People v. Fortson

The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.

SUMMARY
April 5, 2018

2018COA46

No. 15CA413, People v. Fortson ― Crimes ― Sexual Assault on a
Child; Evidence ― Character Evidence ― Other Crimes Wrongs
or Acts; Criminal Law ― Prosecutorial Misconduct

In this appeal of a conviction for sexual assault on a child, a

division of the court of appeals considers whether the prosecutor

engaged in significant misconduct that deprived the defendant of a

fair trial.

The majority concludes that the prosecutor committed

misconduct when she repeatedly introduced, referenced, and

argued to the jury that the defendant previously committed

uncharged sexual assaults against four other girls and the victim.

The prosecutor did not seek the admission of the alleged uncharged

sexual assaults for a proper purpose under section 16-10-301,

C.R.S. 2017, CRE 404(b), or Spoto, and then improperly used this
evidence for propensity purposes. Therefore, the majority

concludes reversal is required.

The special concurrence agrees that the prosecutor engaged in

serious misconduct, but would reverse when considering the

prosecutorial misconduct in conjunction with the improper use of

expert testimony. The dissent would affirm.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2018COA46

Court of Appeals No. 15CA0413
Fremont County District Court No. 13CR376
Honorable Patrick W. Murphy, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Ricardo Lee Fortson,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE
REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

Division III
Opinion by JUDGE LICHTENSTEIN
Berger, J., specially concurs
Webb, J., dissents

Announced April 5, 2018

Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General, Marissa R. Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Douglas K. Wilson, Colorado State Public Defender, Alan Kratz, Deputy State
Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
¶1 A jury found Ricardo Lee Fortson guilty of one count of sexual

assault on a child based on alleged sexual intercourse with a

fourteen-year-old girl, J.W. (Count One), and one count of sexual

assault on a child as a part of a pattern of abuse based on alleged

oral sex with her (Count Two).

¶2 Fortson contends on appeal that the prosecutor engaged in

prejudicial misconduct throughout the trial by eliciting and

referencing two categories of other uncharged sexual acts as

propensity evidence: sexual acts Fortson allegedly committed on

other children, and sexual acts Fortson allegedly committed against

J.W. prior to the two charged incidents.1 At trial, defense counsel

failed to object to all but one instance of misconduct.

1 Fortson also alleged that the prosecutor improperly (1) vouched for
the credibility of the prosecution’s DNA expert; (2) denigrated the
defense’s DNA expert; (3) misstated the DNA evidence; (4) vouched
for the truthfulness of J.W.; and (5) argued that a witness favorable
to the defense had been “coached.”

We only address the alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct
involving references to uncharged sexual assaults by Fortson
because the repeated nature of this misconduct requires reversal
irrespective of the propriety of the other alleged instances of
misconduct. Wend v. People, 235 P.3d 1089, 1102 n.6 (Colo. 2010).

1
¶3 The central issue on appeal is whether this pervasive

misconduct so infected the jury’s consideration of the evidence that

we cannot deem the guilty verdict reliable.

¶4 We conclude that it did; therefore, we reverse the convictions

and remand for a new trial.

I. Background

¶5 The jury heard the following evidence at trial pertaining to the

two charged incidents.

¶6 As to Count One: when J.W. was fourteen years old, she spent

the night at her friend B.B.’s house where Fortson also was staying.

After watching a movie with her friend’s family, everyone went to

bed except J.W. and Fortson. J.W. testified that, when only the two

of them were present, Fortson had sexual intercourse with her.

¶7 The next day, J.W. went to a pregnancy crisis center with her

mother and told a counselor at the center that she had had sexual

intercourse with Fortson the night before. As required by law, the

counselor reported this allegation to the police.

¶8 J.W. also participated in a series of interviews. While J.W.

consistently maintained that she had sexual intercourse with

Fortson on the night in question, other details regarding her

2
 contacts with Fortson were inconsistent and disputed by other

witnesses. There was no male DNA in a vaginal swab taken from

J.W. Two DNA experts agreed there was male DNA on J.W.’s

underwear, but disagreed as to whether the DNA came from semen.

They also disagreed about the significance of the conclusion that

Fortson could not be excluded as a possible source.

¶9 As to Count Two: only during one interview did J.W. allege

that on a prior occasion Fortson performed oral sex on her. She

said the incident happened in the backyard of B.B.’s house. The

prosecution did not offer any physical evidence or any eyewitnesses

to corroborate this allegation.

¶ 10 But the prosecutor did offer ― without advance notice to the

court or Fortson ― evidence that Fortson previously committed

uncharged sexual assaults against four other girls, and intimated

during opening statement and closing argument that Fortson likely

committed prior uncharged sexual assaults against J.W. With one

exception, defense counsel did not object to what Fortson now

alleges on appeal is prosecutorial misconduct.

¶ 11 Fortson testified at trial, and denied the allegations. As noted

above, the jury found Fortson guilty of both charges.

3
 II. Prosecutorial Misconduct

A. Standard of Review

¶ 12 In reviewing claims of prosecutorial misconduct, we engage in

a two-step analysis. First, we determine whether the prosecutor’s

conduct was improper based on the totality of the circumstances.

Wend v. People, 235 P.3d 1089, 1096 (Colo. 2010). Second, we

consider whether such actions warrant reversal according to the

proper standard of review. Id.

B. Relevant Law

1. Role and Conduct of Prosecutor

¶ 13 “A prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice

and not simply that of an advocate.” People v. Robinson, 2017 COA

128M, ¶ 13; Colo. RPC 3.8 cmt. 1. Accordingly, a prosecutor must

refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful

conviction. Id. at ¶ 14; Harris v. People, 888 P.2d 259, 263 (Colo.

1995).

¶ 14 In this vein, it is improper for a prosecutor to make remarks

that evidence personal opinion, personal knowledge, or inflame the

passions of the jury. Domingo-Gomez v. People, 125 P.3d 1043,

1050 (Colo. 2005). It is also improper for a prosecutor to

4
 purposefully ask a question which he or she knows will elicit an

inadmissible answer. People v. Oliver, 745 P.2d 222, 228 (Colo.

1987); Am. Bar Ass’n, Fourth Edition of the Criminal Justice

Standards for the Prosecution Function 3-6.6(d) (Feb. 2015),

https://perma.cc/72EP-TWAY (A “prosecutor should not bring to

the attention of the trier of fact matters that the prosecutor knows

to be inadmissible, whether by offering or displaying inadmissible

evidence . . . .”).

¶ 15 When a prosecutor purposefully exposes the jury to

inadmissible and highly prejudicial evidence, such conduct will not

be condoned, and a new trial may be granted. People v. Dist. Court,

767 P.2d 239, 241 (Colo. 1989).

2. Admission of Other Sexual Acts Evidence

¶ 16 In order to introduce evidence of a defendant’s other sexual

acts, a prosecutor must advise the court and defense counsel in

advance of trial of the other acts he or she intends to introduce at

trial. See People v. Warren, 55 P.3d 809, 812 (Colo. App. 2002);

§ 16-10-301(4)(a), C.R.S. 2017 (“[T]he prosecution shall advise the

trial court and the defendant in advance of trial of the other act or

5
 acts and the purpose or purposes for which the evidence is

offered.”).

¶ 17 The dissent takes issue with the majority’s citation to this

governing statute because it was not expressly cited by the parties.

However, we have an obligation to resolve issues by identifying and

applying the correct law. See Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 500

U.S. 90, 99 (1991) (“When an issue or claim is properly before the

court, the court . . . retains the independent power to identify and

apply the proper construction of governing law.”).

¶ 18 In any event, in his opening brief, Fortson expressly cited

Warren, 55 P.3d 809, for the legal proposition that prosecutors are

bound by the pretrial notice requirement. Warren clarified that this

notice requirement is solely a statutory requirement under section

16-10-301(4)(a) and, thus, applies only to other sexual act evidence.

Id. at 812.

¶ 19 In addition to providing pretrial notice, a prosecutor must

establish to the court, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the

other act did occur and that the defendant committed the act. See

People v. Garner, 806 P.2d 366, 373-74 (Colo. 1991); see also § 16-

10-301(4)(b).

6
¶ 20 Because evidence of a defendant’s prior sexual assaults is not

permissible to establish propensity, a prosecutor may not elicit

other act evidence to prove a defendant’s bad character and that he

acted in conformity with that character. People v. Nardine, 2016

COA 85, ¶ 79; see CRE 404(b); § 16-10-301(3). Such evidence may

be admissible only for other purposes, including to show motive,

opportunity, intent, preparation, common plan, method of

operation, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake. CRE 404(b).

¶ 21 Thus, prior to eliciting such evidence a prosecutor must

demonstrate that (1) the evidence relates to a material fact; (2) the

evidence is logically relevant; (3) the logical relevance is independent

of the intermediate inference that the defendant committed the

crime because he or she acted in conformity with his or her bad

character; and (4) the evidence’s probative value is not substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. People v. Spoto, 795

P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo. 1990). “The prosecution must articulate a

precise evidential hypothesis by which a material fact can be

permissibly inferred from the prior act independent of the use

forbidden by CRE 404(b).” Id. at 1319.

C. The Conduct Was Improper

7
¶ 22 Fortson contends on appeal that the prosecutor improperly

referenced and elicited evidence of other acts of sexual assault and

sexual misconduct for propensity purposes, and that she did so

without first seeking to admit the evidence, presenting an offer of

proof, or obtaining a ruling. We agree with Fortson that this

conduct was improper.

¶ 23 The Attorney General does not dispute that the prosecutor

introduced the other sexual act evidence and did so without

providing notice, making any offer of proof, articulating an

evidential hypothesis for admissibility, or obtaining a ruling under

the four-part Spoto test. She argues only that the other act

evidence was not offered for an improper purpose, and thus there

was no error.

¶ 24 But here, the prosecutor repeatedly brought before the jury

uncharged acts of sexual assault, specifically that Fortson had

previously committed other uncharged sexual assaults against

other children and against J.W. We agree with Fortson that the

prosecutor’s failure to follow the requisite procedures and her

improper use of this evidence for propensity purposes ― as

discussed in detail below ― constituted misconduct.

8
¶ 25 We are further compelled to conclude ― for the reasons that

follow ― that the prosecutor’s misconduct requires reversal of

Fortson’s convictions. “For, above all, it is the appellate court’s

responsibility to avoid a miscarriage of justice for a defendant even

when defense counsel seriously lapses at trial.” Wend, 235 P.3d at

1097.

1. Uncharged Sexual Assaults Against Other Children

¶ 26 During trial, the prosecutor elicited evidence of alleged

uncharged sexual assaults against four other girls: A.C., B.B., S.L.,

and A.B., as well as vague allegations of acts committed against

“other kids.”

a. Cross-Examination of A.K.

