In re R.M.

Filed 4/19/18
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re R.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
R.M., A150319
Defendant and Appellant. (Napa County
Super. Ct. No. JV18316)

This case would be almost comical if it were not so troubling. Some parents of
unruly teenagers undoubtedly have fantasized at one time or another, when all else fails
to get their teens out of bed and off to school, about having authorities press criminal
charges. But in this case, what might be outlandish fantasy became reality.
R.M., a mouthy 17-year-old high school student with an abysmal school
attendance record, was held to answer criminally for her truant ways. Standing in the
parking lot of her high school campus one morning, where she had grudgingly been
driven after initially refusing even to leave home, she refused to obey a deputy sheriff’s
order to go inside to class. She was then handcuffed, arrested and escorted to juvenile
hall where she was held in custody for two days. The juvenile court sustained allegations
that R.M. violated Penal Code section 148 by resisting, delaying or obstructing a peace
officer in performing his or her duties. It declared her a delinquent ward of the juvenile

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court under Welfare and Institutions Code section 602,1 ordered her confined for 15 days
to juvenile hall and thereafter placed on probation. Her previously clean criminal record
was clean no more. She now appeals, challenging both the jurisdictional finding that she
violated the criminal law and several terms and conditions of her probation.
We reverse. R.M. did not violate Penal Code section 148, because the arresting
officer was not performing a legal duty when he ordered her to class. Since he had no
legal duty to do that, R.M. could not be charged criminally for disobeying his order.
However well-intentioned the officer no doubt was, and despite the difficult predicament
in which school authorities were placed by R.M.’s defiance and belligerent attitude, the
proper recourse was for school officials to pursue appropriate channels for seeking a
declaration of wardship under section 601, subsection (b) for habitual truancy (which in
fact they eventually did).2 Not resort to the criminal law.
BACKGROUND
The morning of March 10, 2016, began for R.M. like the morning of a typical
teenager: she refused to get out of bed and get ready for school. Her mother tried
repeatedly to cajole her, but R.M., who hated school, just ignored her mother and would

1
Except where otherwise noted, all further statutory references are to the Welfare
and Institutions Code.
2
That provision applies when a minor has more or four truancies in a single
school year, or in other specified circumstances in which a minor’s habitual truancy is
deemed incorrigible. It states in pertinent part: “If a minor has four or more truancies
within one school year as defined in Section 48260 of the Education Code or a school
attendance review board or probation officer determines that the available public and
private services are insufficient or inappropriate to correct the habitual truancy of the
minor, . . . or if the minor fails to respond to directives of a school attendance review
board or probation officer or to services provided, the minor is then within the
jurisdiction of the juvenile court which may adjudge the minor to be a ward of the court.”
(§ 601, subd. (b).) Currently pending before our Supreme Court are the questions
whether either school attendance review board proceedings, or a fourth truancy report,
are prerequisites to the exercise of juvenile court jurisdiction over a habitual truant under
section 601, subdivision (b). (See In re A.N. (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 403, review granted
July 19, 2017, S242494.) Nothing in this opinion is intended to express any view on
those subjects.

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not budge. This prompted her mother to call for assistance from a police officer with the
City of Napa Police Department who works as a diversion officer to help parents and
school officials in the local school district address severe behavioral or truancy issues.
This was not an isolated incident. For years, R.M. had had attendance problems,
and at this juncture she was regularly skipping out of school. The diversion officer had
long been involved with the situation, and R.M.’s mother had sought her assistance on
other occasions when R.M. had refused to go to school. In fact, a truancy petition under
section 601, subdivision (b) had been filed against R.M. in the past but, for reasons not in
the record, had been dismissed some nine months earlier, in April 2015. And only days
before, the diversion officer had recommended that the district attorney’s office initiate
new section 601 wardship proceedings in the face of R.M.’s persistent truancy problems.
So, once again, the diversion officer went to R.M.’s home that morning to try to
help, accompanied by the Napa County deputy sheriff who was assigned to R.M.’s high
school, where he was responsible for campus security and other matters including
truancy.
When the two law enforcement officers arrived at R.M.’s home, she became
hostile and defiant and, uttering profanities, initially refused to get into the car and go to
school. Eventually, though, she complied and the two drove her in a patrol car to the
parking lot of her high school, with R.M. insisting all the while that she wasn’t going to
get out of the car and wouldn’t go to class.
When they arrived, they parked next to a classroom building and were met by the
high school’s principal. After R.M. got out of the car, her principal and the diversion
officer each told R.M. to go to class. Both times she refused, insisting she didn’t need to
listen to them. She began walking away, in the direction of leaving campus, and then the
deputy sheriff told her to stop and he too told her go to class. She ignored him and kept
walking, then turned and insisted she didn’t have to listen to him either and, again
uttering profanities, insisted she was leaving. At this point, the deputy sheriff believed
she was going to leave campus and so he walked up to her, grabbed her by the arm and
arrested her. She did not resist.

