the action
pending the disposition of the plaintiffs’ appeal in state court.
After the state appellate court affirmed the judgment in favor
of NCB, the district court reinstated its dismissal with preju‐
dice.
We now affirm. The district court correctly determined
that res judicata precludes the plaintiffs’ present action. There
has been a final judgment on the merits, the same parties are
No. 16‐3838 3
litigating here as in state court, and the claims arise from a
single group of operative facts. Moreover, given the nature
and extent of litigation that had taken place in the state court,
we perceive no abuse of discretion in the district court’s deci‐
sion to stay the RICO action under Colorado River.1
I
BACKGROUND
A. Facts
The facts, as set forth in the plaintiffs’ complaint, allege the
following events.2 The Baeks came to the United States from
Korea in 1999. Mr. Baek desired to develop real estate and, to
this end, purchased property through his limited liability
company, C & L.3 The property was financed by Labe Bank,
and Bill Frank was the loan officer who serviced the loan.
Frank later moved to NCB and asked Mr. Baek to switch his
business to NCB. Frank represented that NCB would provide
Mr. Baek a larger construction loan at a lower rate than
Labe Bank had provided. In July 2006, Mr. Baek entered a
construction loan with NCB for approximately $11,750,000.
1 The district court had jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
Our jurisdiction is premised on 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2 “In reviewing a dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6),
we accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint and draw all rea‐
sonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Parungao v. Cmty. Health Sys.,
Inc., 858 F.3d 452, 457 (7th Cir. 2017).
3 Mr. Baek is the “manager” and “sole member” of C & L. See R.1, ¶¶ 1,
12.
4 No. 16‐3838
Mr. Baek executed a construction loan agreement, con‐
struction mortgage, promissory note, and commercial guar‐
anty. NCB had not indicated that it would require
Ms. Baek‐Lee to sign a guaranty; however, at closing NCB
presented a guaranty document which had lines for both of
their signatures. Ms. Baek‐Lee did not sign the guaranty at
closing. She does not recall ever signing a commercial guar‐
anty; nevertheless NCB maintains that, in January 2008, eight‐
een months after closing, she did sign a guaranty.
NCB, C & L, and Mr. Baek then entered into several loan
modification agreements. One of those loan modification
agreements bears Ms. Baek‐Lee’s signature. Ms. Baek‐Lee
contends that her signature was forged and, in support, notes
that her passport reflects that she was out of the country on
the date the document purportedly was signed.
The relationship between Mr. Baek and NCB was rocky
almost from the outset. In July 2007, NCB demanded that
Mr. Baek deposit more money in the construction loan ac‐
count because the loan was “out of balance”;4 although
Mr. Baek disagreed with this assessment, he nevertheless
complied with this request. NCB then began to demand addi‐
tional collateral, including the title to Mr. Baek’s home. Even
when Mr. Baek acquiesced, however, NCB refused to dis‐
burse funds to C & L’s contractors. NCB also required
Mr. Baek to sell other real estate and to give up control of the
construction operating account. Although NCB would not re‐
lease funds to Mr. Baek or to C & L, NCB did withdraw its
4 Id. ¶ 17.
No. 16‐3838 5
attorney’s fees from the account.5 As a result of these with‐
drawals, at least one of C & L’s checks was returned for insuf‐
ficient funds.
According to the Baeks’ federal complaint, NCB also frus‐
trated Mr. Baek’s efforts to comply with its demands. For in‐
stance, it required the Baeks to provide their 2009 income tax
returns, but refused to release statements concerning the op‐
erating account which were necessary for the Baeks to com‐
plete those returns.
On October 15, 2010, NCB issued a default letter. Mr. Baek
then put a stop payment on his monthly payment to NCB,
which prompted NCB to institute foreclosure proceedings
against C & L.
B. State Court Proceedings
On October 26, 2010, NCB filed the Foreclosure Action
against C & L in state court. Just a few days later, NCB filed
the Guaranty Action in the Circuit Court of Cook County
against the Baeks as guarantors on the loan. The Baeks filed
several affirmative defenses and a counterclaim.
On January 29, 2012, while the Guaranty Action was pend‐
ing, the Baeks and Soo Corporation d/b/a Blue Ocean Con‐
temporary Sushi6 filed the Parallel Action against NCB and its
vice‐president, William Kivit. The plaintiffs alleged seven
claims against NCB and Mr. Kivit related to the construction
5 Id. ¶ 22.
6 Mr. Baek is described as an “owner‐investor” in Soo Corporation. R.5‐6
at 1, ¶ 1.
6 No. 16‐3838
loan: bad faith breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty,
constructive trust, fraud, accounting, implied contract/unjust
enrichment, and emotional distress. This Parallel Action was
consolidated with the Guaranty Action.
On February 7, 2012, the Circuit Court of Cook County en‐
tered a judgment of foreclosure and sale of the property at is‐
sue. The property was sold on October 9, 2012, and a defi‐
ciency judgment was entered against C & L for $2,863,489.
C & L moved for reconsideration on numerous grounds, in‐
cluding that NCB committed notary fraud; NCB was prohib‐
ited from filing the foreclosure action; NCB’s enforcement of
the loan documents constituted extortion, fraud, misrepre‐
sentation, and violated RICO; and NCB took advantage of
non‐English speakers. C & L’s motion was denied.
