NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.
2017 VT 17
No. 2016-207
H&E Equipment Services, Inc. Supreme Court
On Appeal from
v. Superior Court, Franklin Unit,
Civil Division
Cassani Electric, Inc. & Nicholas Cassani November Term, 2016
Thomas Z. Carlson, J.
Tavian M. Mayer of Mayer & Mayer, South Royalton, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Joshua Martin, St. Albans, for Defendant-Appellant.
PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.
¶ 1. SKOGLUND, J. Defendant Nicholas Cassani appeals from the trial court’s order
granting summary judgment to plaintiff H&E Equipment Services, Inc. on its complaint to collect
on a 2001 Arizona judgment. Defendant argues that the action is time-barred under 12 V.S.A.
§ 506. Alternatively, he contends that there is a material dispute of fact as to whether the Arizona
court had personal jurisdiction over him at the time it entered its judgment. We affirm.
¶ 2. The record indicates the following. In February 2015, H&E filed a complaint
against defendant1 in Vermont, seeking to collect an unpaid judgment from the State of Arizona
in the amount of $56,016.22 plus interest. H&E attached to its complaint a “judgment renewal
affidavit” from Arizona dated February 2011. Under Arizona law, a judgment renewal affidavit
1
Cassani Electric, Inc. was originally named as a defendant as well, but it was dismissed
at H&E’s request.
renews and revives a judgment to the extent of the balance still owed. See A.R.S. § 12-1612
(setting forth requirements and process for filing judgment renewal affidavit and stating that filing
of such affidavit “shall renew and revive the judgment to the extent of the balance shown due in
the affidavit”). H&E originally obtained a default judgment against defendant in Arizona in 2001,
and twice renewed and revived its judgment under Arizona law.
¶ 3. Defendant moved to dismiss H&E’s complaint, arguing that the suit was barred
under 12 V.S.A. § 506.2 That statute provides that “[a]ctions on judgments and actions for the
renewal or revival of judgments shall be brought by filing a new and independent action on the
judgment within eight years after the rendition of the judgment, and not after.” Id. Defendant
appeared to argue that the original 2001 Arizona judgment—rather than the 2011 renewed and
revived judgment—was the controlling “judgment” for purposes of § 506, and thus, the complaint
was untimely. Following a hearing, the court denied defendant’s motion. It found that H&E
properly renewed its judgment in Arizona under Arizona law, which governed the action at that
time, and 12 V.S.A. § 506 did not apply to this process. Defendant moved for reconsideration,
which the court denied.
¶ 4. H&E moved for summary judgment in December 2015. Citing Wursthaus, Inc. v.
Cerreta, it argued that the Arizona judgment was “entitled to full faith and credit in the absence of
a showing that that court lacked jurisdiction or acted to deprive defendant of a reasonable
opportunity to be heard.” 149 Vt. 54, 58, 539 A.2d 534, 537 (1987); see also Restatement (Second)
of Conflict of Laws § 104 (1971) (“A judgment rendered without judicial jurisdiction or without
adequate notice or adequate opportunity to be heard will not be recognized or enforced in the other
states.”). H&E explained that defendant had the heavy burden of showing that the judgment should
not be enforced. See Wursthaus, 149 Vt. at 55, 539 A.2d at 535 (“The burden of undermining the
2
Defendant also filed an answer and a counterclaim, asserting that H&E committed
consumer fraud by attempting to collect an invalid debt. The court rejected the argument that the
debt was invalid, and it granted H&E’s motion to dismiss the counterclaim.
2
decree of a sister state rests heavily upon the one who assails such decree.”) (citing Cook v. Cook,
342 U.S. 126, 128 (1951) (same)).
¶ 5. H&E asserted that the undisputed facts, as recited by the Arizona court on the initial
judgment order, established that defendant had been served by personal delivery of the summons
and complaint in Arizona and that he failed to appear or answer. H&E then obtained a default
judgment in March 2001 for $25,981.19, plus interest at the rate of 10% per annum. As provided
by Arizona law, H&E renewed its judgment before the Arizona statute of limitations period
expired by filing a judgment renewal affidavit in the Maricopa County Superior Court in March
2006, and again in February 2011. Given these facts, H&E argued that the judgment should be
enforced and that it was entitled to summary judgment in its favor.