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 The deputy sheriff testified that he arrested R.M. not for resisting arrest, but for
delaying him in performing his other duties at the school. He also believed she was
delaying him in getting her to attend school. Asked on cross-examination whether he had
legal authority to arrest a student for leaving school, the deputy sheriff testified that he
did: “If I’m acting as a police officer and that individual is refusing to follow my
directives, yes.” The high school principal also believed a student may be arrested for
refusing to go to class (“There is authority to arrest for refusal to do any directive”).
Upon her arrest, R.M. was booked into juvenile hall where she remained in
custody for two days.
Five days after her arrest, on March 15, 2016, in separate proceedings not at issue
here, a second truancy petition under section 601, subdivision (b) was filed against R.M.
for failing to attend school as required during a seven-month period ending on March 7,
2016 (i.e., three days before the incident at issue here) and thereafter, on March 18, R.M.
was declared a ward of the juvenile court as a truant in those separate proceedings.
A month later, on April 15, 2016, these proceedings were commenced. The Napa
County District Attorney filed a section 602 wardship petition containing a single count
alleging that on March 10, R.M. had resisted, obstructed and delayed a police officer in
performing his duties (Pen. Code, § 148, subd. (a)(1)), an offense carrying a maximum
confinement time of one year. The juvenile court sustained the allegations at a contested
jurisdictional hearing. Thereafter, it declared R.M. a ward of the court and ordered her to
serve 15 days in juvenile hall, followed by home probation subject to various terms and
conditions, including 30 days of GPS monitoring, gang terms, and a requirement that she
submit all of her electronic devices to warrantless search at any time, including all of her
social media accounts and data in online cloud storage.
This appeal followed.

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 DISCUSSION
R.M. challenges both the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings and its imposition
of the gang-related and electronics search conditions of her probation. It is unnecessary
to address the probation conditions, because we agree with her primary contention: that
the juvenile court improperly sustained the petition and declared her a section 602 ward.
Penal Code section 148 makes it a misdemeanor to “willfully resist[], delay[], or
obstruct[] any public officer, [or] peace officer . . . in the discharge or attempt to
discharge any duty of his or her office or employment.” (Pen. Code, §148, subd. (a)(1).)
“ ‘The legal elements of a violation of section 148, subdivision (a) are as follows: (1) the
defendant willfully resisted, delayed, or obstructed a peace officer, (2) when the officer
was engaged in the performance of his or her duties, and (3) the defendant knew or
reasonably should have known that the other person was a peace officer engaged in the
performance of his or her duties.’ ” (In re Amanda A. (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 537, 546.)
R.M. contends there is no substantial evidence the deputy sheriff was performing a legal
duty when he ordered her to go inside to class, and we agree.3
The Legislature has established a comprehensive scheme for dealing with truants.
(In re James D. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 903, 910 (James D.); see generally Ed. Code, § 48260
et seq.) A minor who is absent from school during school hours in violation of the state’s
Compulsory Education Law (Ed. Code, tit. 2, div. 4, pt. 27, ch. 2, § 48200 et seq.) is
subject to arrest under section 48264 of the Education Code. (James D., at pp. 909–910.)
That provision states: “The attendance supervisor or his or her designee, a peace officer,
a school administrator or his or her designee, or a probation officer may arrest or assume
temporary custody, during school hours, of any minor subject to compulsory full-time
education or to compulsory continuation education found away from his or her home and

3
Our conclusion makes it unnecessary to address R.M.’s arguments that she
didn’t delay or obstruct or resist the deputy sheriff’s order to go to class because she
hadn’t yet left the campus but was merely walking away as if she might do so, and at best
reflected an intent to refuse (see In re Amanda A., supra, 242 Cal.App.4th at pp. 549–
551), and that her actions were protected by the First Amendment.