Also in October 2012, NCB filed motions to strike and to
dismiss the Baeks’ affirmative defenses and counterclaims in
the Guaranty Action and to dismiss the Parallel Action. With
respect to the affirmative defenses, NCB argued that many of
the defenses—including unjust enrichment, fraud in the in‐
ception, and failure to perform—were legally flawed. NCB
also argued that, to the extent there was any merit to the af‐
firmative defenses, only C & L, not the Baeks, had standing to
assert them. NCB further maintained that any defenses in fa‐
vor of C & L were barred by res judicata and collateral estop‐
pel based on the judgment in the Foreclosure Action. NCB
made similar arguments with respect to the Baeks’ counter‐
claims and to the claims raised by the Baeks and Soo Corpo‐
ration in the Parallel Action.
On November 28, 2012, C & L, the Baeks, and Soo Corpo‐
ration moved to amend their complaint in the Parallel Action
to include, among other new allegations, a RICO claim. The
No. 16‐3838 7
RICO claim alleged racketeering activity by means of extor‐
tionate collections, fraudulent notarial acts, and bank fraud. It
named as defendants Mr. Kivit, Patricia Clausen,
Belinda Baier, Tasha Spencer7 and John Does.
On May 30, 2013, the Circuit Court granted NCB’s motion
to strike and to dismiss the Baeks’ affirmative defenses and
counterclaims in the Guaranty Action. It also granted NCB’s
motion to dismiss Counts I through VII of the complaint in
the Parallel Action. The court gave the Baeks and Soo Corpo‐
ration leave to replead Counts VIII through XI—their pro‐
posed amendments in the Parallel Action—within twenty‐
eight days. The Baeks and Soo Corporation did not file an
amended complaint within the time allowed by the Circuit
Court.
On August 19, 2013, NCB moved for summary judgment
on the merits of the Guaranty Action. On April 24, 2014, ten
months after the deadline for filing an amended complaint,
the Baeks filed a motion asking the Circuit Court to reconsider
its May 30, 2013 order dismissing their affirmative defenses,
counterclaims, and Counts I through VII of the Parallel Ac‐
tion; they also requested leave to file an amended complaint,
including a new RICO claim. The new RICO claim differed
from the one in their November 28, 2012 proposed amended
complaint, but mirrors the present federal RICO action.8
On September 11, 2014, the Circuit Court denied the
Baeks’ motion to reconsider and for leave to file an amended
7 These individuals are employees of NCB.
8 Compare R.5‐10 at 23–51 with R.1.
8 No. 16‐3838
complaint. It also granted NCB’s motion for summary judg‐
ment in the Guaranty Action, which rendered the Baeks
jointly and severally liable for $2,359,743.55.
On October 10, 2014, the Baeks and Soo Corporation filed
a post‐judgment motion to vacate the Circuit Court’s sum‐
mary judgment ruling and for leave to file amended defenses
and counterclaims. The court denied those motions on Octo‐
ber 30, 2014. The Baeks then appealed the judgment in the
Guaranty Action and the dismissal of their Parallel Action.
On March 24, 2016, the state appellate court affirmed the
summary judgment for NCB and the dismissal of the Baeks’
claims.9
B.
On May 28, 2014, the Baeks and C & L filed this federal
RICO action. To place the filing in historical context, it oc‐
curred after the Circuit Court had dismissed the Baeks’ af‐
firmative defenses and counterclaims in the Guaranty Action,
and Counts I through VII of the Parallel Action. It also fol‐
lowed the Baeks’ motion to reconsider that dismissal order
and their motion to amend the Parallel Action to include a
RICO claim. At the time of filing, however, the Circuit Court
had not yet ruled on NCB’s motion for summary judgment in
the Guaranty Action.
The underlying fraudulent acts alleged in the federal
RICO claim include: (1) extortion of borrowers by NCB by
9 See R.38‐1.
No. 16‐3838 9
claiming that loans were “out of balance”;10 (2) fraud in the
execution of notarized documents (with respect to
Ms. Baek‐Lee’s signature on the modification agreements);11
(3) manipulation of the construction loan agreement;12 and (4)
unauthorized withdrawal of funds from the operating ac‐
count.13 On July 31, 2014, NCB moved to dismiss the case, or
in the alternative, to stay proceedings pursuant to the Colorado
River doctrine.
