David R. Griffith v. State

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-14-00245-CR

DAVID R. GRIFFITH,
Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee

From the County Court at Law
Navarro County, Texas
Trial Court No. C-35408-CR

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury found Appellant David Ray Griffith guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a

child and assessed his punishment at thirty-eight years’ incarceration. Griffith appeals

in four issues. We will affirm.

The basic facts are not disputed. When Griffith’s daughter A.G. was fourteen years

old, she made an outcry of sexual abuse against him that was reported to Child Protective

Services and the Navarro County Sheriff’s Office. After Griffith’s arrest, A.G. recanted

her sexual-abuse claims and subsequently testified at trial that Griffith did not sexually
abuse her. The evidence against Griffith consisted of the testimony from outcry witnesses

and others regarding A.G.’s initial claims of abuse, the CPS report regarding A.G.’s

claims, and the video of Griffith’s interview by law enforcement.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his second issue, Griffith argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to

support his conviction and that the trial court erred in denying his motion for directed

verdict.

A challenge to a trial court’s ruling on a motion for directed verdict is a challenge

to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction and is reviewed under the same

standard. See Smith v. State, 499 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); see also Mills v. State,

440 S.W.3d 69, 71 (Tex. App.—Waco 2012, pet. ref’d). The Court of Criminal Appeals has

expressed our constitutional standard of review of a sufficiency issue as follows:

In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support
a conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light
most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that
evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979);
Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This “familiar
standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to
resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw
reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at
319, 99 S.Ct. 2781. “Each fact need not point directly and independently to
the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the
incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.”
Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.

Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

Griffith v. State Page 2
 The Court of Criminal Appeals has also explained that our review of “all of the

evidence” includes evidence that was properly and improperly admitted. Conner v. State,

67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if the record supports conflicting

inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the

prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S.Ct. at

2793. Further, direct and circumstantial evidence are treated equally: “Circumstantial

evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at

13. Finally, it is well established that the factfinder “is entitled to judge the credibility of

witnesses, and can choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the

parties.” Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as

defined in a hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Cada v. State, 334 S.W.3d 766,

773 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Such a charge would be one that accurately sets out the law,

is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of

proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes

the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Id.; Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d

243, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The law as authorized by the indictment means the

statutory elements of the charged offense as modified by the charging instrument. See

Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

Griffith v. State Page 3
 To prove continuous sexual abuse of a child in this case, the State was required to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) Griffith committed two or more acts of sexual

abuse during a period that was at least thirty days in duration, and (2) at the time of the

acts of sexual abuse, Griffith was seventeen years of age or older and A.G. was a child

younger than fourteen years of age. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 21.02(b) (West Supp.

2017);1 see also Buxton v. State, 526 S.W.3d 666, 676 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017,

pet. ref’d). The State need not prove the exact dates of the abuse, only that “there were

two or more acts of sexual abuse that occurred during a period that was thirty or more

days in duration.” Brown v. State, 381 S.W.3d 565, 574 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.).

There is no dispute that Griffith was over the age of seventeen at all times relevant

to this case. Griffith specifically argues that there was insufficient evidence to establish

that two or more acts of abuse occurred prior to A.G.’s fourteenth birthday and that, if

those acts occurred, they were committed more than thirty days apart.

The evidence regarding what acts of sexual abuse occurred and when they

occurred, came through the testimony of outcry witnesses Glenda Washburn, the mother

of the friend whom A.G. first told of the abuse, and Lydia Bailey, a forensic investigator

with the Children’s Advocacy Center. As stated above, A.G. recanted her outcry

statements. She testified that Griffith did not sexually abuse her at any time and that she

had fabricated the allegations against him. A.G. also denied during her testimony that

she told Washburn or Bailey that any acts of abuse occurred before her fourteenth

1
The statute has been amended since proceedings began against Griffith, but none of those changes affected
the statute's application to this case.

Griffith v. State Page 4
birthday. But, the outcry testimony of a child under the age of seventeen is alone

sufficient to prove the allegations in the indictment. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

38.07(a), (b)(1) (West Supp. 2017); see also Saldaña v. State, 287 S.W.3d 43, 60 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 2008, pet. ref’d). There is no requirement that the outcry testimony be

corroborated or substantiated by the victim or by independent evidence. Rodriguez v.