¶ 6. The court granted summary judgment to H&E without providing defendant a full
thirty days to respond, and defendant moved to set aside the decision on this basis. Defendant also
opposed H&E’s summary judgment motion. Defendant argued that the Arizona judgment should
not be enforced because he was not properly served with the complaint in the underlying Arizona
action. He provided a sworn statement to this effect and argued that his affidavit created a material
dispute of fact. Even if the Arizona court had jurisdiction over him, defendant asserted that the
judgment could not be enforced in Vermont under 12 V.S.A. § 506 because more than eight years
had elapsed from the original judgment. Defendant made cursory references to other defenses as
well.
¶ 7. The court agreed with defendant that it had granted summary judgment prematurely
and set aside its judgment. It found, however, that defendant’s opposition boiled down to an
argument that he was not served in the Arizona proceeding and therefore that the Arizona judgment
should not be recognized by a Vermont court.3 This argument rested on defendant’s sworn
3
The court noted that while defendant also claimed that his obligation was discharged in
bankruptcy, his affidavit in opposition to the motion for summary judgment was silent as to that
alleged bankruptcy and defendant failed to produce any record of any bankruptcy proceeding that
would support such a defense. The court also reiterated its conclusion that the Arizona judgment
3
statement to this effect. The court recognized that “a ‘judgment’ rendered without notice or
appearance is no judgment at all.” In re Hanrahan’s Will, 109 Vt. 108, 120, 194 A. 471, 477
(1937). Here, however, the judgment itself recited that defendant was “regularly and properly
served,” and the court found that this recital was entitled to as much full faith and credit as the
judgment’s dollar amount. See Wursthaus, 149 Vt. at 58, 539 A.2d at 537 (recognizing that under
long established precedent, foreign judgment “is entitled to full faith and credit in the absence of
a showing that that court lacked jurisdiction or acted to deprive defendant of a reasonable
opportunity to be heard”).
¶ 8. Given the Arizona judgment’s recital that defendant was in fact served, and the
holding in Wursthaus, the court found that defendant had the burden of making a reasonable
showing that he was not actually served beyond his mere assertion to this effect. The court
explained that Arizona presumably maintained court records dating back to 2001 when the original
judgment was issued. Defendant had asked the court for additional opportunity to offer evidence
“thus far NOT presented,” and pursuant to V.R.C.P. 56(e), the court allowed defendant sixty days
to obtain and provide the court with admissible documentary evidence to show that he was not in
fact “regularly and properly served” as recited in the Arizona judgment. Otherwise, citing
V.R.C.P. 56(c), the court indicated that it might renew its grant of summary judgment based on
defendant’s failure to support his factual position with anything more than a bare assertion. The
court recognized that its function was not to find facts on a motion for summary judgment. At the
same time, however, it was mindful that there remained only a very narrow issued to be decided,
whether by summary judgment or after hearing, and the court was not yet convinced that defendant
met his burden of showing a genuine issue of material fact.
¶ 9. Defendant did not file anything with the court during the sixty-day period. In April
2016, H&E renewed its motion for summary judgment. Defendant did not respond to the renewed
had been renewed in accordance with Arizona law such that the action brought in Vermont was
timely under 12 V.S.A. § 506.
4
motion. In May 2016, the court granted H&E’s request and entered judgment in H&E’s favor for
the amount owed. This appeal followed.
¶ 10. We review the trial court’s summary judgment decision de novo, using the same
standard as the trial court. Buxton v. Springfield Lodge No. 679, Loyal Order of Moose, Inc.,
2014 VT 52, ¶ 2, 196 Vt. 486, 99 A.3d 171. Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
V.R.C.P. 56(a). “In reviewing the facts, we give the nonmoving party . . . the benefit of all
reasonable doubts and inferences.” Buxton, 2014 VT 52, ¶ 2 (quotation omitted). We conclude
that summary judgment was properly granted to H&E here.
¶ 11. We begin with defendant’s assertion that this action is time-barred under 12
V.S.A. § 506. Defendant reads the statute to require that any action on a judgment must be brought
within eight years from the date of the “original judgment.” Defendant cites Nelson v. Russo,
2008 VT 66, ¶ 9, 184 Vt. 550, 956 A.2d 1117 (mem.), and Ayer v. Hemingway, 2013 VT 37, 193
Vt. 610, 73 A.3d 673, as support for this proposition. Based on this interpretation, defendant
maintains that the statute bars the action here because “[w]hen a cause of action is brought in
Vermont, Vermont law determines the accrual date and the limitations period.” Marine Midland
Bank v. Bicknell, 2004 VT 25, ¶ 7, 176 Vt. 389, 848 A.2d 1134.