Before the plaintiffs responded to the motion to dismiss,
the Circuit Court entered its September 11, 2014 order deny‐
ing the Baeks’ motion to reconsider, denying them leave to
file an amended complaint, and granting summary judgment
to NCB in the Guaranty Action. Consequently, on November
4, 2014, NCB moved to amend its motion “so as to assert an
alternative ground for dismissal based upon res judicata.”14
C & L and the Baeks then filed their response to all pend‐
ing motions in the federal RICO action. They argued that res
judicata could not apply to their RICO claim because they
never had filed a similar RICO claim in state court. Although
they had attempted to amend their complaint to include such
a claim, that motion had been denied. According to the Baeks,
“a claim that was never filed could not be dismissed.”15 The
10 R.1, ¶ 35.
11 See id. ¶ 38.
12 See id. ¶¶ 44–48.
13 See id. ¶ 51.
14 R.13 at 1.
15 R.16 at 2.
10 No. 16‐3838
Baeks did not argue that a dismissal on res judicata grounds
would be premature because, at that time, there was no final
judgment. The Baeks also maintained that the defendants’
Colorado River doctrine analysis was incomplete and that a
correct application of the doctrine required the court to exer‐
cise jurisdiction in the present case.16
In its reply in support of its motion to dismiss, NCB noted
that “the Colorado River doctrine has been mooted by subse‐
quent developments in the Circuit Court of Cook County dis‐
missing the Plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety and entering
judgment in favor of [NCB].”17 The final disposition of the
Circuit Court action, it continued, “cement[ed] the bar of res
judicata.”18 Consequently, given that there had been a final
judgment in the Circuit Court action, NCB did not address the
merits of the plaintiffs’ Colorado River argument.19
On June 17, 2015, the district court entered a memoran‐
dum and order dismissing the plaintiffs’ federal RICO com‐
plaint with prejudice on res judicata grounds. Applying Illi‐
nois law of res judicata, it determined that there had been a
final judgment both in the Parallel Action and in the Guaranty
Action;20 there was identity of the parties (or their privies) in
16 See id. at 3.
17 R.17 at 1.
18 Id.
19 See id. at 5.
20 See R.25 at 12, 16.
No. 16‐3838 11
the Parallel and Guaranty Actions and the federal RICO ac‐
tion;21 and those causes of action were the same as the federal
RICO claim because they all involved “a single group of op‐
erative facts.”22 The district court therefore granted the de‐
fendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice.
On July 15, 2015, the Baeks filed a motion to reconsider
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e).23 Their motion
reiterated several of the arguments included in their opposi‐
tion to the motion to dismiss.24 The Baeks and C & L, however,
also argued for the first time that the state court’s adjudication
of their claims was not final because the state appeal was still
pending.25 Consequently, they contended, the court “should
not have dismissed the Plaintiffs’ complaint with preju‐
dice.”26 They reiterated that, applying the ten factors deline‐
ated in Colorado River, the district court should have allowed
this case to proceed.27 Finally, they requested that the district
court vacate the order dismissing the complaint with preju‐
dice and apply the Colorado River doctrine to determine
21 See id. at 12–13, 16–17.
22 Id. at 13–19.
23 The plaintiffs actually filed two separate, but identical, Rule 59(e) mo‐
tions. See R.27; R.28.
24 For instance, the Baeks argued that the Circuit Court had given them
permission to file an amended complaint and, therefore, the dismissal was
not final, and that the RICO claim had not been adjudicated because it
never had been included in a Circuit Court complaint.
25 See R.27 at 6.
26 Id. at 9.
27 See id.
12 No. 16‐3838
whether it should proceed with the case or abstain until the
outcome of the appeal of the state case.28
In its response, NCB maintained that the motion “fail[ed]
to raise any of the four proper grounds for reconsideration
under Rule 59(e).”29 Instead, “all of the arguments raised
could have been presented at the time of the original briefing
on the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.”30 NCB maintained
that, putting aside the procedural infirmities of the motion,
the district court had not erred in granting the motion to dis‐
miss because, even if there were not a final decision in the
Guaranty or Parallel Action, there had been a final judgment
in the state Foreclosure Action, which served as an independ‐
ent bar to the federal RICO cause of action. Finally, NCB sub‐
mitted that the authority on which the plaintiffs were relying
for their Colorado River argument, Huon v. Johnson & Bell, Ltd.,
657 F.3d 641 (7th Cir. 2011) (“Huon I”), was “wholly mis‐
placed” given our subsequent decision in Huon v. Johnson &
Bell, Ltd., 757 F.3d 556 (7th Cir. 2014) (“Huon II”), in which we
affirmed the dismissal of the federal action based on claim
preclusion.31
The district court granted in part and denied in part the
Rule 59(e) motion. It noted that it previously had considered
and rejected two of the plaintiffs’ arguments.32 The plaintiffs’
28 See id.
29 R.31 at 3.
30 Id. at 3–4.
31 Id. at 10.
32 See R.37 at 5.
No. 16‐3838 13
third argument—that the Circuit Court’s adjudication was
not final until the appeal had been resolved—had not been
brought to the district court’s attention in the underlying mo‐
tion to dismiss.33 Although this argument did not “rely on
new law or new facts,” the district court noted that it did
“raise an important argument not yet passed upon.”34 The
district court therefore considered the argument on the mer‐
its.
The district court observed that the Supreme Court of Illi‐
nois had held that, “[f]or purposes of applying the doctrine of
collateral estoppel, finality requires that the potential for ap‐
pellate review must have been exhausted.”35 Although there
was some question whether this principle was equally appli‐
cable to res judicata, the district court followed the course we
had suggested in Rogers v. Desiderio, 58 F.3d 299, 302 (7th Cir.
1995): it erred on the side of caution, reinstated the plaintiffs’
action, and stayed all further proceedings pending the out‐
come of the state court appeal.36 The district court’s stay order
issued on January 25, 2016.
Less than two months later, the state appellate court is‐
sued an order affirming the judgment rendered in the Circuit
33 See id. at 5–6.
34 Id. at 6.
35 Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Ballweg v. City of Springfield, 499
N.E.2d 1373, 1375 (Ill. 1986)).
36 See id. at 6–7.
14 No. 16‐3838
Court with respect to both the Guaranty Action and the Par‐
allel Action. At that point, the district court granted NCB’s
motion to dismiss with prejudice.37
The Baeks and C & L timely appealed.