State, 819 S.W.2d 871, 874 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also Eubanks v. State, 326 S.W.3d 231,

241 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). If a child victim recants her outcry,

“it is up to the fact finder to determine whether to believe the original statement or the

recantation.” Saldaña, 287 S.W.3d at 60 (citing Chambers, 805 S.W.2d at 461). The

factfinder is fully entitled to disbelieve a witness’s recantation. Id.

Bailey testified that A.G. told her that the first incident of sexual abuse by Griffith

occurred during Spring Break in 2012 when A.G.’s family was living in a mobile home in

Dawson, Texas. Washburn testified that A.G. also told her that the first incident of abuse

occurred in Dawson. Bailey and Washburn further testified that A.G. told them that the

subsequent incidents of abuse occurred after her family moved to Frost, Texas.

Testimony from Donna Griffith, Griffith’s wife and A.G.’s mother, and Brenda O’Pry,

Donna’s mother, established that the move to Frost occurred in January 2013. Seth Fuller,

who investigated the case while a deputy with the Navarro County Sheriff’s Office,

testified that Spring Break in the Dawson schools was from March 18th through 22nd in

2012. A.G. was born on April 4, 1999; therefore, she turned thirteen on April 4, 2012. This

evidence was, thus, sufficient for the jury to reasonably conclude beyond a reasonable

doubt that the first incident of sexual abuse occurred prior to A.G.’s fourteenth birthday.

Griffith v. State Page 5
 As noted, Bailey and Washburn testified that A.G. told them that subsequent acts

of abuse occurred in Frost, Texas. Bailey further testified that A.G., in her outcry

statement, had told Donna that Griffith had inappropriately touched her. Donna

confirmed that A.G. made such an accusation, although she stated that she thought A.G.

was hallucinating due to an overdose of Ambien. Donna also testified that she separated

from Griffith after A.G.’s accusation—beginning sometime in January 2013 and lasting

until May or June of that year—although she denied that A.G.’s outcry was the reason.

Donna and O’Pry also testified that A.G. and her sisters went back and forth between

O’Pry’s house, where Donna had moved, and the Frost house, where Griffith remained,

during the separation. The jury could reasonably have concluded from the foregoing

testimony that Griffith sexually abused A.G. a second time between January 2013 and

A.G.’s fourteenth birthday on April 4, 2013, and that the period of time between the two

incidents of sexual abuse exceeded thirty days.

Having considered all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we

conclude that there was sufficient evidence presented for the jury to find beyond a

reasonable doubt that Griffith committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against A.G.

when she was younger than fourteen years of age and that the acts occurred more than

thirty days apart. Griffith’s second issue is overruled.

Griffith v. State Page 6
 Outcry Statements

In his first issue, Griffith argues that the trial court erred in allowing witnesses to

testify about outcry statements made by A.G. regarding offenses that were allegedly

committed against her after she had turned fourteen years of age.

We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of

discretion. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Outcry

testimony is viewed under the same standard. Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 92 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1990); see also Jones v. State, No. 10-13-00106-CR, 2014 WL 3556520, at *1 (Tex.

App.—Waco Jul. 3, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). “Under

an abuse of discretion standard, an appellate court should not disturb the trial court’s

decision if the ruling was within the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Bigon v. State,

252 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). We will uphold an evidentiary ruling on

appeal if it is correct on any theory of law that finds support in the record. Gonzalez v.

State, 195 S.W.3d 114, 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Dering v. State, 465 S.W.3d 668, 670 (Tex.

App.—Eastland 2015, no pet.).