¶ 12. We reject defendant’s interpretation of 12 V.S.A. § 506 because it would lead to
absurd results. See, e.g., State v. Hurley, 2015 VT 46, ¶ 13, 198 Vt. 552, 117 A.3d 433 (“[W]e
construe statutes to avoid unreasonable consequences that are at odds with the Legislature’s
apparent intent.”). Section 506 provides that “[a]ctions on judgments and actions for the renewal
or revival of judgments shall be brought by filing a new and independent action on the judgment
within eight years after the rendition of the judgment, and not after.” The phrase “rendition of the
judgment” is not limited to the “original” judgment, as defendant posits. Section 506 specifically
provides for the renewal of judgments; obviously, renewed judgments may be enforced or there
would be no point in renewing them. It is evident that the Legislature intended the words
5
“rendition of the judgment” to encompass renewed judgments and that when a judgment is
renewed—in Vermont or elsewhere under another state’s laws—the date of the renewed judgment
is controlling for purposes of 12 V.S.A. § 506. See Koerber v. Middlesex Coll., 136 Vt. 4, 9, 383
A.2d 1054, 1057 (1978) (recognizing that “if the statute of limitation period has almost run upon
the judgment, the judgment creditor can start the limitation period anew by bringing an action upon
the judgment and obtaining a new judgment” (citation omitted)); see also Watkins v. Conway, 385
U.S. 188, 188-190 (1966) (per curiam) (where state statute required all suits upon foreign
judgments to “be brought within five years after such judgment shall have been obtained,” relevant
date was “not the date of the original judgment, but rather . . . the date of the latest revival of the
judgment”).
¶ 13. Our holdings in Ayer and Russo are not to the contrary. As an initial matter, neither
involved the enforcement of a renewed judgment or the enforcement of a foreign judgment. In
Ayer, we considered whether the statute of limitations in 12 V.S.A. § 506 began to run from the
date of the plaintiff’s 2001 judgment or from a 2006 stipulated amended order. The latter order
simply stated the amount of the judgment that remained due. The plaintiffs argued that the 2006
order was a new “final judgment” from which the statute of limitations period began to run. We
rejected this argument, finding the 2001 decision controlling because it had ended the litigation
between the parties, while the 2006 decision merely set forth an agreed-upon payment plan for the
2001 debt. Ayer, 2013 VT 37, ¶ 18. We explained that the statute did not contemplate that a new
limitations period would begin each time the court issued a post-judgment order of this kind.
Id. ¶ 19. We recognized that the statute expressly allowed for the renewal of judgments, and
required that Vermont judgments be renewed through the filing of a “ ‘new . . . and independent
suit commenced in accordance with [V.R.C.P.] 3.’ ” Id. ¶ 15 (quoting Nelson, 2008 VT 66, ¶ 6).
In Nelson, we concluded that an earlier version of 12 V.S.A. § 506 implicitly required that a
plaintiff renew his Vermont judgment by filing an independent action, a requirement now
expressly stated in § 506. See Nelson, 2008 VT 66, ¶ 10. Nothing in these decisions suggests that
6
the eight-year limitation period continues to run on an “original” judgment, even when the
judgment has been properly renewed. These cases do not address, nor do they hold, that only
“original” judgments—and not renewed judgments—can be enforced.
¶ 14. We did not hold otherwise in Marine Midland, cited by defendant. In that case, a
party sought to enforce a 1991 New York judgment in Vermont by filing an action on the judgment
in Vermont in 2000. We recognized that “Vermont law governs all procedural issues in actions to
enforce foreign judgments in Vermont courts.” 2004 VT 25, ¶ 7 (citing Wursthaus, 149 Vt. at 55-
56 n.*, 539 A.2d at 535 n.* and Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 99 (1971) (“The local
law of the forum determines the methods by which a judgment of another state is enforced.”)). In
other words, “[w]hen a cause of action is brought in Vermont, Vermont law determines the accrual
date and the limitations period.” Marine Midland, 2004 VT 25, ¶ 8. Applying these basic
propositions, we concluded that the action was time-barred under 12 V.S.A. § 506 because it was
initiated more than eight years after the date of the New York judgment sought to be enforced. It
should be noted that the judgment in Marine Midland had not been “renewed” or “revived” in New
York State because New York barred actions on judgment while execution was available in order
to prevent “needless and vexatious litigation.” 2004 VT 25, ¶ 7. Thus, the decision is not relevant
to deciding the issue presented in the case at bar.