II
DISCUSSION
A. Res Judicata
The Baeks contend that the district court erred in conclud‐
ing that the present RICO claim is barred by res judicata be‐
cause the state court never adjudicated this RICO complaint
on the merits. We review a dismissal on res judicata grounds
de novo. Bell v. Taylor, 827 F.3d 699, 706 (7th Cir. 2016). Be‐
cause an Illinois state court rendered the judgment on which
the application of res judicata is based, we apply Illinois law
to determine whether res judicata bars the present action. See
Whitaker v. Ameritech Corp., 129 F.3d 952, 955 (7th Cir. 1997).
Under Illinois law of res judicata, “a final judgment on the
merits rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction acts as a
bar to a subsequent suit between the parties involving the
same cause of action.” River Park, Inc. v. City of Highland Park,
703 N.E.2d 883, 889 (Ill. 1998). For res judicata to apply, “the
following three requirements must be satisfied: (1) there was
a final judgment on the merits rendered by a court of compe‐
tent jurisdiction, (2) there is an identity of cause of action, and
(3) there is an identity of parties or their privies.” Id. Illinois
courts interpret “identity of cause of action” broadly such that
37 See R.46.
No. 16‐3838 15
“separate claims will be considered the same cause of action
for purposes of res judicata if they arise from a single group of
operative facts, regardless of whether they assert different
theories of relief.” Id. at 893. The bar to subsequent litigation
“extends to what was actually decided in the first action, as
well as those matters that could have been decided in that
suit.” Id. at 889. Finally, “the doctrine bars claims based on
facts that would have constituted a counterclaim or defense
in the earlier proceeding where successful prosecution of the
later action would either nullify the earlier judgment or im‐
pair the rights established in the earlier action.” Cabrera v. First
Nat’l Bank of Wheaton, 753 N.E.2d 1138, 1145 (Ill. App. Ct.
2001).
Here, the plaintiffs do not take issue with the district
court’s conclusion that the requirement of identity of parties
has been met. That approach is well founded. The Guaranty
Action involved NCB as the plaintiff and Mr. Baek and
Ms. Baek‐Lee as defendants. The present action was brought
by the Baeks and C & L against NCB and several of its em‐
ployees. The presence of C & L as a defendant does not pre‐
clude the operation of res judicata because Mr. Baek is the
manager and sole member of C & L. See Nat’l Union Fire Ins.
Co. of Pittsburgh v. DiMucci, 34 N.E.3d 1023, 1034 (Ill. App. Ct.
2015) (noting that a director and sole shareholder of a limited
liability company “had an equal stake in defending” a prior
action involving the company and therefore “reject[ing] out‐
right any contention that this action does not involve the same
parties” simply because the director and sole shareholder of a
limited liability company was not named in the prior action).
Similarly, because employees are in privity with their em‐
ployer for purposes of res judicata, see Ross Advert., Inc. v.
Heartland Bank & Trust Co., 969 N.E.2d 966, 976 (Ill. App. Ct.
16 No. 16‐3838
2012), the presence of NCB employees as defendants in this
action does not defeat res judicata. The same is true of the Par‐
allel Action, which involved Mr. Baek, Ms. Baek‐Lee, and
Soo Corporation as plaintiffs, with NCB, Mr. Kivit, and John
Does as defendants.
It also is beyond dispute that the present RICO claim and
the Guaranty and Parallel Actions arise from a single group
of operative facts: all of the actions center on NCB’s admin‐
istration of the construction loan issued to C & L. A compari‐
son between the allegations contained in the Parallel Action
and the federal RICO action demonstrate the similarity. In the
Parallel Action, the plaintiffs alleged that NCB frustrated their
efforts to file C & L’s tax returns;38 that NCB withdrew attor‐
neys’ fees from the operating account causing C & L’s check
to bounce;39 that NCB demanded payment of additional
funds from C & L on threat of default;40 and that NCB com‐
mitted notary fraud with respect to the signature of
Ms. Baek‐Lee.41 These allegations parallel directly those
found in the federal RICO action.42
38 See R.5‐6 at 5, ¶¶ 22–24.
39 See id. ¶¶ 26–27.
40 See id. at 5–6, ¶¶ 30–31.
41 See id. at 11, ¶ 75.
42 See R.1, ¶ 27 (alleging that NCB “demanded … 2009 income tax re‐
turns,” but did not provide statements from the operating account neces‐
sary to complete the returns); id. ¶¶ 22–23 (alleging that NCB withdrew
funds from the operating account as its attorney’s fees, causing a check
written by C & L to ComEd to bounce); id. ¶¶ 17–19 (alleging that NCB
No. 16‐3838 17
Given the identity of the parties and the cause of action,
the Baeks quite understandably focus their attack on the dis‐
trict court’s conclusion that there was a final adjudication on
the merits. They maintain that, because the May 30, 2013 or‐
der allowed them to replead new claims with respect to the
Parallel Action, it was not a final order for purposes of res ju‐
dicata. They also submit that their unpled RICO claim in the
Parallel Action was simply one theory of relief based on the
defendants’ actions, and, therefore, the state court’s ruling on
other theories of relief did not affect the RICO claim.
We first turn to the argument that the May 30 order was
not final because it allowed the Baeks to replead new claims.