¶ 27 Fortson called A.K. (J.W.’s former friend) as a defense witness

to testify that J.W. had told her about her motive to falsely accuse

Fortson of sexual assault. A.K. testified that J.W. said she was

angry because Fortson had declined her sexual advances, thus J.W.

was “going to make him regret it and she was going to get her

revenge.”

¶ 28 The prosecutor then cross-examined A.K., first asking relevant

questions that challenged the testimony about J.W.’s motive. The

9
 prosecutor asked A.K. whether J.W. had, in fact, told her that

Fortson put his hand up the leg of J.W.’s shorts, was rubbing

around and smiling at her (rather than declining J.W.’s sexual

advances). And the prosecutor asked whether J.W. had told A.K.

that she did not want to get Fortson in trouble with the police

because he worked for the prison (rather than trying to get revenge).

¶ 29 But then, the prosecutor started asking A.K. questions

unrelated to J.W.’s allegations or motive. The prosecutor asked

about statements that A.K. had made to a forensic interviewer

relaying what other girls had told her. A.K. told the interviewer that

these other girls also accused Fortson of improper sexual conduct.

Prosecutor: Do you recall telling [the
interviewer] that B.B. told you that at one time
[Fortson] was changing his clothes, asked her
to bring in his laptop; and when she did, she
walked in the room and he -- she dropped the
laptop because he was completely naked?

A.K.: No, ma’am.

....

Prosecutor: Do you recall telling [the
interviewer] that another girl by the name of
S.L. had told you that Mr. Fortson touched
her, also?

A.K.: No, ma’am.

10
 Prosecutor: Do you recall telling [the
interviewer] that S.L. said that Mr. Fortson put
his hand on her knee and moved it up towards
her private?

A.K.: No, ma’am.

....

Prosecutor: Do you recall telling [the
interviewer] that another girl by the name of
A.B. had told you that Mr. Fortson had
touched her the same way that he did with
[J.W.]?

A.K.: No, ma’am.

¶ 30 At this point, the trial court interrupted the questioning and

admonished the prosecutor for referring to inadmissible CRE 404(b)

evidence, stating this evidence was “not allowable.”

¶ 31 We agree with the trial court that the prosecutor’s questions

elicited inadmissible CRE 404(b) evidence. And we conclude that

such conduct was “manifestly improper.” People v. Estep, 196 Colo.

340, 344, 583 P.2d 927, 930 (1978); see also Standards for the

Prosecution Function 3-6.6(d) (“The prosecutor should not bring to

the attention of the trier of fact matters that the prosecutor knows

to be inadmissible . . . by . . . asking legally objectionable

questions.”).

11
¶ 32 Even though A.K. responded that she did not remember

making the statements, the prosecutor’s questions themselves

assumed, or asked the jury to infer, that Fortson had committed

other uncharged sexual crimes. For example, in People v. Estep,

the prosecutor asked a witness: “You never were with [the

defendant] when he was in the process of killing somebody, were

you?” 196 Colo. at 344, 583 P.2d at 930. An objection was

launched before the witness could answer. Nonetheless, the

Colorado Supreme Court concluded that “[s]uch expressions by the

prosecutor are a form of unsworn, unchecked testimony and tend to

exploit the influence of his office and undermine the objective

detachment which should separate a lawyer from the cause for

which he argues.” Id. (quoting ABA, Standards Relating to the

Prosecution Functions § 5.8(b) (Commentary)).

¶ 33 Likewise, just by asking A.K. these questions, the prosecutor

essentially elicited inadmissible CRE 404(b) evidence. See id.; see

also Oliver, 745 P.2d at 228 (prosecution’s conduct in asking an

objectionable question was error).

¶ 34 We are not persuaded by the Attorney General’s assertion that

this conduct was permissible because the prosecutor was “planning

12
 to impeach A.K.’s credibility by asking her these questions, eliciting

denials, and then showing the jury the video of A.K.’s actual

interview.”

¶ 35 The prosecutor’s questions about uncharged sexual crimes

against other children were irrelevant to impeach A.K.’s direct

examination testimony, which only addressed A.K.’s relationship

with J.W. and J.W.’s desire to “get revenge” against Fortson.

¶ 36 Even if ― as the Attorney General notes with record support ―

the prosecutor “was planning to impeach A.K.’s credibility by asking

her these questions,” this impeachment tactic was clearly improper.

¶ 37 The prosecutor’s plan was to ask legally objectionable

questions to elicit the highly prejudicial inadmissible evidence of

Fortson’s uncharged sexual acts (and only then, to impeach A.K.’s

faulty memory about such evidence). This, the prosecutor is not

permitted to do. See Oliver, 745 P.2d at 228; see Dist. Court, 767

P.2d at 241 (“When a prosecuting attorney purposefully exposes the

jury to inadmissible and highly prejudicial evidence, his conduct

will not be condoned[.]”); see also State v. Prine, 200 P.3d 1, 11

(Kan. 2009) (a party cannot open its own door to create an

opportunity for the admission of otherwise inadmissible evidence).

13
¶ 38 The dissent does not view the prosecutor’s conduct as

improper. Rather, the dissent asserts that “the prosecutor was

doing just as CRE 613(a) requires,” infra ¶ 165, and suggests,

therefore, that the prosecutor’s contemplated impeachment was not

subject to the strictures of CRE 404(b). We do not agree. CRE

613(a) simply sets forth the procedure for proper impeachment of a

witness with that witness’ prior inconsistent statements; it does not

permit, much less address, the permissible uses of other act

evidence.

¶ 39 The permissible uses of other act evidence is governed by CRE

404(b) (as substantive evidence), and by CRE 608 (as impeachment

evidence). See People v. Segovia, 196 P.3d 1126, 1132 (Colo. 2008)

(holding that, under CRE 608, inquiry on cross-examination into a

witness’ prior shoplifting was admissible to impeach that witness’

testimony that she was “honest”).

¶ 40 Here, the prosecutor did not use a specific instance of A.K.’s

conduct to impeach her. Rather, the prosecutor asked about

specific instances of Fortson’s sexual conduct against other

children, which was not a permissible use of uncharged sexual act

evidence, under either CRE 404(b) or CRE 608.

14
¶ 41 Because the prosecutor intentionally brought inadmissible

evidence of Fortson’s bad character to the jury’s attention by

cross-examining A.K. about Fortson’s alleged uncharged sexual

acts, the prosecutor engaged in misconduct and disregarded her

duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a

wrongful conviction. Harris, 888 P.2d at 263; Robinson, ¶ 14.

b. Other Act Allegations in Video Recording

¶ 42 Compounding this error, the prosecutor played for the jury the

very end of the video recording of J.W.’s forensic interview, where

the forensic interviewer ultimately asked J.W. what she wanted to

happen to Fortson. J.W. told the interviewer that she wanted him

caught because another girl, A.C., “got raped” by Fortson, that

Fortson had “hurt more kids than me,” that he had “raped other

kids,” and that B.B. told her “this was not the first time he did this.”

¶ 43 For reasons that are inexplicable to us, defense counsel did

not request the redaction of these statements, even though they

portrayed Fortson as a sexual predator of children and risked a

guilty verdict based on a conclusion that Fortson sexually assaulted

J.W. in conformity with his bad character. See CRE 404(b).

15
¶ 44 Yet even without objection, it is improper for a prosecutor to

knowingly, and for the purpose of bringing inadmissible matter to

the attention of the judge or jury, offer inadmissible evidence. See

People v. Mullins, 104 P.3d 299, 301-02 (Colo. App. 2004) (finding

plain error where prosecutor elicited inadmissible testimony); see

also Standards for the Prosecution Function 3-6.6(d).

¶ 45 The dissent opines that defense counsel may have wanted the

jury to hear this evidence, given his earlier request that the entire

video be played. But that request must be placed in context: it was

made in response to the prosecutor’s rape shield motion. Defense

counsel argued against the redaction of J.W.’s statement that she

had been having sex with her boyfriend. Citing the “rule of

completeness,” see CRE 106, defense counsel requested the entire

video be played to prevent the suppression of this exculpatory

information.

2. Uncharged Sexual Assaults Against J.W.

¶ 46 Not only did the prosecutor elicit the above referenced other

sexual act evidence, but also, during the prosecutor’s opening

statement and closing argument, she expressed her belief that

16
 Fortson committed other uncharged sexual assaults against J.W.

This, too, was improper.

a. Opening Statements

¶ 47 During her opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury, “I

can’t tell you that [the two charged instances of sexual assault] are

the only incidents that occurred of Fortson sexually assaulting

[J.W.], but I can tell you that these are the two clearest incidences

that she, thus far, has been willing to talk about.” This remark to

the jury was impermissible.

¶ 48 A prosecutor must not “intimate that she has personal

knowledge of evidence unknown to the jury.” Domingo-Gomez, 125

P.3d at 1049. The prosecutor’s statements implied that she knew of

other instances in which Fortson had sexually assaulted J.W., but

that J.W. could not, or would not, be telling the jury about them.

Such remarks conveyed that the prosecutor had additional

incriminating evidence unknown to the jury. See id. at 1052.

¶ 49 The prosecutor’s remark is a “matter of special concern”

because there is a “possibility that the jury will give greater weight

to the prosecutor’s arguments because of the prestige associated

17
 with the office and the presumed fact-finding capabilities available

to the office.” Id. at 1049.

¶ 50 Further, a prosecutor may not, in an opening statement,

“induce the jury to determine guilt on the basis of passion or

prejudice.” People v. Manyik, 2016 COA 42, ¶ 27 (quoting People v.

Douglas, 2012 COA 57, ¶ 66). Nor may she appeal to the jurors for

sympathy for the victim. Id. at ¶ 29.

¶ 51 Yet here, the prosecutor improperly suggested to the jury that

Fortson had sexually assaulted J.W. not only on the two occasions

charged, but also on other occasions. This implied that Fortson

was a serial sexual abuser, and also that J.W. was victimized by

additional instances of sexual abuse, thereby prejudicing the jurors

against Fortson and appealing to their sympathies for J.W. Id.; see

also Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1052-53 (A prosecutor’s

comments which express the prosecution’s personal opinion or

personal knowledge or remarks that inflame the passions of the

jury “can tip the scales towards an unjust conviction and must be

avoided.”).