¶ 15. Our conclusion in the instant case implements the basic propositions discussed
above. Under Vermont law, judgments, including renewed judgments, must be acted upon—or
renewed again—within eight years of the date they were issued. The Arizona judgment here was
renewed in 2011 and H&E brought this action in 2015, well within the eight-year limitation period
set forth in 12 V.S.A. § 506. The action is not time-barred.
¶ 16. Defendant also appears to suggest that a party who has obtained a judgment in
Arizona cannot renew such judgment in Arizona but must instead renew the judgment in Vermont
before it can be enforced. We find no support for this suggestion. There would be no reason to
renew a foreign judgment in Vermont unless and until a judgment debtor resides there, which
7
could occur well outside the eight-year window. Not only is this approach illogical, it is also
inconsistent with the requirement that we give full faith and credit to foreign judgments. See U.S.
Const. art. IV, § 1 (“Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records,
and judicial Proceedings of every other State.”); see also Union Nat’l Bank of Wichita, Kan. v.
Lamb, 337 U.S. 38, 42 (1949) (recognizing that forum state cannot defeat foreign judgment
“because it was obtained by a procedure hostile to or inconsistent with that of the forum or because
it was based on a cause of action which the forum itself would not have recognized,” and
concluding that “[a]ny other result would defeat the aim of the Full Faith and Credit Clause”).
¶ 17. In Union National Bank, the U.S. Supreme Court considered a party’s suit on a
Colorado judgment in Missouri. The Colorado judgment was obtained in 1927 and revived in
Colorado in 1945. Missouri law limited the life of judgments to ten years after their original
rendition or ten years after their revival and did not allow judgments to be revived after ten years
from their rendition. The Missouri Supreme Court refused to enforce the judgment because the
original judgment under Missouri’s law could not have been revived in 1945. The Supreme Court
reversed, relying on case law that established that “once the court of the sister State had jurisdiction
over the parties and of the subject matter its judgment was valid and could not be impeached in
the state of the forum, even though it could not have been obtained there.” 337 U.S. at 41. As that
Court explained, “[a]ny other result would defeat the aim of the Full Faith and Credit Clause.” Id.
at 42 (recognizing that “[i]t is when a clash of policies between two states emerges that the need
of the Clause is the greatest,” and Clause is “designed to resolve such controversies”). “There is
no room for an exception . . . where the clash of policies relates to revived judgments,” as “it is the
judgment that must be given full faith and credit.” Id. “In neither case can its integrity be impaired,
save for attacks on the jurisdiction of the court that rendered it.” Id.4
4
In reaching its conclusion, the Court noted that “[c]ases of statute of limitations against
a cause of action on a judgment involve different considerations,” as “[t]hey do not undermine the
integrity of the judgment on which suit is brought.” Union Nat’l Bank, 337 U.S. at 42-43 (citations
8
¶ 18. This leads us to defendant’s final argument. Defendant asserts that we should not
give full faith and credit to the Arizona judgment because the Arizona court lacked personal
jurisdiction over him. He cites to his sworn statement that he was not served with a complaint,
and argues that this created a material dispute of fact that prevented the entry of summary
judgment.
¶ 19. As previously stated, “[a] sister-state judgment is normally ‘entitled to full faith and
credit in the absence of a showing that [the] court lacked jurisdiction or acted to deprive defendant
of a reasonable opportunity to be heard.’ ” Lakeside Equip. Corp. v. Town of Chester, 173 Vt.
317, 321, 795 A.2d 1174, 1178 (2002) (quoting Wursthaus, 149 Vt. at 58, 539 A.2d at 537)
(recognizing that party can defeat enforcement of foreign default judgment by showing that
judgment was issued by court lacking personal jurisdiction); see also 18 C. Wright et al., Fed. Prac.
& Proc. § 4430, at 292 (2d ed. 1981) (“[A] defendant who makes no appearance whatever remains
free to challenge a default judgment for want of personal jurisdiction.”). The Arizona judgment is
presumptively valid, and defendant had the “heavy burden” of undermining it. Hall v.