It is undisputed that the Baeks attempted to raise in Cir‐
cuit Court the very RICO claim later brought in the district
court and that this RICO claim could have been decided in the
state case. See River Park, Inc., 703 N.E.2d at 889. It also is un‐
disputed that the Circuit Court ultimately dismissed the Par‐
allel Action in which the Baeks attempted to raise this RICO
claim. Finally, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 273 states that,
“[u]nless the order of dismissal or a statute of this State oth‐
erwise specifies, an involuntary dismissal of an action … op‐
erates as an adjudication upon the merits.” Consequently, by
virtue of the dismissal of the Parallel Action in Circuit Court,
the Baeks’ RICO claim was adjudicated on the merits.
The Baeks submit, nonetheless, that, because the Cir‐
cuit Court’s May 30, 2013 order granted them permission to
file an amended complaint, that court “otherwise specifie[d]”
demanded additional payments on the claim that the loan was “out of bal‐
ance”); id. ¶¶ 15, 43 (alleging notary fraud related to Ms. Baek‐Lee’s sig‐
nature).
18 No. 16‐3838
that the dismissal should not be on the merits. This argument
is untenable. The May 30, 2013 dismissal order was not the
final order in the Parallel Action. The May 30, 2013 order gave
the Baeks twenty‐eight days to file an amended complaint,
but they failed to do so. When they sought permission (nearly
ten months later) to file an amended complaint, the Circuit
Court denied their motion.43 In the same order, the Circuit
Court granted summary judgment to NCB on the Guaranty
Action, thus ending all litigation in the state court.44 A motion
to reconsider the grant of summary judgment in the Guaranty
Action also was denied.45 Neither of these later orders con‐
tained any limitations about the resolution of the merits of the
action. There can be no question that there was a final adjudi‐
cation on the merits of the RICO claim by the Circuit Court.
We now turn to the Baeks’ second argument. They main‐
tain that Wilson v. Edward Hospital, 981 N.E.2d 971 (Ill. 2012),
allows them to pursue their RICO claim even though other
theories of relief were rejected by the state court. We are not
persuaded.
We pause to examine the Supreme Court of Illinois’ deci‐
sion in Wilson in some detail. This case involved a medical
malpractice claim brought by an injured party and his mother
against Edward Hospital, two physicians, their practice
groups, and a nurse. They sought damages for injuries that
occurred during a surgery to repair a broken leg. The plain‐
tiffs alleged that the hospital was liable for the physicians’
43 See R.21‐48 at 2.
44 Id.
45 See R.21‐51.
No. 16‐3838 19
negligence because the physicians were “‘agent[s] in law or in
fact’ of the hospital.” Id. at 974. The trial court granted partial
summary judgment to the hospital on the ground that the two
physicians were not the hospital’s actual agents. It further
held, however, that issues of fact precluded summary judg‐
ment for the hospital regarding the physicians’ apparent
agency. The plaintiffs then voluntarily dismissed their com‐
plaint. When the plaintiffs refiled their action, they alleged
that both physicians were “apparent agents of the hospital.”
Id. The hospital moved to dismiss on the ground that the trial
court’s prior determination that the physicians were not ac‐
tual agents was a final judgment on the merits for purposes
of res judicata. The trial court denied the hospital’s motion to
dismiss but granted its motion to certify the question to the
state appellate court.
The question eventually reached the Supreme Court of Il‐
linois, which held that the earlier ruling did not act as a bar to
the plaintiffs’ amended complaint. Initially, the court ob‐
served that one of the requirements of res judicata is a final
judgment on the merits. “An order is final,” the court ex‐
plained, “if it either terminates the litigation between the par‐
ties on the merits or disposes of the rights of the parties, either
on the entire controversy or a separate branch thereof.” Id. at
978. The summary judgment entered by the trial court, how‐
ever, did not end the litigation. Id. Moreover, “the order find‐
ing that the doctors were not the hospital’s actual agents” did
not “dispose[] of the rights of the parties on a separate branch
of the controversy.” Id. The court explained that actual agency
and apparent agency are not causes of action, but, instead,
“are merely part of the duty analysis in a case where the plain‐
tiff seeks to hold the principal liable for the agent’s alleged
20 No. 16‐3838
negligence.” Id. at 980. The court therefore held “that appar‐
ent agency and actual agency are not separate claims for pur‐
poses of res judicata and that no final order was entered.” Id.
at 980–81. Consequently, “[t]he trial court’s grant of partial
summary judgment on actual agency merely removed some
of the allegations against the hospital from the case.” Id. at
981. Because other “[a]llegations of agency remain[ed],” the
plaintiffs still could have “prove[n] the hospital liable for neg‐
ligence based upon their remaining allegations of apparent
agency.” Id.
In the case before us, there is no question that there has
been a final adjudication on the merits. The Circuit Court dis‐
missed the Baeks’ Parallel Action and granted summary judg‐
ment to NCB in the Guaranty Action. This judgment was af‐
firmed by the Illinois Appellate Court. This is not a situation
where the trial court issued summary judgment on a discrete
factual issue, leaving other factual issues to be resolved; the
Circuit Court disposed of all aspects of the Baeks’ claims and
entered final judgment. Consequently, the Baeks’ RICO claim
is not saved by the Illinois Supreme Court’s ruling in Wilson.
The district court’s dismissal of this claim on res judicata
grounds was correct.