Generally, hearsay statements are not admissible unless they fall within the

exceptions provided in Rules of Evidence 803 or 804, or they are allowed “by other rules

prescribed pursuant to statutory authority.” Sanchez v. State, 354 S.W.3d 476, 484 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011) (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 802). Article 38.072 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure is one statutory authority that permits the admission of an out-of-court

statement of a child sexual-abuse complainant “so long as that statement is a description

of the offense and is offered into evidence by the first adult the complainant told of the

Griffith v. State Page 7
offense.” Id.; see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art 38.072 (West Supp. 2017). “Outcry

testimony admitted in compliance with article 38.072 is considered substantive evidence

and is admissible for the truth of the matter asserted in the testimony.” Buentello v. State,

512 S.W.3d 508, 518 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d); see also Garrett v.

State, No. 12-15-00208-CR, 2017 WL 1075710, at *5 (Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 22, 2017, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Duran v. State, 163 S.W.3d 253, 257

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.)). Outcry testimony is admissible from more than

one witness if the witnesses testify about different events. Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137,

140 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). But there may be only one outcry witness per event. Id.

A.G.’s accusations against Griffith consisted of four incidents, two of which the

trial court determined were committed after A.G. had turned fourteen. After an article

38.072 hearing, the trial court determined that two separate outcry witnesses would be

allowed to testify: Washburn and Bailey, who would be permitted to testify about

different sexual acts committed against A.G. The trial court also determined that only

the two incidents that allegedly occurred when A.G. was younger than fourteen would

be admissible—the incident that occurred over Spring Break in Dawson and the incident

that occurred after the family moved to Frost.

Over Griffith’s objection, Washburn testified that A.G. told her that Griffith had

sex with A.G. in three rooms in A.G.’s home: her parent’s room, her sister’s room, and

“his” room. Washburn also testified, without a contemporaneous objection, that A.G.

told her that the sexual contact occurred “[t]hree or four times.” Bailey testified that A.G.

told her that Griffith had sexual contact with A.G. on four separate occasions and that he

Griffith v. State Page 8
placed his mouth on her vagina on each occasion. No other details regarding the third

and fourth incidents were elicited by the State from Washburn or Bailey. A.G. recanted

all of her claims of sexual abuse when she testified, but she admitted on cross-

examination, without objection from Griffith, that she had told Bailey the specific details

of the third and fourth sexual encounters.

To preserve error regarding the admission of evidence, a party must make a

proper objection and get a ruling. Lane v. State, 151 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004). Griffith argues that he was not required to additionally object to the hearsay

testimony given by Washburn and Bailey because he objected to the testimony regarding

the third and fourth incidents at the article 38.072 hearing. Assuming without deciding

that Griffith sufficiently preserved this evidentiary objection, we conclude there was no

error.

The violation of an evidentiary rule that results in the erroneous admission of

evidence constitutes non-constitutional error. See Martin v. State, 176 S.W.3d 887, 897

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). Under Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b), an

appellate court must disregard non-constitutional error unless the error affected the

defendant’s substantial rights. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); see also Gerron v. State, 524 S.W.3d

308, 325 (Tex. App.—Waco 2016, pet. ref’d). A substantial right is affected when the

erroneously admitted evidence, viewed in light of the record as a whole, had “a

substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” King v.

State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). In assessing the likelihood that the

jury’s decision was improperly influenced, we must consider the entire record, including

Griffith v. State Page 9
such things as the testimony and physical evidence admitted, the nature of the evidence

supporting the verdict, the character of the error and how it might be considered in

connection with other evidence, the jury instructions, the State’s theories, defensive

theories, closing arguments, voir dire, and whether the State emphasized the error.

Barshaw v. State, 342 S.W3d 91, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

As noted, neither Washburn nor Bailey went into the details of the third and fourth

incidents. However, as also previously noted, the details of those incidents were elicited

from A.G. without objection. Griffith himself highlighted details of the third and fourth

incidents when cross-examining CPS investigator Amy Taylor regarding the details of

the CPS report prepared in the case. After examining the record as a whole, we are

assured that either the error did not influence the jury or did so only slightly. The

testimony was not calculated to inflame the jury’s emotions; substantially similar

testimony was allowed without objection; the jury charge instructed the jury that it was

the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their

testimony; and the jury heard A.G. admit without objection that she told Bailey the details

of the third and fourth incidents. See Flores v. State, 513 S.W.3d 146, 172 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) (psychologist’s testimony about credibility of class

of persons did not affect defendant’s substantial rights as it was not calculated to inflame

jury’s emotions, substantially similar testimony was allowed without objection, jury

charge instructed jury it was sole judge of credibility, and jury heard victim provide

detailed account of sexual assault). Griffith’s first issue is overruled.