¶ 52 The dissent suggests that the prosecutor’s opening statement

may have been referring to J.W.’s forensic interview, during which

18
 J.W. referenced what the dissent refers to as other “misconduct.”

But in that interview, other than describing the charged incident,

J.W. said only that Fortson had previously touched her legs. As the

forensic interviewer confirmed in her trial testimony, the charged

incident of sexual intercourse was the only disclosure of sexual

assault J.W. made in that interview.

b. Closing Argument

¶ 53 During closing argument, the prosecutor argued repeatedly

that the jury could consider, as evidence of Fortson’s guilt,

uncharged prior sexual assaults.

¶ 54 The prosecutor argued to the jury:

And I would also tell you, it doesn’t make any
sense at all that that incident in the backyard
[involving oral sex] was the first incident. The
first incident of sexual abuse is not going to be
Lee Fortson taking her out in the backyard
and licking her vagina, it’s just not. There’s
going to be other incidents –

¶ 55 At this point, defense counsel objected, on the basis that the

prosecutor was “saying that there are other incidents other than

those charged.” The court responded, “All right. You did say that

earlier, [prosecutor], and the jury needs to be very clear.” It then

instructed the jury:

19
 Count number 1, the sexual assault on a
child, pattern of abuse, relates only to two
incidents: the alleged licking of the vagina and
the alleged sexual assault in [B.B.’s] home.
You all have to be unanimous in each of those
incidents before you could find Mr. Fortson
guilty of that particular charge. There are no
other incidents of [im]proper sexual contact
alleged. You heard no evidence of other, other
incidents of [im]proper sexual contact. And
sexual contact is defined in the instructions
that I just read to you. So [prosecutor], we’ve
talked about not having unanimity
instructions. You need to be very careful in
your comments in this area.

¶ 56 The prosecutor resumed her argument by asking the jury to

determine the pattern count based on the two charged incidents.

But then, undaunted by the court’s admonishment, she quickly

returned to the topic of Fortson’s other, uncharged acts of sexual

assault:

It’s those two incidents [of sexual intercourse
and oral sex] are what I’m asking you to look
at. But, you saw when [the forensic
interviewer/expert] testified. She said that
these disclosures could be consistent with
other incidents that have been come –

¶ 57 Defense counsel immediately interrupted, stating, “Your

Honor, I’m objecting. And as a matter of fact, I have a motion.” At

20
 this point, the court held a discussion with the attorneys that is not

reported in the record on appeal.

¶ 58 To be sure, “[p]rosecutors are granted wide latitude during

closing arguments.” People v. Whitman, 205 P.3d 371, 384 (Colo.

App. 2007). But a “[c]losing argument must be confined to the

evidence admitted at trial, the inferences that can reasonably and

fairly be drawn from it, and the instructions of law submitted to the

jury.” People v. Rojas, 181 P.3d 1216, 1223 (Colo. App. 2008);

People v. Walters, 148 P.3d 331, 334 (Colo. App. 2006) (“[I]t is not

proper for a prosecutor to refer to facts not in evidence or to make

statements reflecting his or her personal opinion or personal

knowledge.”).

¶ 59 The prosecutor cannot use closing argument to “mislead or

unduly influence the jury.” Whitman, 205 P.3d at 384. To that

end, improper arguments include those that are calculated to

inflame the passions and prejudices of the jury; tend to influence

jurors to decide the case based on pre-existing biases, rather than

the facts; misstate the evidence; and imply personal knowledge of

evidence unknown to the jury. Id.; see also People v. Gladney, 250

P.3d 762, 769 (Colo. App. 2010). Claims of improper argument

21
 must be evaluated in the context of the argument as a whole and in

light of the evidence before the jury. People v. Krutsinger, 121 P.3d

318, 324 (Colo. App. 2005).

¶ 60 We conclude that the prosecutor’s remarks were improper.

They removed the focus from the evidence presented in the case,

and reveal an effort by the prosecutor to evoke bias and influence

the jury to decide the case based on an improper basis. See Harris,

888 P.2d at 265. The prosecutor’s intimations about these

uncharged sexual assaults against J.W. encouraged the jury to

misuse this “information” as evidence of Fortson’s bad character,

and to create sympathy for J.W. See Whitman, 205 P.3d at 384 (In

a prosecution for sexual assault on a child, the prosecutor’s

reference during closing argument to an unrelated child murder

case in Florida was improper because it “invited the jurors to make

a comparison to an irrelevant and prejudicial case.”).

¶ 61 Finally, we note that the prosecutor repeated her remarks

intimating that Fortson engaged in other sexual acts against J.W.

even after defense counsel’s objections and the trial court’s warning

to her to “be very careful in your comments in this area.” Given the

prosecutor’s obvious knowledge that this evidence had not been

22
 admitted for any purpose ― in light of the trial court’s

admonishment and defense counsel’s objections ― her conduct was

clearly improper. See People v. McBride, 228 P.3d 216, 223 (Colo.

App. 2009); see also Oliver, 745 P.2d at 228 (“A prosecutor must

promptly comply with all orders and directives of the court, I

Standards for Criminal Justice, The Prosecution Function, section

3-5.2(d) (1986 Supp.).”).

¶ 62 We are unpersuaded by the Attorney General’s assertion that

the prosecutor’s closing argument was a proper comment on

evidence of “grooming.” To be sure, the forensic interviewer testified

about “grooming” behavior. But the prosecutor’s closing argument

went far beyond discussing evidence of grooming to allege prior

incidents of sexual assault.

¶ 63 The concept of grooming relates to a sex offender’s “methods of

acquiring victims” to lower their inhibitions. Romero v. People, 2017

CO 37, ¶ 15. It refers to conduct, such as gift giving, affectionate

touching, or even watching pornography or other sexualized play.

People v. Relaford, 2016 COA 99, ¶ 21; People v. Miranda, 2014

COA 102, ¶ 53. It precedes the later criminal sexual act and

involves “a pattern of seduction and preparation, resulting in the

23
 child being willing and compliant to the defendant’s sexual abuse.”

Miranda, ¶ 53 (citation omitted); see People v. Garrison, 2017 COA

107, ¶ 40 n.5.

¶ 64 But here, the prosecutor’s intimations of other uncharged

sexual assaults were not comments on grooming behavior. Her

argument improperly encouraged the jury to find Fortson guilty by

suggesting he sexually abused J.W. in the past and acted in

conformity with this prior abuse on the two charged occasions.

D. The Misconduct Warrants Reversal

¶ 65 Having determined that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct

by repeatedly referencing uncharged sexual assaults by Fortson

against J.W. and at least four other children, we now conclude that

it requires reversal.

1. Preserved Error

¶ 66 Fortson’s counsel objected during the prosecutor’s statement

during closing argument that it does not make sense that the

charged incidents were the “first incident[s] of sexual abuse.”

Prosecutorial misconduct to which defense counsel objects is

reviewed for nonconstitutional harmless error. Under this

standard, improper argument is harmless if it did not “substantially

24
 influence the verdict or adversely affect the fairness of the

proceedings.” Douglas, ¶ 58 (quoting Whitman, 205 P.3d at 384-

85).

¶ 67 As discussed above, the prosecutor’s argument significantly

risked a guilty verdict based on considerations other than the

evidence of the charged acts presented at trial. See People v.

Wilson, 743 P.2d 415, 419 (Colo. 1987). Ordinarily, of course, the

sustaining of an objection or a trial court’s instruction to a jury to

disregard inadmissible evidence sufficiently remedies the offending

argument or conduct. But not always. The supreme court has

recognized that when evidence “is so highly prejudicial, as here, it is

conceivable that but for its exposure, the jury may not have found

the defendant guilty.” People v. Goldsberry, 181 Colo. 406, 410,

509 P.2d 801, 803 (1973).

¶ 68 The prosecutor’s statements fall squarely within this class of

highly prejudicial evidence that might not be easily cured by a

limiting instruction. To be sure, the trial court, in response to this

argument, instructed the jury that the charges related only to two

incidents. But without more, and given the exceptional prejudice

associated with the pervasive misconduct throughout trial, we

25
 conclude that admonition was insufficient to remedy the prejudice.2

See Wilson, 743 P.2d at 420–21 (“It would defy common sense,

however, to believe that [the credibility] instruction was sufficient to

neutralize the impact of the prosecutor’s improper remarks during

summation. . . . [J]urors do pay heed to the arguments of counsel

in arriving at a result.”).

¶ 69 When a person is on trial for alleged sexual assaults on a

child, information suggesting that the defendant escaped criminal

charges for a previous sexual assault of that child is exceptionally

prejudicial. We now consider the resulting prejudice of this

argument along with the other instances of misconduct.

2. Unpreserved Error

¶ 70 Fortson did not object to any of the other damaging evidence

of prior uncharged sexual assaults, and so this misconduct must be

reviewed for plain error.

¶ 71 Before we engage in this analysis, we first address a key

dispute between the majority and the dissent as to the focus of the

plain error standard of review.

2 Although the court also stated, “You heard no evidence of . . .
other incidents of [im]proper sexual contact,” the jury did hear
testimony that Fortson “raped” other children.

26
¶ 72 The dissent imposes a “fairness to the trial court” standard

instead of independently addressing the elements of the plain error

analysis: obviousness and fundamental fairness of the trial. See

Nardine, ¶ 63 (to warrant reversal under the plain error standard,

the misconduct must be obvious and substantial and so undermine

the fundamental fairness of the trial as to cast serious doubt on the

reliability of the judgment of conviction).

¶ 73 We disagree with the dissent’s repeated statements that in

conducting plain error review, fairness to the trial court, rather

than the guarantee of a fair trial for the defendant, is the

touchstone. While appellate courts certainly should strive to be fair

to all participants in the criminal justice process, placing “fairness

to the trial court” on the same pedestal with a defendant’s

constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial is unsupported by

any legal authority of which we are aware.

¶ 74 Likewise, we disagree with the standard employed by the

dissent that evaluates whether “the trial court deserves better.” In

this regard, the dissent posits that when an appellate court finds

plain error, then “by implication [it is] impugning the trial judge’s

competence.” Infra, ¶ 180. The dissent attributes to the majority

27
 an outdated premise from People v. Taylor: “a competent trial judge

should be able to avoid [the error] without benefit of objection.” 159

P.3d 730, 738 (Colo. App. 2006) (emphasis added) (addressing the

obviousness prong of plain error analysis).

¶ 75 The majority does not follow this premise. Indeed, in recent

years, the “competent trial judge” language has not been used by

this court. It also has been rejected by the United States Supreme

Court in Henderson v. United States, 568 U.S. 266 (2013). There,

the Supreme Court expressly recognized that “plain-error review is

not a grading system for trial judges”; it serves other “broader

purposes,” including “fairness and judicial integrity.” Id. at 278.

¶ 76 With that clarification, we now determine whether any error is

reversible under the plain error standard.