McCormick, 154 Vt. 592, 595, 580 A.2d 968, 970 (1990); Cook, 342 U.S. at 128 (burden of
undermining sister-state decree rests heavily upon assailant); see also Lakeside Equip. Corp., 173
Vt. at 322, 795 A.2d at 1179 (recognizing that “[a]lthough the burden of overcoming the default
judgment rests with the party attacking it, where the issue of personal jurisdiction is resolved on
summary judgment, the moving party retains the burden of establishing the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact and entitlement to prevail as a matter of law” (citation omitted)). “If the
defendant in the action to domesticate the foreign default judgment ultimately fails to meet its
burden of demonstrating that the judgment is jurisdictionally defective, any challenge on the merits
of the lawsuit is foreclosed.” Id. (citing 18 C. Wright et al., supra, § 4430, at 291 for proposition
omitted). As previously discussed, we have rejected defendant’s interpretation of 12 V.S.A. § 506,
Vermont’s statute of limitations.
9
that “[o]bjections to personal jurisdiction remain open to the defendant who remains entirely aloof
from the original proceeding, but if it is later concluded that personal jurisdiction existed the merits
of the action are foreclosed unless relief can be had from the default judgment”).
¶ 20. In this case, we agree with the trial court that defendant failed to establish that a
genuine dispute of material fact existed as to whether he was served with the Arizona complaint.
Certainly, under other circumstances, a party’s affidavit might suffice to create a dispute of
material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment. In this case, however, the Arizona judgment
was presumptively valid and the judgment recited that defendant had been served with the
complaint. Defendant’s bald assertion concerning lack of service was insufficient to create a
genuine factual dispute regarding service. See In re Shenandoah LLC, 2011 VT 68, ¶ 17, 190 Vt.
149, 27 A.3d 1078 (stating that, in granting summary judgment, court was not bound by bald
assertions contained in party’s affidavit where party failed to submit available evidence to support
such assertions); Lussier v. Truax, 161 Vt. 611, 612, 643 A.2d 843, 844 (1993) (mem.) (reaching
similar conclusion) (citing Cohen v. Ayers, 449 F. Supp. 298, 321 (N.D. Ill. 1978) (affidavit
opposing summary judgment “may be disregarded if it contains conclusions of law or of ultimate
fact”)); see also Shurland Robin Demergue Bell v. Nutmeg Airways Corp., 407 F. Supp. 1254,
1259 (D. Conn. 1976) (holding that mere conclusory statements that claimant did not have valid
judgment and that judgment had been obtained without personal jurisdiction over defendants were
insufficient to defeat motion for summary judgment against debtor, which had not moved to set
aside the state court judgment); 10B C. Wright et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 2738, at 346-56 (4th ed.
2017) (“[U]ltimate or conclusory facts and conclusions of law . . . cannot be utilized on a summary-
judgment motion.”).
¶ 21. The trial court made clear to defendant that it required more than his mere assertion
to draw the judgment into question, and it provided him the opportunity to provide additional
evidence, such as Arizona court records, to support his contention regarding service. See V.R.C.P.
56(e) (explaining that if “party fails to properly support assertion of fact or fails to properly address
10
another party’s assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c),” trial court may, among other options,
give party “opportunity to properly support or address the fact,” or “grant summary judgment if
the motion and supporting materials . . . show that the movant is entitled to it”). Defendant failed
to file any additional materials. While H&E apparently did obtain the return-of-service forms from
Arizona, those forms were not submitted to the trial court and they are not part of the record on
appeal. Thus, we do not consider these documents or defendant’s challenges to these documents.
See Hoover v. Hoover, 171 Vt. 256, 258, 764 A.2d 1192, 1193 (2000) (explaining that Supreme
Court’s review on appeal is confined to record and evidence adduced at trial and Court cannot
consider facts outside record); see also Buxton, 2014 VT 52, ¶ 6 n.2 (holding that where party did
not submit materials at summary judgment stage, this Court could not consider them in reviewing
trial court’s summary judgment decision). We conclude that defendant failed to put forth sufficient
evidence to rebut the presumptively valid foreign judgment or draw into question the express
finding by the Arizona court that he was properly served. We thus conclude that summary
judgment was properly granted to H&E.
Affirmed.
FOR THE COURT:
Associate Justice
¶ 22. ROBINSON, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part. The majority suggests
that testimony about a critical fact, given under oath and based on personal knowledge, is
insufficient to create a dispute of material fact for purposes of summary judgment. That is a
dramatic departure from well-established and universal principles of summary judgment
adjudication. I dissent from the majority’s holding that defendant failed to establish a genuine
dispute of material fact as to whether he was served with the Arizona complaint and would reverse
the trial court’s summary judgment ruling on that basis.