Griffith v. State Page 10
 Opinion Testimony

In his third issue, Griffith asserts that the trial court erred in allowing witnesses to

comment on the credibility of A.G. and the veracity of her allegations and recantation.

Griffith identifies the improper opinion witnesses as: (1) Jerry Johnson, pastor of the

church that the O’Pry’s and Washburns attended, who made the initial call to CPS

regarding A.G.’s allegations; and (2) CPS investigator Taylor.

A direct opinion on the truthfulness of a child victim of sexual abuse, from either

a lay witness or an expert witness, is inadmissible. Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 59 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1997); see also Dauben v. State, No. 10-13-00044-CR, 2014 WL 2566469, at *2

(Tex. App.—Waco Jun. 5, 2014, pet. ref’d, untimely filed) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). A direct opinion as to the truthfulness of a witness “crosses the line” and

does more than “assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact

in issue,” it decides an issue for the jury. Dauben, 2014 WL 2566469, at *2.

Assuming without deciding that eliciting opinions from Johnson and Taylor was

error, similar opinions were elicited from other witnesses without objection, including

Bailey and Fuller. Bailey testified that she believed that A.G. had been coerced and

coached into recanting her claims of abuse. Fuller testified that he believed A.G.’s outcry

of abuse was genuine. Additionally, S.W., the friend whom A.G. first told of the abuse,

testified that she did not believe that A.G. had made up the allegations of abuse, as did

O’Pry.

As previously noted, error in the improper admission of evidence is not critical if

the same or similar evidence is admitted without objection at another point in the trial.

Griffith v. State Page 11
Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 302 n. 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see Lane, 151 S.W.3d at

193 (error in admission of evidence is cured where same evidence comes in elsewhere

without objection). Because Griffith did not object to similar opinion testimony from

other witnesses, any error is harmless. See Duncan v. State, 95 S.W.3d 669, 672 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (any error in admitting evidence cured when

same evidence comes in elsewhere without objection). Griffith’s third issue is overruled.

Admission of CPS Report

In his fourth issue, Griffith argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to

introduce the CPS report compiled in this case because it contained inadmissible hearsay.

The trial court admitted the CPS report over Griffith’s objection. The State moved to

admit the report during Griffith’s cross-examination of Taylor, arguing that Griffith had

“opened the door” by questioning Taylor regarding information in the report that was

derived from hearsay statements. The State identified two areas that Griffith covered

during his cross-examination that came directly from the report: (1) a disagreement

between CPS and the prosecutor as to whether A.G. should remain in her home even

after Griffith moved out; and (2) the conversation between Taylor and A.G. when A.G.

first recanted her claims of sexual abuse. The trial court originally ruled the CPS report

inadmissible but subsequently permitted introduction of the report, after the details of

A.G.’s forensic interview were redacted.

As previously noted, a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is

reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard and will be overruled only if the

reviewing court determines that the trial court’s ruling was so clearly wrong as to lie

Griffith v. State Page 12
outside the zone within which reasonable people might disagree. See Bigon, 252 S.W.3d

at 367.

Documents such as the CPS report may qualify as business records under Rule

803(6) of the Rules of Evidence and therefore admissible as an exception to the hearsay

rule, but the information contained therein may still constitute inadmissible hearsay. See

TEX. R. EVID. 805 (“Hearsay within hearsay is not excluded by the rule against hearsay if

each part of the combined statements conforms with an exception to the rule.”); see also

Cheek v. State, 119 S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2003, no pet.). “When hearsay

contains hearsay, the Rules of Evidence require that each part of the combined statements

be within an exception to the hearsay rule.” Sanchez, 354 S.W.3d at 485-86; see also Barnes

v. State, No. 05-16-01184-CR, 2017 WL 5897746, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 29, 2017, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“When business records contain