¶ 77 To warrant reversal under plain error review, prosecutorial

misconduct “must be obvious and substantial and so undermine

the fundamental fairness of the trial as to cast serious doubt on the

reliability of the judgment of conviction.” Nardine, ¶ 63.

¶ 78 Obvious error is that which contravenes “(1) a clear statutory

command; (2) a well-settled legal principle; or (3) Colorado case

law.” Scott v. People, 2017 CO 16, ¶ 16 (citation omitted). Here, as

28
 discussed in detail above, the prosecutor contravened well-settled

law that prohibits the admission of prior sexual acts as propensity

evidence by repeatedly eliciting and referencing such evidence. See

§ 16-10-301; CRE 404(b); Garner, 806 P.2d at 373-74; Spoto, 795

P.2d at 1319.

¶ 79 We therefore must determine whether this obvious error

affected the fundamental fairness of the trial.

¶ 80 A reviewing appellate court must “inquire into whether the

errors seriously affected the fairness or integrity of the trial.”

Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1053; see also Hagos v. People, 2012

CO 63, ¶ 14. For, above all, it is the appellate court’s responsibility

to avoid a miscarriage of justice for a defendant even when defense

counsel fails to object to serious errors at trial. Wend, 235 P.3d at

1097-98. Indeed, fundamental fairness is the “beacon of plain error

review.” Nardine, ¶ 64.

¶ 81 In this inquiry, we must consider the particular facts and

context because only through examining the totality of the

circumstances can we determine whether the error affected the

fundamental fairness of the trial. Id. at ¶ 65. We evaluate the

cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s statements by considering the

29
 exact language used, the nature of the misconduct, the degree of

prejudice associated with the misconduct, the surrounding context,

and the strength of the other evidence of guilt. Wend, 235 P.3d at

1098.

¶ 82 Repeated references to inadmissible prior bad act evidence, as

occurred here, are especially problematic in a prosecution for sex

crimes against a child victim. The emotional responses that attend

such charges are inevitably heightened and a prosecutor must be

vigilant not to step over the line. See Wilson, 743 P.2d at 419

(cautioning prosecutors in cases of sexual assault on children to

ensure “that the jury tries the case solely on the basis of the facts

presented to them” (quoting People v. Elliston, 181 Colo. 118, 126,

508 P.2d 379, 383 (1973))).

¶ 83 The pervasive nature of the misconduct in this case is

particularly concerning. The uncharged sexual acts were a

recurring theme throughout the trial. And more, the prosecutor

persisted in referring to these uncharged acts despite the trial

court’s sua sponte admonishment and defense counsel’s objections

during closing. See Walters, 148 P.3d at 338 (noting that plain

error review requires a consideration of any persistent, improper

30
 remarks by the prosecutor); cf. Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1053

(“Comments that were ‘few in number, momentary in length, and

were a very small part of a rather prosaic summation’ do not

warrant reversal under the plain error standard.” (quoting People v.

Mason, 643 P.2d 745, 753 (Colo. 1982))).

¶ 84 We cannot ignore the high degree of prejudice associated with

the misconduct. These references were not only to the type of

offense that inherently carries an emotional charge, but the

prosecutor referenced prior allegations of sexual abuse against not

only the victim in this case but also at least four other children.

A.K.’s allegations, drawn out during the prosecutor’s

cross-examination, referenced incidents involving three other girls.

Similarly, J.W.’s statements referenced uncharged assaults against

other children. She mentioned one girl by name, but also implied

there may be many “other kids” Fortson had “raped” or harmed.

This evidence implied that Fortson was a sexual predator of

children, and implied that, for that reason, Fortson must also be

guilty of the charged acts.

¶ 85 We also consider the surrounding context of the trial as a

whole. This case largely turned on the credibility of the victim and

31
 the defendant, as the experts sharply disputed the significance of

the DNA evidence. J.W.’s allegations were denied by Fortson, who

testified in his own defense, and several witnesses questioned

J.W.’s credibility. Thus, the jury’s assessment of J.W.’s and

Fortson’s credibility was essential to his conviction, and the

misconduct had the effect of denigrating Fortson and making it

appear likely that Fortson either had repeatedly committed acts

similar to those charged or was incredible. Nardine, ¶ 68

(Misconduct was prejudicial in a case that “depended almost

entirely on the jurors’ assessment of [the victim’s] credibility.”).

¶ 86 Finally, we consider the strength of the other evidence. As to

Count Two, the oral sex incident, the prosecutor did not present

any corroborating evidence outside of J.W.’s allegation.

¶ 87 As to Count One, the sexual intercourse incident, the

prosecutor did present DNA evidence to corroborate J.W.’s

allegation. But while it may have been the strongest evidence

corroborating this allegation, it was of disputed quality.

¶ 88 The prosecution’s expert testified that false positives “are

known” to occur in initial screening tests, and his initial screening

indicated it was “likely,” but could not confirm, that semen was

32
 present on the inside of J.W.’s underwear. The defense DNA expert

disagreed with the conclusion that there was semen in the victim’s

underwear. He opined that the DNA might have resulted from a

secondary transfer, the quality of the DNA sample was poor, and

that because no male DNA was in the vaginal swab taken from

J.W., there was no forensic evidence that Fortson had sexual

intercourse with her.

¶ 89 True, the prosecutor’s expert testified that with further testing,

he excluded 98.6% of the “Caucasian population,” but not Fortson,

as the source of the sample. But the defense expert emphasized

that this result would have, conversely, matched 1.4% of Caucasian

males in the United States, a significantly large number.

¶ 90 The resolution of the disputed evidence was, of course, for the

jury, not us. Yet, this evidence was not sufficient in both quantity

and quality to enable us to conclude that the jury “could not have

arrived at a verdict other than guilty.” See People v. Rodriguez, 914

P.2d 230, 278–79 (Colo. 1996) (quoting People v. Rodgers, 756 P.2d

980, 985 (Colo. 1988)).

¶ 91 Considering the prosecutor’s pervasive misconduct in the

context of the entire record, we are convinced that it undermined

33
 the fundamental fairness of the trial and, in our view, “cast serious

doubt on the reliability of the judgment of conviction.” Weinreich,

98 P.3d at 924.

¶ 92 As the dissent notes, reversals for plain error are rare. But

this does not excuse an appellate court from determining, as we do

here, that the defendant did not receive a fair trial because of

prosecutorial misconduct. Appellate courts have the responsibility

to determine when plain error prevents a defendant from receiving a

fair trial, and this is such a case.

¶ 93 Accordingly, Fortson’s judgments of conviction are reversed.

III. Trial Court Error Regarding Other Act Evidence

¶ 94 Fortson also contends that the trial court erred when it

allowed the prosecutor to present and elicit the uncharged sexual

assault evidence and when it failed to instruct the jury to disregard

it. Fortson argues that the trial court committed plain error when it

allowed the prosecutor to present this evidence because the video

contained inadmissible CRE 404(b) evidence.

¶ 95 However, given our conclusion that the introduction and use

of this evidence constituted reversible prosecutorial misconduct, we

34
 need not address whether the trial court also erred in allowing or

failing to instruct the jury on this evidence.

IV. Expert Witness Testimony — Alleged Bolstering

¶ 96 To provide guidance on retrial, we briefly address Fortson’s

argument on appeal that the child abuse expert improperly

bolstered the victim’s credibility because she testified both as a fact

witness regarding her forensic interview of the victim and as an

expert witness on child sex abuse victims.

¶ 97 Fortson does not cite, and we cannot find, any decision of

either the Colorado Supreme Court or this court that has

categorically proscribed such dual capacity testimony. The

supreme court has concluded that such testimony is impermissible

in certain circumstances not present here.

¶ 98 In Salcedo v. People, a detective testified both as an expert

witness “concerning the behavior and characteristics that constitute

the drug courier profile” and as an eyewitness “concerning [the

defendant’s] actions and appearance” at the time of his arrest. 999

P.2d 833, 840 (Colo. 2000). The supreme court was primarily

concerned with whether the detective’s testimony about the drug

courier profile was unduly prejudicial. Id. The court did not hold

35
 that the detective’s testimony was categorically proscribed because

he testified as both an expert witness and as an eyewitness. Id.

Instead, the court concluded that the detective’s testimony was

impermissible because it intermingled expert witness testimony

concerning the behavior and characteristics that constituted the

drug courier profile with eyewitness testimony concerning the

defendant’s actions and appearance. Id.

¶ 99 While such dual capacity testimony is problematic for several

reasons identified in Salcedo and the reasons identified in Judge

Berger’s special concurrence, in the absence of binding appellate

authority condemning such testimony, it remains for the trial court

to exercise its discretion to control and, in appropriate

circumstances, preclude such testimony on proper objection.

V. Rape Shield Statute Arguments Were Not Preserved For Appeal

¶ 100 Fortson also contends on appeal that the trial court erred in

excluding evidence of the victim’s alleged sexual activity with her

boyfriend under the rape shield statute because the evidence was

relevant both to show an alternate source for the victim’s sexual

knowledge and to show an alternate source of the DNA found in her

underwear.

36
 ¶ 101 We do not address this contention other than to observe that

Fortson did not make these arguments at trial or, when required by

the rape shield statute, follow the statute’s procedural

requirements. Instead, he made two other arguments under the

rape shield statute. First, he argued that the court should allow the

admission of evidence that the victim had multiple sets of DNA on

the waistband of her underwear. Second, he argued that evidence

of the victim having sex with her boyfriend was relevant to explain

why she went to the pregnancy center. The trial court correctly

resolved these arguments.

VI. Conclusion

¶ 102 Fortson’s convictions are reversed, and the case is remanded

for a new trial.

JUDGE BERGER specially concurs.

JUDGE WEBB dissents.

1

37
 JUDGE BERGER, specially concurring.

¶ 103 I join Judge Lichtenstein’s opinion reversing Fortson’s

convictions on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct. I fully agree

that the prosecutor engaged in serious misconduct. It is a much

closer question, for all the reasons articulated by Judge Webb,

whether that misconduct by itself requires reversal. Regardless, in

my view, when the prosecutorial misconduct is considered in

conjunction with the improper use of expert testimony, the

conclusion that Fortson did not receive a fair trial is manifest.

¶ 104 The prosecution of sex offenses against children unavoidably

places enormous pressures on all participants in the judicial

process: victims, defendants, prosecutors, jurors, and judges.

Because of the nature of these crimes, there often is no forensic,

scientific, or corroborating evidence. In many of these cases,

whether the defendant spends the remainder of his or her life in

prison turns solely on the jury’s determination of whether the victim

or the defendant is telling the truth.