5
who is absent from school without valid excuse within the county, city, or city and
county, or school district.” (Ed. Code, § 48264.) However, as our Supreme Court has
made clear, “[t]he effect of an arrest under section 48264 is very different from the effect
of a typical criminal arrest. The emphasis is not on punishment but on correction of
truancy, i.e., to promote attendance in order that students may be educated.” (James D.,
at p. 910; accord, In re Miguel G. (1980) 111 Cal.App.3d 345, 349 [truancy arrest “is a
severely limited type of arrest and . . . is for one purpose only: to place the minors in a
school setting as quickly as possible”].) A minor who is detained for truancy is not taken
into custody but, rather, pursuant to Education Code section 48265, must be delivered
either to “the school from which the minor is absent,” or to their parent, guardian or
another person in charge of them, or to designated persons for counseling.4 (James D., at
p. 910.)
In aggravated circumstances involving habitual truants, the juvenile court may
assert jurisdiction over the minor as a status offender pursuant to section 601,
subdivision (b) (quoted ante, fn. 2).5 (James D., supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 910; see also

4
In full, section 48265 of the Education Code states: “Any person arresting or
assuming temporary custody of a minor pursuant to Section 48264 shall forthwith deliver
the minor either to the parent, guardian, or other person having control, or charge of the
minor, or to the school from which the minor is absent, or to a nonsecure youth service or
community center designated by the school or district for counseling prior to returning
such minor to his home or school, or to a school counselor or pupil services and
attendance officer located at a police station for the purpose of obtaining immediate
counseling from the counselor or officer prior to returning or being returned to his home
or school, or, if the minor is found to have been declared an habitual truant, he shall cause
the minor to be brought before the probation officer of the county having jurisdiction
over minors.”
5
As explained by our Supreme Court, “ ‘[t]he status offender is a statutory
creation, who occupies a unique position in the juvenile justice system. In contrast to the
neglected, dependent or abused child, the status offender comes within the jurisdiction of
the juvenile court because of his or her behavior, rather than on a finding of improper
parental care or guidance. Unlike children charged with or found guilty of delinquency,
alleged or adjudicated status offenders have not committed acts which would be
considered criminal if done by an adult. When status offenders are incarcerated,
therefore, it is not for any violation of the penal code, but for behavior which is

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Ed. Code, § 48263.) Even then, however, the Legislature has enacted sharp limitations
against confining truants, because the objective of this state’s truancy regime is
educational not punitive. (See James D., at p. 910; accord, L.A. v. Superior Court (2012)
209 Cal.App.4th 976, 984 [“The goal of section 601 and related provisions of the
Education Code is not to punish truants, but to promote their attendance in school”].)
Section 601, subdivision (b) expressly declares the Legislature’s intent “that a minor who
is described in this subdivision, adjudged a ward of the court pursuant solely to this
subdivision, or found in contempt of court for failure to comply with a court order
pursuant to this subdivision, shall not be held in a secure facility and shall not be
removed from the custody of the parent or guardian except for the purposes of school
attendance.” (§ 601, subd. (b), italics added; see also § 207, subd. (b) [stating exceptions
of limited durations for purposes of determining the existence of outstanding warrants, or
locating parents or guardians].) Even a minor adjudged a section 601 ward of the
juvenile court who disobeys a court order to attend school may not be securely
incarcerated, except as a last resort: only in the most severe cases involving “egregious”
violations and where no other contempt sanction will suffice. (Michael G., supra,
44 Cal.3d at pp. 297–298; see, e.g., L.A. v. Superior Court, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th 976.)
And even then, the contemptuous minor must be segregated from, and have no contact
with, the delinquent juvenile population. (See Michael G., at p. 297; § 207, subds. (c),
(d).)
R.M. asks us to decide that what took place in this case was an improper end-run
around this carefully crafted legislative scheme and that the Legislature did not intend for
Penal Code section 148 to be used “as a means to incarcerate minors refusing to attend
school,” and there are significant reasons to doubt that it did. For example, juvenile
courts may not use criminal contempt charges to elevate what would be a section 601

considered unacceptable solely because of their age.’ [Citation.] In California, juvenile
court jurisdiction over status offenders is conferred by section 601.” (In Michael G.
(1988) 44 Cal.3d 283, 287, fn. 2 (Michael G.).)