11
¶ 23. I agree with the majority’s description of the legal framework. Ante, ¶ 19. The
Arizona judgment in this case is entitled to full faith and credit unless defendant can show that the
Arizona court lacked jurisdiction or acted to deprive defendant of a reasonable opportunity to be
heard. Lakeside Equip. Corp. v. Town of Chester, 173 Vt. 317, 321, 795 A.2d 1174, 1178 (2002).
Although the majority does not explicitly say so, implicit in the majority’s description of the
applicable law is the recognition that if defendant in this case does, in fact, establish that he was
never served with the complaint or the ultimate judgment in the Arizona case, the Arizona
judgment is not entitled to full faith and credit. See In re Hanrahan’s Will, 109 Vt. 108, 120, 194
A. 471, 477 (1937) (“[A] ‘judgment’ rendered without notice or appearance is no judgment at all.
It is not merely erroneous, irregular, or voidable. Upon the plainest principles of natural justice,
and under the Fourteenth Amendment, it is absolutely void.”).
¶ 24. Accordingly, the critical factual issue driving resolution of this case is: was
defendant served with the complaint or final judgment in the Arizona case? If not, H&E is not
entitled to enforce the judgment in Vermont; if so, it is entitled to enforce the judgment, and
defendant cannot challenge the judgment on its merits.
¶ 25. The majority’s conclusion that the record reflects no dispute of material fact on this
decisive issue, ante, ¶ 20, is flatly contradicted by the record. Defendant filed a sworn affidavit
stating the following:
I was not served with a summons or complaint in the underlying
lawsuit. . . .
I had no contact from plaintiff regarding the alleged debt until I was
served with this lawsuit in Vermont to enforce the Arizona
judgment. . . .
If I had notice of the Arizona action, I would have responded and
defended myself, because I had many defenses to Plaintiff’s claim.
In its factfinding capacity, the trial court may conclude that plaintiff is not credible, or that his
testimony is not persuasive enough to satisfy defendant’s burden to overcome the presumption of
validity afforded the Arizona judgment. But I cannot fathom how, as a matter of law, defendant’s
12
sworn testimony as to the critical fact at issue, based upon his own personal knowledge, does not
create a disputed issue such that summary judgment is inappropriate.
¶ 26. This is not at all like the cases relied upon by the majority in which the statement
claimed to give rise to a factual dispute is nothing more than a bald assertion of an ultimate fact or
legal conclusion. Ante, ¶ 20. In In re Shenandoah LLC, a closely divided majority of this Court
affirmed a summary judgment where the non moving party “provided no information to the court,
and no actual documentation to support their conclusory statements that they had no ‘control’ over
the Trust’s activities and derived no ‘benefit’ from the Trust’s land development activities.” 2011
VT 68, ¶ 17, 190 Vt. 149, 27 A.3d 1078. The Court explained, “[i]t is well-established that ultimate
or conclusory facts and conclusions of law . . . cannot be utilized on a summary-judgment motion.”
Id. (quotation omitted); see also Lussier v. Truax, 161 Vt. 611, 612, 643 A.2d 843, 844 (1993)
(mem.) (“[The] defendants’ affidavits and documents, which for the most part consist of self-
serving opinions as to the legal nature of the parties’ transaction and of unrecorded or undelivered
documents, are wholly insufficient to survive plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.”).
¶ 27. The relevant testimony in defendant’s affidavit is neither a legal conclusion nor an
assertion of ultimate fact; it establishes the critical foundational fact from which a legal conclusion
may follow. It is nothing like the conclusory and unsupported statement that a judgment “was
obtained without personal jurisdiction over the defendants” that a federal court held insufficient to
survive summary judgment in Shurland Robin Demergue Bell v. Nutmeg Airways Corp., 407 F.
Supp. 1254, 1259 (D. Conn. 1976). Instead, defendant’s sworn affidavit provided evidence of a
straightforward, and disputed, fact as to whether defendant was served with notice of the Arizona
proceeding.
¶ 28. The trial court’s decision may have been influenced in part by the fact that in a prior
ruling it made clear to defendant that in addition to his offering his “word,” the court expected him
to secure and provide the court with Arizona court records from 2001 further supporting his claim.
But the court’s expectation in this regard, while perhaps an accurate reflection of its anticipated
13
expectations as a factfinder on the merits of the notice question, was not an appropriate requirement
on summary judgment. Defendant was entitled to rest on his testimony, hoping the court would
find him sufficiently credible to overcome the presumption that the Arizona judgment was valid,
or at least to shift a burden of production to H&E.
¶ 29. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
¶ 30. I am authorized to state that Justice Dooley joins this concurrence and dissent.
Associate Justice
14