¶ 105 Because the actions and reactions of sexual assault victims,

particularly children, can appear perplexing and even

counterintuitive to the ordinary juror, courts uniformly permit the

38
 prosecution to present expert testimony from child sex assault

experts regarding general characteristics of sex assault victims — to

explain why some victims delay reporting (or do not report at all)

and similar matters. See, e.g., Venalonzo v. People, 2017 CO 9,

¶¶ 32-34; People v. Wittrein, 221 P.3d 1076, 1081 (Colo. 2009);

People v. Relaford, 2016 COA 99, ¶¶ 26-30.

¶ 106 But courts also recognize that this type of testimony (indeed

most, if not all, expert testimony) at least collaterally bolsters the

credibility of a witness, often the victim, and thus implicates the

principle that no witness, including an expert witness, may testify

that another witness has told the truth on a particular occasion.

See Relaford, ¶ 30. “Testimony that another witness is credible is

especially problematic where the outcome of the case turns on that

witness’ credibility. This often occurs in child sex assault cases.”

Venalonzo, ¶ 33.

¶ 107 When there is no unusual conduct by the victim outside the

ken of the ordinary juror, the bolstering effect is unacceptable and

expert testimony of this type (even by a qualified witness) should be

excluded under CRE 702 because it is not useful to the jury, or

39
 under CRE 403 because the probative value is outweighed by the

prejudicial effect, or both.

¶ 108 If the victim acts in a manner that an ordinary juror might

consider to be unusual or inconsistent, and if an expert testifies

that such acts are common among typical sexual assault victims,

the expert’s testimony both explains the victim’s unusual or

inconsistent actions and makes it more likely that the victim’s

testimony regarding the alleged assault is accurate and truthful.

See, e.g., People v. Morrison, 985 P.2d 1, 5-6 (Colo. App. 1999),

aff’d, 19 P.3d 668 (Colo. 2000).

¶ 109 When the expert testimony is limited to general characteristics

of child sex assault victims, the collateral bolstering of the victim’s

credibility is tolerable because otherwise a jury may be unable to

accurately address odd or peculiar behavior by victims and

conclude, incorrectly, that such behavior necessarily means that

the victim has not told the truth. See Venalonzo, ¶¶ 32-33; People

v. Fasy, 829 P.2d 1314, 1316 (Colo. 1992).

¶ 110 The supreme court has prohibited not only direct testimony

that another witness has told the truth on a particular occasion,

but also indirect or disguised testimony that accomplishes the same

40
 improper objective. Thus, in People v. Wittrein, the court held that

testimony by a child psychiatrist that she found it “hard . . . to

imagine that an eight-year-old child would be able to put

together . . . a plan” to portray herself as a victim constituted

improper opinion testimony by the psychiatrist that the victim was

telling the truth about the alleged assault.1 221 P.3d at 1081-82.

In People v. Snook, the court held that it was impermissible for a

social worker to testify that children tend not to fabricate stories of

sexual abuse. 745 P.2d 647, 649 (Colo. 1987). Similarly in People

v. Eppens, the court held that a social worker impermissibly

testified that the child victim’s report of a sexual assault was

“sincere.” 979 P.2d 14, 17-19 (Colo. 1999). And, in People v.

Gaffney, the court held that an expert could not testify that the

child victim was “very believable.” 769 P.2d 1081, 1088 (Colo.

1989).

¶ 111 Most recently, in Venalonzo, ¶ 35, the supreme court held that

an expert’s testimony “improperly bolstered the children’s credibility

1The court nevertheless held that the testimony was properly
admitted because it was invited by defense counsel’s
cross-examination of the psychiatrist. People v. Wittrein, 221 P.3d
1076, 1082 (Colo. 2009).

41
 and led to the impermissible inference that the children were telling

the truth about the incident” when the expert testified that “many

of the children’s behaviors were common to other child sex assault

victims she had interviewed and testified that some forensic

interviews have led the People to drop charges against suspects.”2

¶ 112 While Venalonzo may, and probably should, be read as

restricting the admissibility of some expert testimony previously

permitted by Colorado case law, I do not read it as a blanket

prohibition of expert testimony regarding the general characteristics

of sexual assault victims, so long as the expert does not opine,

directly or indirectly, that the victim actually fits the general

characteristics testified to by the expert.

¶ 113 In People v. Koon, 724 P.2d 1367, 1370 (Colo. App. 1986), a

division of this court held that a social worker’s testimony which

“merely stated that the stepdaughter’s observed behavior was

consistent with the unique child incest patterns described by the

police psychologist” was properly admitted. Similar evidence was

2 In his opinion in Venalonzo v. People, Justice Coats wrote: “I
understand the majority to hold that CRE 608(a) prohibits a
witness from implying, either directly or indirectly, that someone else
is telling the truth on a particular occasion . . . .” 2017 CO 9, ¶ 65
(Coats, J., concurring in the judgment) (emphasis added).

42
 approved by the division in People v. Cernazanu: “[E]xperts may

testify concerning whether a victim’s behavior or demeanor is

consistent with the typical behavior of victims of abuse.” 2015 COA

122, ¶ 13 (quoting People v. Glasser, 293 P.3d 68, 78 (Colo. App.

2011)).

¶ 114 I find it difficult to reconcile these portions of Koon and

Cernazanu with Venalonzo because once the expert assumes the

role of not only educating the jury on general victim characteristics

but also opines that the particular victim’s conduct is in conformity

with those characteristics, the expert probably crosses the line.

However, I do not read Venalonzo as prohibiting either evidence of

general victim characteristics or the jury from determining whether

the victim, in fact, meets the general characteristics.

¶ 115 This court has also addressed the boundaries between

permissible victim characteristic evidence and impermissible direct

or indirect testimony regarding the truthfulness of the victim. For

example, in Cernazanu, ¶ 16, the division held that “[t]estifying that

[the victim] did not engage in her typical ‘lying’ behavior on that

occasion (specifically, not promptly recanting) necessarily implied

43
 [the mother’s] opinion that [the victim] was not lying and, thus, that

she was telling the truth on that occasion.”

¶ 116 To avoid having experts express, directly or indirectly,

opinions that the victim told the truth regarding the alleged assault,

prosecutors sometimes use “cold” or “blind” experts to educate the

jury regarding common characteristics of child sex assault victims.3

A “cold” or “blind” expert knows little or nothing about the facts of

the particular case, often has not even met the victim, and has not

performed any forensic or psychological examination of the victim.

See Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note to 2000

amendment; Christopher Tarver Robertson, Blind Expertise, 85

N.Y.U. L. Rev. 174 (2010).

¶ 117 The drawing of precise lines in this area is extremely difficult

because of the recognition that this type of evidence is admissible in

certain cases, but may be in tension with the principle that no

3 I recognize that depending on how the “blind” expert’s testimony is
presented and crafted, the expert’s testimony may still constitute an
impermissible indirect opinion that a witness told the truth on a
particular occasion. See People v. Snook, 745 P.2d 647, 648-49
(Colo. 1987) (holding that, even though “the expert had no personal
knowledge of the victim’s credibility and couched her testimony in
general terms,” her testimony was still improper because it referred
to the victim’s character for truthfulness).

44
 witness may testify that another has told the truth. This tension

necessarily imposes an enhanced obligation on trial judges to

vigorously enforce the requirements of both CRE 702 and CRE 403.

¶ 118 When there is no unusual conduct by the victim outside the

ken of the ordinary juror, the bolstering effect is unacceptable and

expert testimony of this type (even by a qualified witness) should be

excluded under CRE 702 because it is not useful to the jury, or

under CRE 403 because the probative value is outweighed by the

prejudicial effect, or both.

¶ 119 This case presents a particularly problematic and, in my view,

improper, use of expert testimony in a child sex assault case. Thus,

while I join Judge Lichtenstein’s opinion reversing Fortson’s

convictions based on prosecutorial misconduct, I write separately to

explain why, irrespective of prosecutorial misconduct, the

admission of prejudicial testimony by the child sex assault expert

requires reversal.4

4 Because a majority of the division has not reversed based on the
expert’s testimony, I address only summarily the questions of
preservation and the Attorney General’s assertion of invited error. I
would hold that the error was not preserved and that plain error
review applies. As to invited error, I believe the Attorney General’s
contention borders on frivolity. I reject the argument that by

45
¶ 120 The child sex assault expert in this case did not testify as a

“cold” or “blind” expert and did not limit her testimony to general

characteristics or reactions of child sex assault victims. She did

exactly the opposite. She testified in three different capacities: (1)

as an expert in performing forensic interviews of child sex assault

victims; (2) as a child sex assault expert on the general

characteristics of child sex assault victims; and (3) as a lay witness

regarding the forensic interview she conducted of the victim.5

¶ 121 The hazards of dual capacity expert testimony, where a

witness testifies as both an expert and lay witness, are well known.

In a different context, involving drug courier profiling, the Colorado

Supreme Court explained the pitfalls that may result from the

conflation of a witnesses’ two separate roles.

making proper relevance objections (objections which were
sustained) and attempting to cabin the expert’s testimony to
matters that had some relation to the case at hand, the defense
invited the prosecutor to offer prejudicial opinions that told the jury
that the victim testified truthfully.
5 Most of the expert’s testimony regarding her forensic interview of

the victim does not appear to be expert testimony at all, but lay
testimony, either as a percipient witness or under CRE 701.
Venalonzo, ¶¶ 27-30. The risks of this testimony, described in the
text, do not depend on whether that portion of her testimony was
expert or lay testimony.

46
 In this case, [the drug courier profile expert]
testified as both a factual witness and an
expert witness. During his direct examination,
[the expert] intermingled expert testimony
concerning the behavior and characteristics
that constitute the drug courier profile with
eyewitness testimony concerning Salcedo’s
actions and appearance. Consequently, [the
expert’s] testimony posed a risk of misleading
the jury to believe that Salcedo exhibited all of
the behaviors and characteristics in [the
expert’s] profile or that all of Salcedo’s
behaviors and characteristics could be found
in [the expert’s] profile. [The expert’s]
testimony also posed an undue risk of
misleading the jury because the jury
reasonably could have believed it was reliable
and logically relevant to Salcedo’s guilt.

Salcedo v. People, 999 P.2d 833, 840 (Colo. 2000). The supreme

court did not, however, establish a per se rule prohibiting such dual

capacity testimony.6 Id.