B. Colorado River Doctrine
The Baeks maintain that the entire issue of res judicata
would have been avoided if the district court had not stayed
the federal action. In their view, NCB did not establish excep‐
tional circumstances as required by the Colorado River doc‐
trine. They submit that the district court should have adjudi‐
cated the federal RICO claim on the merits while awaiting the
No. 16‐3838 21
ruling of the state appellate court.
The Colorado River “doctrine allows courts to conserve ju‐
dicial resources by abstaining from accepting jurisdiction
when there is a parallel proceeding elsewhere.” Deb v. SIRVA,
Inc., 832 F.3d 800, 814 (7th Cir. 2016). In Colorado River, the Su‐
preme Court recognized that “considerations of ‘[w]ise judi‐
cial administration,’” specifically regard for “conservation of
judicial resources and comprehensive disposition of litiga‐
tion,” may counsel abstention by federal courts in the face of
pending actions in state court concerning the same matter. 424
U.S. at 817 (alterations in original) (quoting Kerotest Mfg. Co.
v. C‐O‐Two Fire Equip. Co., 342 U.S. 180, 183 (1952)). The Court
set forth several considerations that might make abstention
appropriate, including: “the court first assuming jurisdiction
over property”; “the inconvenience of the federal forum; the
desirability of avoiding piecemeal litigation; and the order in
which jurisdiction was obtained by the concurrent forums.”
Id. at 818 (citations omitted). The Court emphasized that “[n]o
one factor is necessarily determinative,” but that a court
should “carefully consider[] … both the obligation to exercise
jurisdiction and the combination of factors counselling
against that exercise.” Id. at 818–19.
In the wake of Colorado River, we have adopted a two‐part
analysis to guide judicial considerations of whether this sort
of abstention is appropriate. “First, the court must determine
whether the state and federal court actions are parallel.” Freed
v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.S., 756 F.3d 1013, 1018 (7th Cir.
2014). If the proceedings are parallel, the court must deter‐
mine if abstention is proper by weighing ten non‐exclusive
factors. Id. These are:
(1) whether the state has assumed jurisdiction
22 No. 16‐3838
over property;
(2) the inconvenience of the federal forum;
(3) the desirability of avoiding piecemeal litiga‐
tion;
(4) the order in which jurisdiction was obtained
by the concurrent forums;
(5) the source of governing law, state or federal;
(6) the adequacy of state‐court action to protect
the federal plaintiff’s rights;
(7) the relative progress of state and federal pro‐
ceedings;
(8) the presence or absence of concurrent juris‐
diction;
(9) the availability of removal; and
(10) the vexatious or contrived nature of the fed‐
eral claim.
Id. (quoting Tyrer v. City of South Beloit, 456 F.3d 744, 754 (7th
Cir. 2006)). “A district court’s decision to stay federal proceed‐
ings pending the resolution of a state court action is reviewed
under an abuse of discretion standard.” Id.
There have been instances, however, when, despite the
district court’s failure to engage in this two‐step process or to
consider meticulously each of the ten factors, we nevertheless
have held abstention to be appropriate. Most notable among
these is Rogers, 58 F.3d 299. In Rogers, an Illinois school district
and two of its residents challenged a referendum in favor of
detaching a parcel of one school district and annexing it to
another; they did so in both state and federal court. The state
court ruled against the plaintiffs on the merits, and the federal
court abstained under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971).
The plaintiffs appealed in both cases.
No. 16‐3838 23
On appeal of the federal action, we concluded that the dis‐
trict court’s invocation of Younger abstention was error and
that the plaintiffs’ claims, instead, “should be analyzed under
the rules for claim‐splitting.” Rogers, 58 F.3d at 301. We there‐
fore looked to Illinois law to determine what preclusive effect
should be given to the state court’s judgment. Because of con‐
flicting case law, however, we had “no idea what the law of
Illinois [wa]s on the question whether a pending appeal de‐
stroys the claim preclusive effect of a judgment.” Id. at 302. As
a result, we adopted the following approach:
Under the circumstances, a stay rather than im‐
mediate decision is the prudent course. A fed‐
eral judge confronted with duplicative litigation
need not barge ahead on the off‐chance of beat‐
ing the state court to a conclusion. It is sensible
to stay proceedings until an earlier‐filed state
case has reached a conclusion, and then (but
only then) to dismiss the suit outright on
grounds of claim preclusion. Colorado River Wa‐
ter Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S.
800, 817–21 (1976). A stay requires a good justi‐
fication; here, although plaintiffs’ state and fed‐
eral suits got underway contemporaneously,
the state suit pulled far ahead while the parties
debated Younger in the district court. Plaintiffs
themselves, by choosing to file two suits, sup‐
plied strong reason for a stay. There is no excuse
for trying to decide the merits immediately—
but also no reason (yet) to dismiss the suit, be‐
cause, if the state case should break down in a
way that avoids the preclusive effect of the
24 No. 16‐3838
judgment, plaintiffs would be entitled to a deci‐
sion on the merits from the federal court.
Rogers, 58 F.3d at 302 (citations omitted).
We followed this approach again in Hearne v. Board of Ed‐
ucation of the City of Chicago, 185 F.3d 770 (7th Cir. 1999). In
Hearne, after a public school teacher’s employment had been
terminated, he instituted both a state action alleging viola‐
tions of the state constitution and statutes, as well as a federal
suit alleging federal constitutional and statutory violations.