‘hearsay within hearsay,’ the proponent must establish that the multiple hearsay

statements are independently admissible.”). Even if a report does not qualify as a

business record or if statements in the report are inadmissible as hearsay, the report may

become admissible if one side elicits testimony that “opens the door” to the introduction

of the report under Rule 107 of the Rules of Evidence. See Hayden v. State, 296 S.W.3d 549,

554 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Rule 107, known as the “rule of optional completeness,”

provides, in pertinent part:

If a party introduces part of an act, declaration, conversation, writing, or
recorded statement, an adverse party may inquire into any other part on
the same subject. An adverse party may also introduce any other act,
declaration, conversation, writing, or recorded statement that is necessary

Griffith v. State Page 13
 to explain or allow the trier of fact to fully understand the part offered by
the opponent.

TEX. R. EVID. 107. The rule permits the introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence

when it is necessary to fully explain a matter that has been raised by the adverse party.

Ibenyenwa v. State, 367 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. ref’d). The rule

is designed “to reduce the possibility of the jury receiving a false impression from hearing

only a part of some act, conversation, or writing.” Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 218

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). However, the rule is not invoked “by the mere reference to a

document, statement, or act.” Id. To be admitted under the rule, “the omitted portion of

the statement must be ‘on the same subject’ and must be ‘necessary to make it fully

understood.’” Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting Sauceda

v. State, 129 S.W.3d 116, 123 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).

Griffith argues that the State did not claim that his questioning of Taylor left a false

impression with the jury or that the jury could have been misled on a particular point.

However, when debating the admissibility of the CPS report, the State specifically argued

in regard to the conversation between Taylor and A.G., “He wants to pick and choose so

the jury only hears she recanted without hearing all of the factors and all of the hearsay

that was before and after it.” Because Griffith questioned Taylor on only portions of the

report, he left the jury with a false impression regarding the conversation with Taylor

when A.G. first recanted her claims of abuse. Additionally, Griffith’s questions regarding

the conversations between Taylor and the prosecutor could have left the jury with the

false impression that CPS had determined that A.G. was safe in her home after Griffith

Griffith v. State Page 14
moved out. In a similar case dealing with a child advocacy center videotape of a child

victim, our sister court determined that the entire videotape should be admitted when

(1) defense counsel asks questions concerning some of the complainant’s
statements on the videotape; (2) defense counsel’s questions leave the
possibility of the jury receiving a false impression from hearing only a part
of the conversation, with statements taken out of context; and (3) the
videotape is necessary for the conversation to be fully understood.

Cline v. State, No. 13-11-00734-CR, 2013 WL 398916, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Jan.

13, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). In light of the record, we

conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the CPS report under rule 107.

Additionally, once the report was offered, Griffith had the obligation to

specifically identify the portions of the report that contained inadmissible hearsay. See

TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(1) (stating that party may claim error in ruling to admit evidence only

if error affects substantial right and party timely objected and stated specific grounds for

objection); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) (stating that complaints are not preserved for appellate

review if not raised to trial court by timely objection that stated grounds for ruling with

sufficient specificity to make trial court aware of complaint). When an exhibit contains

both admissible and inadmissible material, an objection must specifically refer to the

material deemed objectionable. Flores v. State, 513 S.W.3d at 174. A general objection to

an entire document without specific reference to challenged material does not inform the

trial court of a specific objection and does not preserve error for appeal. Sonnier v. State,

913 S.W.2d 511, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Griffith made a general hearsay objection to

the CPS report, as well as general objections regarding violations of the Confrontation

Clause, the Sixth Amendment, and U.S. Supreme Court authority. Although given the

Griffith v. State Page 15
opportunity to specify which portions of the report he specifically found objectionable,

Griffith only identified the information provided in one of the intake calls and the

criminal history of Donna, an objection that he subsequently withdrew. Even if the trial

court sustained his objection to the statements from the intake call, the same information

from the second intake call was contained in the report. In light of the foregoing,

Griffith’s fourth issue is overruled.

Having overruled all of Griffith’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

REX D. DAVIS
Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 4, 2018
Do not publish
[CRPM]

Griffith v. State Page 16