6 There is a substantial body of federal case law regarding dual
purpose expert testimony, primarily arising from prosecutions for
drug offenses. See Robert E. Larson, Navigating the Federal Trial
§ 2:28, Westlaw (database updated June 2017) (collecting cases).
These cases primarily address the pitfalls of dual capacity
testimony for reasons apart from commenting on the truthfulness of
a victim or witness. See, e.g., United States v. Haines, 803 F.3d
713, 730-32 (5th Cir. 2015); United States v. Garcia, 752 F.3d 382,
392 (4th Cir. 2014); United States v. Baptiste, 596 F.3d 214, 224
(4th Cir. 2010); United States v. Dukagjini, 326 F.3d 45, 58-59 (2d
Cir. 2003).

47
¶ 122 When, as here, the principal defense is that the crime did not

occur, the risks of dual capacity testimony are obvious and

substantial. Nevertheless, the prosecutor chose to play roulette and

called a dual capacity expert. Recognizing these risks, and

consistent with Salcedo’s guidance, the trial court attempted to

guide and limit the prosecutor’s examination of the expert to avoid

precisely the problem that now confronts us. The court explained

to both the prosecutor and the expert, in no uncertain terms, what

testimony would be permitted and what would be prohibited, but,

in important respects, they ignored these instructions.7

¶ 123 The first significant breach of the trial court’s limitations on

the expert’s testimony occurred when the prosecutor induced the

expert to give testimony regarding the “perfect victim.” The expert

opined that perpetrators often seek victims who have developmental

and credibility issues, and are thus less likely to be believed, which

provides “cover” for the perpetrator.

7 Like the supreme court in Salcedo v. People, I would not adopt a
per se rule prohibiting dual capacity testimony, but also like the
supreme court in Salcedo, I emphasize the grave risks to a fair trial
often inherent in such testimony. 999 P.2d 833, 840 (Colo. 2000).

48
¶ 124 While the expert did not specifically identify the victim in this

case as “the perfect victim,” I am convinced that not a single person

in the courtroom, including the jurors, failed to make the

connection. Not surprisingly, the victim had all of the

characteristics that the expert testified made a child a perfect

victim.

¶ 125 Even worse, when explaining the obstacles victims face in

disclosing sexual assaults, the expert used the “example” of a “child

that’s potentially, say, fourteen. And, potentially, they are

emotionally ten — something like that. . . .” Of course, by that

time, the jury had heard the victim’s mother testify that the victim

was a fourteen-year-old girl who acted as if she were ten. There

was nothing “potential” about it and the probability that the expert

coincidentally chose those ages to illustrate her testimony is

infinitesimal. Everyone understood that the expert was talking

about the victim.

¶ 126 It does not end there.

¶ 127 During one of her interviews (but not others), the victim

recounted that during the assault she poked Fortson in the eye.

The alleged eye-poking incident had no intrinsic significance. In

49
 terms of the elements of the charged offenses, it mattered not one

whit if the victim poked Fortson in the eye.

¶ 128 A defendant, of course, has the right to test the credibility of a

witness, particularly a witness who inculpates a defendant in some

of the most serious crimes in the criminal code. People v. Segovia,

196 P.3d 1126, 1130 (Colo. 2008). Defendants often and

legitimately argue that because a witness was untruthful in some

respects, her testimony should not be believed in other respects.

See COLJI–Crim. E:05 (2016) (stating that a juror “may believe all of

the testimony of a witness, part of it, or none of it”). The eye-poking

incident was one such inconsistency, which Fortson highlighted on

cross-examination of the expert.

¶ 129 Not surprisingly, the prosecutor sought to minimize the effects

on the victim’s credibility of the apparently fanciful eye-poking

incident. The prosecutor again invited the expert to conflate her

different roles: as a child sex abuse expert who could provide useful

information about the general characteristics of sexual assault

victims, and as the person who actually conducted the victim’s

forensic interview and knew much about the victim. The prosecutor

prompted the expert to testify that it was not unusual for a sexual

50
 assault victim to incorrectly, or falsely, recall defending herself

during an assault (such as poking the assailant in the eye) and,

implicitly, that such false recall has no effect on the overall

credibility of the outcry.

Prosecutor: I asked you about poking in the
eye that [defense counsel] had asked you
about. Have you ever heard of cases or been
involved in cases where children made
something up about hitting an assailant or a
Perpetrator over the head — somehow
assaulting a, a Perpetrator?

Expert: Yes; as I previously described, it’s a
coping mechanism that children utilize. We do
refer to it as empowerment; basically, an adult
perceiving a child being assaulted.

An adult’s perception is [indiscernible] adult’s
perception is that they should fight back in
some way. And children know that or at least
perceive that that’s what the adult is going to
expect of them.

So, many times they’ll add on something to the
effect of, you know, they hit their Perpetrator
or they poked him in the eye or they, you know,
stabbed them with a knife and ran away; those
sorts of things.

(Emphasis added.)

¶ 130 There was not even a pretense that this testimony related to

anything other than whether the victim told the truth about the

51
 alleged sexual assault despite her prevarication about the

eye-poking incident.

¶ 131 As I see it, the error in the admission of this testimony was

obvious both because it violated the court’s prior order limiting the

expert’s testimony and because it violated the principle that no

witness may ever testify that another witness has told the truth on

a particular occasion.8 Venalonzo, ¶ 32.

¶ 132 I also conclude that the second component of plain error was

met here: that the error in the testimony was so substantial it

“undermined the fundamental fairness of the trial itself so as to

cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgment of conviction.”

People v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 750 (Colo. 2005) (quoting People v.

Sepulveda, 65 P.3d 1002, 1006 (Colo. 2003)).

¶ 133 In concluding that the erroneous admission of the expert’s

testimony regarding the credibility of the victim was plain error, I do

not disregard the force of the DNA evidence against Fortson.

8 I do not address whether expert testimony by a “blind” expert
regarding a child sex assault victim’s propensity to exaggerate her
alleged defensive actions would always be improper. Here, however,
the testimony was presented to directly rehabilitate the credibility of
this particular victim and not by a “blind” expert.

52
¶ 134 The DNA evidence, while substantial, was not the type of

virtually dispositive DNA evidence often encountered in criminal

cases. Unlike in other cases where the probability of a person other

than the defendant being the depositor of the incriminating DNA is

exceptionally small, here the prosecutor’s DNA expert could only

testify that while 98.6% of the “Caucasian” population was excluded

as a depositor of the DNA, Fortson was not. Cf. People v. Wilson,

2015 CO 54M, ¶ 7 (noting that DNA evidence established that there

was less than a one-in-fifteen trillion chance that the DNA found on

the victim belonged to someone unrelated to the defendant).

¶ 135 Fortson’s DNA expert posited circumstances under which,

even if the DNA belonged to Fortson, it could have been transferred

to the victim’s underwear absent unlawful sexual conduct by

Fortson. Fortson’s expert also expressed the opinion that there

simply was no scientific evidence that Fortson engaged in vaginal

intercourse with the victim.

¶ 136 Put another way, this was not an open and shut case and the

child sex assault expert’s improper testimony could have played a

significant role in the jury’s determination of guilt.

53
¶ 137 For all of these reasons, I conclude that the expert testimony

in this case deprived Fortson of a fair trial. I would reverse his

convictions on that basis as well as on the basis of the prosecutorial

misconduct described in Judge Lichtenstein’s opinion.

54
 JUDGE WEBB, dissenting.

¶ 138 This is a plain error case, no more and no less. “To constitute

plain error, prosecutorial misconduct must have been so flagrant,

glaring, or tremendously improper that the trial court should have

intervened sua sponte.” People v. Cordova, 293 P.3d 114, 121

(Colo. App. 2011). Similarly, “we review the trial court’s not

granting a mistrial sua sponte under a plain error standard.”

People v. Lafferty, 9 P.3d 1132, 1136 (Colo. App. 1999). In other

words, while the first inquiry is what the prosecutor did, the second

and more important inquiry is what the trial court should have

done.

¶ 139 The majority says that the prosecutor “repeatedly brought

before the jury uncharged acts of sexual assault.” Supra ¶ 24.

While accurate, this statement gets the majority only so far. Two

unanswered questions — both pivotal to sound plain error analysis

— echo throughout the majority opinion:

 What should the trial court have done, beyond stopping the

prosecutor and cautioning the jury, as the court did?

 Why was the need for further action, apparently sua sponte

declaring a mistrial, obvious?

55
¶ 140 Instead of answering these questions, the majority jumps into

four instances of purported prosecutorial misconduct as grounds

for reversal. Because a closer look through the narrow aperture of

plain error review shows that each instance falls short, I

respectfully dissent.

I. The Plain Error Doctrine Sets a High Bar for Reversal

¶ 141 Everyone would agree that “[p]lain error review allows the

opportunity to reverse convictions in cases presenting particularly

egregious errors, but reversals must be rare.” Hagos v. People,

2012 CO 63, ¶ 23. Simply put, “plain error is strong medicine.”

People v. Ujaama, 2012 COA 36, ¶ 40 (quoting United States v.

Simmonds, 931 F.2d 685, 687 (10th Cir. 1991)).

¶ 142 This doctrine should provide a basis for relief in only limited

circumstances, for three reasons.

 First, to “fault a trial court for failing to rule on an issue that

had not been presented to it” is at best difficult, Simmonds,

931 F.2d at 688, and at worst “unfair to the trial court,” State

v. Whitehorn, 50 P.3d 121, 131 (Mont. 2002).

 Second, an accused should not be able to “withhold his

objections until completion of his trial . . . and later complain

56
 of matters which, if he had made a timely objection, would

have allowed the trial court to take corrective action.” People

v. Rollins, 892 P.2d 866, 874 n.13 (Colo. 1995).

 Third, trial participants should be encouraged “to seek a fair

and accurate trial the first time around.” Hagos, ¶ 23 (quoting

United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 163 (1982)).

¶ 143 Of these limiting principles, I am most concerned over basic

fairness to the trial court. After all, the court did exactly as it

should have when faced with questionable prosecutorial conduct —

shut the prosecutor down and cautioned the jury. The court did

both, not once but twice, and with very little help from defense

counsel. Yet, the majority still reverses, apparently believing that

the prosecutorial misconduct was “so clear-cut, so obvious, a

competent trial judge should be able to avoid it without benefit of

objection.” People v. Taylor, 159 P.3d 730, 738 (Colo. App. 2006). I

discern no lack of competence in the trial judge’s handling of this

trial.

II. Defendant Did Not Cite Section 16-10-301

¶ 144 The majority launches its analysis of error with a discussion of

how the prosecutor failed to comply with section 16-10-301, C.R.S.

57
 2017. But this statute is not cited in Fortson’s opening brief or his

reply brief. And therein lies the problem. See, e.g., Vaughn v. King,

167 F.3d 347, 354 (7th Cir. 1999) (“It is not the responsibility of

this court to make arguments for the parties.”); Shankles v. Moore,

205 So. 3d 1253, 1259 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016) (“It is not the duty of

the appellate court to make arguments for the parties, nor is it the

appellate court’s duty to conduct the parties’ legal research.”); State

v. Hand, 401 P.3d 367, 375 (Wash. Ct. App. 2017) (“We do not

make arguments for the parties.”) (review granted Dec. 6, 2017).