The state court rendered a partial judgment for the teacher,
which was appealed. The district court noted that if the
teacher were “able to hold on to his judgment in state court,
there [wa]s no need for [it] to decide any of his claims.” Hearne
v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Chi., 996 F. Supp. 773, 777 (N.D. Ill.
1998). It therefore abstained under both Younger and Colorado
River.
On appeal, we observed that “it appear[ed] that this case
is … one in which proceedings in the state trial court have
come to a close and further appellate review is possible.”
Hearn, 185 F.3d at 778. Unlike the district court, however, we
did not “find Younger particularly useful” because “the kind
of extraordinary state interest that underlies the Younger com‐
mand to abstain in favor of a pending state court proceeding
d[id] not appear to be present.” Id. “Yielding to the state court
process under the ‘wise judicial administration’ principles of
Colorado River,” however, was “another matter.” Id. (quoting
Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 817). We explained that
Colorado River acknowledged that more than the
simple pendency of an action in state court per‐
taining to the same matter as a suit in federal
No. 16‐3838 25
court is necessary before the federal court
should dismiss or stay an action. On the other
hand, as in Rogers, we have more than that: the
state trial court has actually concluded its con‐
sideration of the case. The clarity of the Illinois
law of preclusion (which applies here) on the ef‐
fect of a judgment that is still being appealed
has not changed appreciably since we decided
Rogers. Nevertheless, the principles of sound ju‐
dicial administration that animated the decision
in Colorado River caused this court to require a
stay of the federal proceedings in Rogers.
Id. (citation omitted).
Here, the district court was faced with the same dilemma
that we confronted in both Rogers and Hearn. In response to
the plaintiffs’ federal RICO complaint, NCB filed a motion to
dismiss or to stay the federal action. Before the plaintiffs could
respond, the state court entered summary judgment in the
Guaranty Action and denied both the Baeks’ motion to recon‐
sider in the Guaranty Action and the Baeks’ motion to amend
their complaint in the Parallel Action. At that point, and while
the Baeks’ state court appeal was pending, NCB asked for
leave to amend its motion to dismiss to include the ground of
res judicata. Heeding our guidance to abstain in circum‐
stances like the present one pending the resolution of state
court appeals, the district court “follow[ed] suit” and stayed
the action pending the outcome of the state appeal.46 Because
the district court acted in consonance with Rogers and Hearn,
it did not abuse its discretion, but rather demonstrated sound
46 R.37 at 7.
26 No. 16‐3838
judgment.
The plaintiffs, however, fault the district court for failing
to engage in a more searching Colorado River analysis. They
maintain that our decision in Huon I, 657 F.3d 641, mandates
such an approach. We cannot accept this contention.
In Huon I, following the termination of his employment,
an attorney filed an administrative charge of race and national
origin discrimination with the Illinois Department of Human
Rights and the EEOC. Before the charges were resolved, he
also filed an action in state court against three attorneys at his
former firm, alleging that they had made false and defama‐
tory statements about his work on an annual performance
evaluation. The state court granted the defendants’ motion to
dismiss; Huon appealed the state court judgment.
The EEOC subsequently issued a right to sue letter, and
Huon filed an action in federal court alleging race and na‐
tional origin discrimination, as well as a pendent state‐law
claim for tortious interference with a prospective business re‐
lationship. The defendants moved to dismiss for failure to
state a claim or, alternatively, to stay the state law claim under
Colorado River. Before Huon could respond, the district court
ordered supplemental briefing on the application of “the doc‐
trines of claim splitting and res judicata to this action.” Id. at
644 (internal quotation marks omitted). At this point, the de‐
fendants urged the district court to stay proceedings on all of
the claims; according to the defendants, the state court action
included “general allegations of racial discrimination and
bias” and therefore was substantially similar to the action be‐
fore the district court. Id. The district court agreed. It con‐
cluded that the actions were parallel because they involved a
common core of operative facts. It then found that three of the
No. 16‐3838 27
ten Colorado River factors weighed in favor of abstention. It
therefore stayed the federal action pending resolution of the
state court appeal.
We reversed. We noted that the district court committed
several missteps in its analysis. First, instead of assessing
whether the actions were parallel for purposes of Colorado
River, the district court had assessed whether the claims arose
from the same core of operative facts for purposes of res judi‐
cata. See id. at 646. However, “even under the arguably more
liberal analysis for claim preclusion, the district court’s rea‐
soning f[ell] short.” Id. We observed that “[t]he court con‐
cluded that the two cases ar[o]se from the same facts because
Huon allege[d] in both suits that he performed his job satis‐
factorily.” Id. But it was not clear to us whether, under these
circumstances, “Illinois would find impermissible claim‐split‐
ting,” and, therefore, this question had to be explored on re‐
mand. Id. at 647.
Moreover, had the district court applied the correct test for
determining whether the actions were parallel under Colorado
River, it likely would have reached a different result. We ex‐
plained that “[o]ne important factor is whether both cases
would be resolved by examining largely the same evidence.”
Id.
Although all of Huon’s claims relate[d] to al‐
leged mistreatment he suffered at work, the ev‐
idence necessary to establish defamation or
emotional distress would be different from that
required to prove discrimination. … [I]t [wa]s
unlikely that allegations of discrimination
would come up in his state suit, despite Huon’s
28 No. 16‐3838
passing references in his state complaint to dis‐
criminatory treatment.
Id.