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status offense into a section 602 delinquency offense. (See In re Ronald S. (1977) 69
Cal.App.3d 866, 873–874 [violating juvenile court order by running away from crisis
center], discussed with approval in Michael G., supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 292–293, 294);
see also In re Mary D. (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 34; In re Ricardo A. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th
1190, 1198–1199; cf. In re Francisco S. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 946, 959.) Otherwise,
juvenile courts could simply “do[] by indirection that which cannot be done directly.” (In
re Ronald S., at p. 874.) We doubt the Legislature any more intended to allow a section
601 status offense to be converted into a section 602 delinquency through the use of
criminal charges brought under Penal Code section 148—be the offense truancy,
insubordination or a curfew infraction (see § 601, subd.(a)). A minor who disobeys an
order by a peace officer to refrain from doing that which the Legislature has declared a
status offense is no more a delinquent criminal law violator than a minor who disobeys
such an order by a juvenile court. Add to that, the comprehensive, non-punitive nature of
this state’s Compulsory Education Law we have discussed, and a serious question of
statutory interpretation arises as to whether it thwarts the Legislature’s intent ever to
apply Penal Code section 148 to a minor who, non-violently, flouts a peace officer’s
efforts to secure his or her attendance at school (whether by means of a truancy arrest
under Education Code section 48264, or by any other method).
It is unnecessary for us to decide that question, however, because we may resolve
this case on a narrower ground. That is, a peace officer executing a truancy arrest has no
duty to ensure the truant minor actually attends class. Once the minor taken into
temporary custody has been delivered “to the school from which the minor [was] absent,”
by its terms, the arresting officer’s statutory duty under Education Code section 48265
has been fulfilled. At that point, responsibility falls to school officials to handle the
matter. If the minor thereafter leaves school grounds without attending class then another
truancy arrest might very well follow, this time potentially culminating instead with a
return to parents or counseling rather than an immediate return to school (see fn. 4, ante)
and, if appropriate, efforts to have the truant minor declared a section 601 ward of the
juvenile court as a status offender. But “ ‘[a]s the law now stands, the Legislature has

8
said that if a [truant] wants to run, let him run. While this may be maddening, baffling
and annoying to the juvenile court judge, ours is not to question the wisdom of the
Legislature.’ ” (Michael G., supra, 44 Cal.3d at p. 292, quoting In re Ronald S., supra,
69 Cal.App.3d at p. 874.)
In this case, once the deputy sheriff delivered R.M. to her high school campus, his
statutory duty ended. The People argue he issued a “lawful order” when he thereafter
directed R.M. to attend class, but the question is not whether he violated the law when he
directed her to class (undoubtedly, he didn’t—any more than a school bus driver would
for uttering the same directive, or a stranger on the street); the question, rather, is whether
he was discharging a legal duty when he did so. The People cite no authority suggesting
that he was discharging a duty, and we are aware of none.6 For these reasons, we
conclude R.M.’s refusal to obey the deputy sheriff’s command to go to class did not
obstruct, delay or resist his discharge of any legal duty, and therefore the juvenile court
erred in finding that she violated Penal Code section 148.
The People also contend, finally, that the officers had “no choice” but to arrest
R.M., because “[h]ad they escorted [R.M.] into the school building, nothing could have
deterred or prevented her from leaving, as she said she would, as soon as the officers
were no longer present.” The latter assertion is true, but irrelevant. It is for the

6
The People contend that In re J.C. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1394 supports the
court’s finding that R.M. refused to obey a lawful order to attend class. We disagree.
J.C. affirmed a juvenile court’s finding that a hostile and aggressive high school student
violated Penal Code section 148 by disobeying the directives of a police officer who had
been summoned to the school because the minor was irate and uncontrollable and causing
a disturbance. The minor’s actions only escalated after the police officer arrived, making
violent threats, screaming and yelling and throwing a phone down on a desk when
escorted to the vice principal’s office and suspended, refused to obey the officer’s order
to sit down and calm down, and he then physically resisted when the officer tried to
detain him for everyone’s safety. (See id. at pp. 1396–1397.) Not only are the facts of
J.C. quite different, the question whether the officer was discharging a legal duty when
the minor refused to obey his orders was not at issue. (See id. at p. 1400.) And for
obvious reason, because it’s clearly within the duties of local law enforcement to attempt
to defuse a potentially violent disturbance. J.C. has no application here.

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Legislature to decide how to redress a minor’s truant behavior and, as discussed, the
Legislature has specified that, in appropriate cases, school officials may pursue a
section 610 wardship. (And, indeed, in this case they did.) What local law enforcement
may not do when a minor who is present at school refuses a directive to attend class is
arrest that minor for a violation of Penal Code section 148, backed by the threat of
incarceration and the full force of criminal law.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed.

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 STEWART, J.

We concur.

KLINE, P.J.

MILLER, J.

People v. R.M. (A150319)

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Trial Court: Napa County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Hon. Michael Williams

Counsel:

Leila H. Moncharsh, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General,
Jeffrey M. Laurence, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Eric D. Share, Supervising
Deputy Attorney General, Ronald E. Niver, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.

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