¶ 145 Because we cannot know how the Attorney General would

have responded had Fortson raised this statute, I do not address it

further.

III. Instances of Purported Prosecutorial Misconduct

A. The Record Does Not Show Any Need — Much Less an Obvious
Need — for the Trial Court to Have Intervened During the
Prosecutor’s Opening Statement

¶ 146 In her opening statement, the prosecutor said:

I can’t tell you that [the alleged instances of
sexual misconduct] are the only incidents that
occurred of Fortson sexually assaulting [the
victim], but I can tell you that these are the
two clearest incidences that she, thus far, has
been willing to talk about.

58
 Defense counsel did not object to this statement.

¶ 147 According to the majority, “[t]he prosecutor’s statements

implied that she knew of other instances in which Fortson had

sexually assaulted [the victim], but that [the victim] could not, or

would not, be telling the jury about them.” Supra ¶ 48. But the

prosecutor said no such thing. Indeed, the prosecutor’s statement

to some extent underplayed the victim’s forensic interview, which as

discussed below did suggest other misconduct by defendant against

her.

¶ 148 Yet, even if the prosecutor made an improper statement,

should the trial court have intervened sua sponte? No, for three

reasons.

¶ 149 First, because language in opening statements rarely warrants

reversal, the court had little reason to scrutinize the prosecutor’s

words and then speculate as to how the case would evolve. See,

e.g., People v. Bowles, 226 P.3d 1125, 1132 (Colo. App. 2009) (“A

prosecution’s opening statement should be limited to evidence that

will be adduced at trial. But remarks not supported by the evidence

will constitute reversible error only on proof of bad faith and

manifest prejudice.”) (citation omitted). And uninformed by an

59
 objection or argument, why would the court have suspected bad

faith?

¶ 150 Second, this statement could not have been obviously

improper. The prosecutor did not say there were other instances of

sexual misconduct that defendant had committed against the

victim. And the court would have had no reason to surmise that

this general statement was unrelated to evidence which might be

introduced. For all the court knew, the prosecutor may have only

been forewarning the jury of an anticipated defense attack on the

victim’s credibility because of inconsistencies in her outcries about

alleged abuse.

¶ 151 Third, and most important, any of the court’s concerns would

have been assuaged by references to instances other than those

charged in the video of the victim’s forensic interview, which the

court had reviewed to confirm compliance with the prosecutor’s

redaction request. Because defense counsel had argued before trial

that the entire video should be played, the court would have

anticipated that the jury would hear them. People v. Melanson, 937

P.2d 826, 836 (Colo. App. 1996) (concluding there was no evidence

of bad faith where prosecutor indicated in opening statement that

60
 two inmates who had been incarcerated with defendant would

testify, but ceased questioning one inmate and never called the

other when he learned of evidence that would have impeached the

inmates’ credibility).

¶ 152 In sum, the question is not the prosecutor’s motive or intent,

which the majority emphasizes, but whether — even assuming

impropriety — the trial court’s inaction constituted plain error.

Cordova, 293 P.3d at 121. The majority does not explain why the

court should have interrupted the prosecutor’s opening statement.

The three reasons above show that any need for it to do so was far

from obvious, as plain error requires.

B. Defense Counsel Urged That the Entire Video Recording of the
Victim’s Forensic Interview Be Played to the Jury

¶ 153 The majority points out that the prosecutor played the

videotaped statement J.W. made to the forensic interviewers, and

says that “it is improper for a prosecutor to knowingly, and for the

purpose of bringing inadmissible matter to the attention of the

judge or jury, offer inadmissible evidence.” Supra ¶ 44. But wait.

If admission of the video recording was not error — or at least not

obvious error — then how can it have been a major component of,

61
 in the words of the majority, “the pervasive nature of the

misconduct in this case?” Supra ¶ 83.

¶ 154 We know that before the trial even began, defense counsel and

the prosecutor fought at length over redactions from the video, with

defense counsel urging that the entire video be played. Thus, from

the trial judge’s perspective, the entire video came in without

objection, and only after defense counsel had argued that it should

be admitted in its entirety. See United States v. Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d

1116, 1123 (2d Cir. 1995) (“This manifest pre-trial concern to guard

against unfair prejudice through one type of ‘irrelevant evidence’

strongly suggests to us that [defense counsel] did not simply fall

asleep at the wheel when another type of ‘irrelevant evidence’ was

presented at trial.”).

¶ 155 Of course, because the trial judge had reviewed the video in

connection with pretrial proceedings on its admissibility, the court

knew it included the victim’s statements “that another girl, A.C.,

‘got raped’ by Fortson, that Fortson had ‘hurt more kids than me,’

and that B.B. told her he ‘raped other kids’ and ‘this was not the

first time he did this.’” The court could well have perceived defense

counsel’s decision not to seek redaction of these statements from

62
 the video as a strategic choice aimed at showing her propensity to

exaggerate and embellish her accusations, as well as her animus

toward Fortson.

¶ 156 Apparently, the majority would have had the judge suspend

the proceedings after trial had begun and tell defense counsel that

despite counsel’s earlier contrary position, the attorneys should

again go over the video and identify portions to be redacted. But

what next? To avoid reversal, would the judge have to further

review the video for further redactions, while the jury waited? Such

a scenario makes no sense, logistically or logically.

¶ 157 Indeed, consistent with such a strategy, barely one page into

defense counsel’s closing argument he said, “[t]here are so many

conflicts in her testimony, and so many embellishments as time

goes on, that it raises reasonable doubt all by themselves.” See

People v. Bondsteel, 2015 COA 165, ¶ 130 (“[T]he record creates a

strong inference that defense counsel did not object to these

statements as a matter of strategy rather than due to

inadvertence.”) (cert. granted Oct. 31, 2016). This argument shows

that the defense position of letting the jury hear the entire interview

63
 was not limited to the earlier rape shield dispute, as the majority

suggests.

¶ 158 As well, the video recording shows why the prosecutor’s later

actions, even if questionable in hindsight, at worst repeated what

the jury had already heard. And for that reason, any later error

could not be plain. See People v. Fuller, 788 P.2d 741, 748 (Colo.

1990) (“The admission of Mrs. Story’s testimony was not plain error

for the additional reason that the substantial amount of evidence of

the defendant's motive and the defendant’s guilt made Mrs. Story’s

testimony cumulative.”); People v. Douglas, 2015 COA 155, ¶ 41

(“Where the improperly admitted lay testimony is cumulative of

properly admitted expert testimony, there is no plain error.”); People

v. Joyce, 68 P.3d 521, 524 (Colo. App. 2002) (concluding that the

admission of certain hearsay statements was not plain error when

such evidence was “merely cumulative”).

¶ 159 In sum, the majority’s attack on the prosecutor for offering the

entire video into evidence, and the trial judge’s failure to limit its

admission, falls flat.

C. During Cross-Examination of the Victim’s Friend, A.K., the Trial
Court Stopped the Prosecutor and Cautioned the Jury

64
¶ 160 Defense counsel called the victim’s friend, A.K. During

cross-examination, the prosecutor asked five questions. All of them

posited statements that the friend had made during her forensic

interview. Two dealt with repetition of statements by the victim

concerning inappropriate touching by Fortson. The others repeated

accusations made by three different girls of Fortson’s improper

conduct against them. The friend denied having made any of these

statements.

¶ 161 Following the fifth question, the court summoned counsel to

the bench, expressed concern over CRE 404(b), and told the

prosecutor to move on. Fortson neither requested a cautionary

instruction nor moved for a mistrial. Still, the court told the jury

that it should be concerned only with the defendant’s conduct in

the two charged offenses. Defense counsel did not dispute the

adequacy of this instruction.

¶ 162 So, where is the impropriety? The prosecutor’s questions

sought to set up impeachment based on the friend’s prior

inconsistent statements during her forensic interview. Defense

counsel did not challenge the prosecutor’s good faith basis for

setting up the impeachment, as would be expected if the friend had

65
 not made such statements to the interviewer. Nor did defense

counsel claim surprise because the recording of that interview had

not been produced by the prosecution.

¶ 163 The majority is correct that the record does not show a good

faith basis for asking these questions. That is so because the

recording of the friend’s interview was not included. But the court’s

admonition to move on left the prosecutor with no reason to make

an offer of proof, such as by directing the court to the recording,

especially where defense counsel had not requested one.

¶ 164 Despite all of this, the majority says that the prosecutor’s

“plan was to ask legally objectionable questions to elicit the highly

prejudicial evidence of Fortson’s uncharged sexual acts (and only

then, to impeach A.K.’s faulty memory . . . ).” Supra ¶ 37. The

majority infers that impeachment was not the prosecutor’s primary

— and entirely proper — purpose because the prosecutor had not

first complied with CRE 404(b) as to “Fortson’s uncharged sexual

acts.”

¶ 165 But for three reasons, I would not so facilely infer a corrupt

intent by the prosecutor to circumvent the procedural requirements

of CRE 404(b). First, the prosecutor was doing just as CRE 613(a)

66
 requires — calling A.K.’s attention to the particulars of the prior

inconsistent statements. Second, evidence improper for one

purpose (propensity, according to the majority), may be proper for

another (impeachment with prior inconsistent statements). See

CRE 105. And third, evidence admissible for a limited but proper

purpose does not become inadmissible “merely because the jury

might have improperly considered it” for a purpose other than that

for which it was admitted. Hansen v. Lederman, 759 P.2d 810, 813

(Colo. App. 1988).

¶ 166 Nor does the majority cite authority ignoring CRE 105 merely

because the impeaching evidence would otherwise be subject to the

strictures of CRE 404(b). Our supreme court has held to the

contrary. People v. Segovia, 196 P.3d 1126, 1130 (Colo. 2008)

(“Thus, evidence of specific acts used solely for impeachment is

governed by rule 608(b), rather than rule 404(b).”); accord People v.

Thomas, 2014 COA 64, ¶ 39 (citing Segovia). While the

contemplated impeachment here was under CRE 613(a) rather than

under CRE 608(b), in terms of Segovia’s rationale, that is a

distinction without a difference.