After concluding that the district court’s parallel analysis
was flawed, we also noted that its treatment of the ten factors
was lacking. We ventured that “the real motivation behind
the district court’s decision was its guess that res judicata
would eventually preclude all of Huon’s claims in federal
court.” Id. at 649. “Huon’s federal case,” we continued, “ha[d]
been languishing for almost two years on the assumption that
the Illinois circuit court’s judgment w[ould] someday be af‐
firmed, but that outcome [wa]s far from certain.” Id. at 650.
Consequently, we vacated the district court’s stay and re‐
manded for further proceedings.
Here the district court’s judgments are not riddled with
the same legal infirmities and factual assumptions as in Huon
I. After NCB asserted a res judicata defense, the district court
properly focused on the three requirements for res judicata
under Illinois law.47 It examined the allegations contained in
the Guaranty and Parallel Actions compared to the federal
RICO action, applied the correct legal standard, and con‐
cluded that the state and federal actions arise from a single
group of operative facts.48 Thus, the district court did not
merely venture a “guess” that res judicata would apply if the
judgment were affirmed on appeal; it thoroughly and cor‐
rectly reasoned that the Guaranty and Parallel Actions would
preclude the federal RICO claim.
47 See R.25 at 11.
48 See id. at 13–19.
No. 16‐3838 29
Moreover, unlike in Huon I, the Baeks do not dispute that
the federal RICO action and the Guaranty and Parallel Ac‐
tions are “parallel” for purposes of Colorado River. Indeed,
such an argument would be insupportable.
Suits are parallel if “substantially the same par‐
ties are litigating substantially the same issues
simultaneously in two fora.” Suits need not be
identical to be parallel, and the mere presence of
additional parties or issues in one of the cases
will not necessarily preclude a finding that they
are parallel.
AAR Int’l, Inc. v. Nimelias Enters. S.A., 250 F.3d 510, 518 (7th
Cir. 2001) (citations omitted) (quoting Schneider Nat’l Carriers,
Inc. v. Carr, 903 F.2d 1154, 1156 (7th Cir. 1990)). Here, in the
federal RICO claim, like the Guaranty and Parallel Actions,
the parties were litigating the propriety of NCB’s actions with
respect to the administration of the construction loan. Just by
way of example, both the federal and the state actions cen‐
tered on whether NCB improperly declared the construction
loan to be in default; whether, consistent with the loan and
modification agreements, NCB could demand additional se‐
curity because the loan was “out of balance”; and whether
there was fraud in the execution of loan documents and nota‐
rizations.
It is true that, like the district court in Huon I, the district
court here did not articulate and analyze each of the ten, non‐
exclusive Colorado River factors before staying the action. Nev‐
ertheless, in this case, we do not see how the district court
could have reached a reasoned decision to allow the federal
action to go forward.
30 No. 16‐3838
Looking at the Colorado River factors, see Freed, 756 F.3d at
1018, the desire to avoid piecemeal litigation here clearly
weighed in favor of abstention. The same is true with respect
to the order in which the jurisdiction was obtained: the federal
action was filed three and one‐half years after the Foreclosure
and Guaranty Actions. Moreover, there is no question that the
state forum was adequate to address the RICO claim, as this
was the initial forum in which the Baeks attempted to pursue
that claim. The relative progress of the proceedings also
weighs heavily in favor of abstention; the state actions had
been litigated for over four years and had reached a final
judgment in the Circuit Court at the time the district court en‐
tered its stay. Finally, the vexatious nature of the federal claim
supports abstention here. On April 24, 2014, the Baeks at‐
tempted to file in Circuit Court a RICO claim—identical to
that in the present action—ten months after the Circuit
Court’s deadline for filing an amended complaint had ex‐
pired. Only one month later, the Baeks filed the present RICO
action in federal district court. Clearly, this was an effort to
try to circumvent the Circuit Court’s long‐past deadline and
get a second bite at the apple.
The nature and length of the litigation history among the
parties weigh heavily in favor of abstention in the federal ac‐
tion. Although the district court did not consider these in the
manner we have set forth, it was well aware of this history,
which provided the factual backdrop for its abstention order.
Consequently, it did not abuse its discretion in ordering the
federal RICO action stayed pending resolution of the state ap‐
peal of the Guaranty and Parallel Actions.
Finally, and most importantly, even if we had detected
some deficiency in the district court’s analysis, a remand here
No. 16‐3838 31
would not be in order. At this point, the state appellate court
has affirmed the judgments in the Guaranty and Parallel Ac‐
tions, and, therefore, there is, indisputably, a final judgment
on the merits. The situation, therefore, is indistinguishable
from the one we faced in Huon II, 757 F.3d 556, the appeal fol‐
lowing the remand in Huon I. After our remand, the defend‐
ants moved for judgment on the pleadings based on claim
preclusion. Applying the same test for preclusion that we
have applied here,49 the district court entered judgment for
the defendants, and Huon again appealed. We concluded that
the district court correctly applied this standard, and we af‐
firmed. As in Huon II, we now have a final state court judg‐
ment, and res judicata bars the Baeks’ federal RICO claim. See
Blair v. Equifax Check Servs., Inc., 181 F.3d 832, 838 (7th Cir.
1999) (“When the cases proceed in parallel, the first to reach
judgment controls the other, through claim preclusion (res ju‐
dicata).”).
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, the judgment of
the district court dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint as
barred by res judicata is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
49 See supra at 14–18.