67
¶ 167 If Segovia is not dispositive because it involved other acts

evidence offered by defense counsel rather than by the prosecution,

then the application of CRE 404(b) to impeachment evidence is

unresolved in Colorado.1 Obviousness under plain error requires

controlling Colorado law. See, e.g., People v. Stroud, 2014 COA 58,

¶ 33 (“However, where there is no case law or statute concerning a

trial court’s alleged error, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s

decision constituted plain error because the error would not have

been obvious.”); People v. Zubiate, 2013 COA 69, ¶ 24 (“An error

may be obvious if the issue has been decided by a division of this

1 Out-of-state authority is divided. Compare State v. Kelly, No.
35786-1-II, 2009 WL 1486589, *7 (Wash. Ct. App. May 27, 2009)
(unpublished opinion) (CRE 404(b) “only applies to prior
misconduct offered as substantive evidence, not evidence offered for
impeachment.”), with Petric v. State, 157 So. 3d 176, 201 (Ala.
Crim. App. 2013) (“[W]e hold that Rule 404(b) . . . requires that the
prosecution ‘provide notice, regardless of how it intends to use the
extrinsic-act evidence at trial, i.e., during its case-in-chief, for
impeachment, or for possible rebuttal.’”) (citations omitted).
In the federal system, some circuits have held the requirement
applicable. See, e.g., See United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213,
1273 (11th Cir. 2011). But the Tenth Circuit treats Fed. R. Evid.
404(b) as applying only to substantive evidence. See United States
v. Watson, 766 F.3d 1219, 1244-45 (10th Cir. 2014) (“When a
defendant, like Mr. Watson, challenges evidence under Rule 404(b)
that was admitted solely for impeachment purposes, we need not
pursue the Rule 404(b) challenge any further.”).

68
 court or the Colorado Supreme Court, or if the trial court has

erroneously applied statutory law.”), aff’d, 2017 CO 17.

¶ 168 True, the trial court eventually became concerned over the

CRE 404(b) implications of the questioning. Importantly, then the

court did just what it would have done had defense counsel

objected — shut the prosecutor down and cautioned the jury.

Because the court had no obligation sua sponte to give a cautionary

instruction, the instruction that it gave is beyond plain error review.

See, e.g., People v. Mersman, 148 P.3d 199, 203 (Colo. App. 2006)

(“[T]o receive a curative instruction, a defendant must request it,

and a trial court does not commit plain error if it does not give a

curative instruction sua sponte.”).

¶ 169 Perhaps the court should have stepped in earlier. But the

court may have been slow to react because the jury had already

seen on the video of the victim’s forensic interview — which defense

counsel had urged to be played in its entirety — her assertion that

defendant had “raped other kids, but I don’t know, but I don’t

know, all he told me it was not the first time he done it.” Under

these circumstances, would retrospectively drawing such a fine line

— somewhere after the first but before the fifth of these consecutive

69
 questions — be consistent with the obviousness requirement of

plain error? I think not.

D. During the Prosecutor’s Closing Argument, the Trial Court Again
Stopped the Prosecutor and Cautioned the Jury

¶ 170 In closing argument, the prosecutor made two references to

uncharged prior sexual misconduct by Fortson.

1. First Reference

¶ 171 The prosecutor expressed skepticism that the first incident of

sexual abuse was the charged offense of defendant “taking [the

victim] out in the backyard and licking her vagina, it’s just not.

There’s going to be other incidents.” Unsurprisingly, defense

counsel objected to this statement.

¶ 172 The court admonished the prosecutor and directed her not to

continue discussing uncharged misconduct. Then the court

instructed the jury: “Count number 1, the sexual assault on a child,

pattern of abuse, relates only to two incidents, the alleged licking of

the vagina and the alleged sexual assault in the . . . home.” The

court reiterated that the only alleged incidents of sexual misconduct

by Fortson were the two with which he had been charged.

70
¶ 173 As with attempted impeachment of the friend, one might

wonder — what else could the court have done? Of course, had

defense counsel wanted a more forceful instruction, he could have

asked for one. But he did not. Nor did he move for a mistrial.

2. Second Reference

¶ 174 Later in her closing argument, the prosecutor said that the

child abuse expert had testified “that [the victim’s] disclosures could

be consistent with other incidents” of sexual assault. Again,

defense counsel objected. At the bench, the court held a discussion

with the attorneys.

¶ 175 But what was said is not in the record on appeal. For all that

we know, defense counsel may have withdrawn his objection after

having been reminded that the expert had affirmatively answered

the prosecutor’s question, “so can kids take different situations that

have happened over a long period of time or at different events and

squish them together as though they happened all at the same

time?” Or defense counsel may have declined the court’s offer of a

second cautionary instruction, for fear of overly emphasizing the

prosecutor’s comment.

71
¶ 176 We know only that after this conference, the court did not say

anything further to the jury. To the extent that the unreported

conference may have affected the court’s failure to take further

action, defendant bears the burden of certifying an adequate record.

See, e.g., People v. Clendenin, 232 P.3d 210, 216 (Colo. App. 2009)

(It is the defendant’s duty to provide the reviewing court with an

adequate record that substantiates the claim on appeal, and,

“[a]bsent an adequate record, we presume the trial court’s findings

and conclusions are correct.”).

¶ 177 Likewise, I would assume that the record supports the court’s

inaction. Nor is this assumption unfair to defendant. Appellate

counsel could have requested a remand for the trial court and the

parties to reconstruct this portion of the record. For example, in

People v. Ellis, 148 P.3d 205, 208 (Colo. App. 2006), Ellis filed a

motion on appeal for a limited remand to reconstruct the record of

voir dire proceedings, which was granted by this court. The trial

court held a hearing to reconstruct the record of voir dire

proceedings and reconstructed that part of the record, and,

subsequently, the appeal was recertified.

72
 IV. The Record Does Not Show an Obvious Need to Have Sua
Sponte Ordered a Mistrial or Any Other Substantial Doubt Over the
Reliability of the Conviction

¶ 178 In the end, two principles overshadow this appeal. First, “a

defendant, though entitled to a fair trial, is not entitled to a perfect

trial.” People v. Stewart, 2017 COA 99, ¶ 79. Second, “because

courts do not reverse convictions to punish prosecutors, see Crider

v. People, 186 P.3d 39, 44 (Colo. 2008), defendant must show the

arguments so undermined the trial’s fundamental fairness as to

cast doubt on the judgment’s reliability.” People v. McBride, 228

P.3d 216, 221 (Colo. App. 2009).

¶ 179 Was this trial perfect? Probably not. Because few are,

perfection is not the metric of the trial court’s competence.

¶ 180 Yet, the majority persists in punishing the prosecutor — and

by implication impugning the trial judge’s competence — for any

imperfections, rather than laying them at the feet of Fortson’s trial

counsel and his appellate counsel. To be sure, Fortson may have a

remedy under Crim. P. 35(c). See People v. Alley, 232 P.3d 272, 274

(Colo. App. 2010) (“This claim is better suited to a Crim. P. 35(c)

motion because the trial court is in a position ‘to develop facts

73
 necessary to determine adequacy of representation during an entire

trial.’”) (citation omitted).

¶ 181 Instead of punishing the prosecutor, I look for doubt about the

conviction’s reliability — the penultimate requirement for reversal

under plain error review — but see none.

¶ 182 To begin, I discern no impropriety in the prosecutor’s opening

statement, much less sufficient impropriety to meet the

obviousness requirement for finding plain error in the trial court’s

failure sua sponte to intervene. Beyond that, the prosecutor’s

single and oblique reference to other misconduct against the victim

could hardly have prejudiced the jury. See People v. Carian, 2017

COA 106, ¶ 58 (“The comments were also fleeting relative to the

argument as a whole and in light of all the evidence the jury heard

after opening statements.”).

¶ 183 As for the prosecutor’s cross-examination of A.K., again I

discern no impropriety. But to the extent that the trial court, in its

discretion, felt otherwise, the court did just what it should have

done — shut the prosecutor down and cautioned the jury.

¶ 184 Cases finding reversible prejudice when the court sustains an

objection are rare. See People v. Douglas, 2012 COA 57, ¶ 65

74
 (“However, defendant’s contemporaneous objection to the comment

was sustained, and he requested no further relief. Accordingly, we

need not consider this alleged error.”). Even more rare is reversal

when the court also gives a cautionary instruction, as it did here.

See People v. Gable, 184 Colo. 313, 317, 520 P.2d 124, 127 (1974)

(“[T]his was not reversible error in light of the written cautionary

instruction.”).

¶ 185 Turning to closing argument, the prosecutor’s reference to

“other incidents” is puzzling. Even so, as with the questioning of

the friend, again the court stopped the prosecutor dead in her

tracks and let the jury know of the court’s feelings, in no uncertain

terms. Defense counsel did not request a mistrial. As the Tenth

Circuit observed in a similar case,

[w]hatever improper conduct may have
occurred, the district court did not plainly err
by failing to grant a mistrial. In light of the
jury instruction that closing argument is not
evidence, the court’s sustaining [the
defendant’s] objection, and especially the
strength of the evidence against him, the
district court was not clearly obligated to grant
a mistrial sua sponte.

United States v. Anaya, 727 F.3d 1043, 1059 (10th Cir. 2013).

75
¶ 186 Given all this, I do not discern the type of prejudice in the

prosecutor’s closing argument that cries out for reversal because

the trial court did not sua sponte order a mistrial. On the one

hand, no details concerning such other incidents were provided.

See People v. Herdman, 2012 COA 89, ¶ 46 (holding that admission

of prior incidents of cocaine use did not warrant reversal when

testimony of incidents was not detailed and the defendant did not

move to strike testimony or request a limiting instruction); cf.

People v. Rivas, 77 P.3d 882, 892 (Colo. App. 2003) (“Here, the

investigating officer’s statements were ambiguous, vague, and

brief.”). And on the other hand, the jury had already seen far worse

accusations on the victim’s video interview — which defense

counsel had urged to be played in its entirety. See People v. Pack,

797 P.2d 774, 775 (Colo. App. 1990) (“[T]he statement was

cumulative, and therefore, the court’s failure to analyze this issue

under [CRE] 803(2) does not require reversal.”).

¶ 187 Finally, as to the prosecutor’s reference to testimony by the

expert witness, that witness had given similar testimony, without

objection. The majority cites no authority, nor am I aware of any in

Colorado, holding a prosecutor’s reference to such testimony error,

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 much less plain error. See People v. Medina, 51 P.3d 1006, 1017

(Colo. App. 2001) (“A prosecutor is entitled to comment on evidence

admitted at trial and to argue all inferences that can be reasonably

and fairly drawn from such evidence.”), aff’d sub nom. Mata-Medina

v. People, 71 P.3d 973 (Colo. 2003). While a complete record might

afford a basis for further scrutiny, defendant did not provide it.

¶ 188 For these reasons, I discern no obvious error and therefore

would affirm.

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